Plagiarism and Authorship Credit.

Literature being an expression of an author, its commodification historically has assigned a value to it primarily in terms of authorship credit. Arguably reproducing published content without attributing the requisite source, termed as plagiarism is ethically discrediting to this premise. However, simply weighing its proportion based on digitally assigned semantic similarity may not be completely justifiable in the present-day digital atmosphere. It should be noted that while technology can facilitate plagiarism detection, digitization by way of providing greater access to published content is also the facilitator of plagiarism. While the scientific community is often severe in its approach toward the act of plagiarism, there is still a lack of clarity around the code of conduct of the same as there are several grey areas related to such a misconduct on which the law remains silent. By revisiting the historical evolution of the credit of authorship and the copyright law this piece presents an analytical vista pertaining to plagiarism in a different light. By identifying the gaps in the present-day handling of these age-old concepts, one may find that there is an unmet need to revisit the legal aspects of handling cases of plagiarism taking into consideration the digital environment.

Derechos de autor en medicina: una necesidad para los estudiantes / Copyright in medicine: A necessity for students

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Políticas de igualdad en el proceso editorial. Importancia de incluir el nombre de pila en las publicaciones científicas / Editorial Policies and Equality: The Importance of Publishing an Author's Given Name

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O plágio na produção científica na área da saúde: uma revisão da literatura / Plagiarism in scientific production in the health area: a literature review

A presente pesquisa é de natureza bibliográfica, compreendida como uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Tem como questão principal: "Qual é o estado da arte no que tange a temática do plágio na produção científica da área da saúde no Brasil?". Considera que o plágio, apesar de se agravar na era da informação, existe há muito tempo e que este, quando se prolifera no fazer científico, nas publicações e passa despercebido por avaliadores, acarreta prejuízos financeiros, ético-morais e desprestígio da ciência. Uma forma de verificar como estão avançando as discussões e observar a apropriação desse tema pela comunidade científica brasileira dá-se mediante a apreciação de artigos sobre plágio publicados nos periódicos indexados em bases de dados. Este trabalho objetivou delinear o cenário da produção científica acerca do plágio na área da saúde a partir de artigos indexados em periódicos científicos brasileiros entre os anos de 2010 a 2015. A revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada nos bancos de dados eletrônicos LILACS, MEDLINE e ColecionaSUS, utilizando-se palavra-chave para capturar os artigos. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionadas 14 publicações. Verificou-se que a discussão sobre o plágio é ainda incipiente no Brasil. O plágio é visto como um assunto complexo que necessita de enfrentamento, com ações educativas desde a formação inicial, com corresponsabilização da sociedade e pesquisadores. Verificou-se que ainda há lacunas na produção científica brasileira.

This is a bibliographic research, understood as a systematic literature review. It attempts to answer the main question: "What is the state of the art regarding the topic of plagiarism in the scientific production in the health area in Brazil?". It considers that plagiarism, although worsened in the information age, has existed for a long time. And when it proliferates in the scientific work and publications, going unnoticed by evaluators, results in financial losses, damaging both ethical and moral prestige of the sciences. One way to check the advancement in the discussions and observe the appropriation of this issue by the Brazilian scientific community is through the appreciation of articles regarding plagiarism published in database-indexed journals. This study aimed to outline the scientific production scenario regarding plagiarism in health from articles indexed in Brazilian scientific journals between 2010 and 2015. A systematic literature review was conducted in the electronic databases LILACS, MEDLINE and ColecionaSUS using keyword to capture the articles. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 14 publications were selected. It could be observed that the discussion regarding plagiarism is still incipient in Brazil. Plagiarism is seen as a complex issue that requires actions to be taken, including educational activities from the initial training, with co-responsibility of the society and researchers. It was also observed that gaps still exist in the Brazilian scientific production.

Mind the Gap! How the Digital Turn Upsets Intellectual Property.

Intellectual property is one of the highly divisive issues in contemporary philosophical and political debates. The main objective of this paper is to explore some sources of tension between the formal rules of intellectual property (particularly copyright and patents) and the emerging informal norms of file sharing and open access in online environments. We look into the file sharing phenomena not only to illustrate the deepening gap between the two sets of norms, but to cast some doubt on the current regime of intellectual property as an adequate frame for the new type of interactions in online environments. Revisiting the classic Arrow-Demsetz debate about intellectual property and the epistemological issues involved in assessing institutions, we suggest that seeking out new institutional arrangements aligned with the norms-in-use seems to be a more promising strategy in the new technological setting than attempting to reinforce the current legal framework. Moreover, such a strategy is less prone to committing the so-called 'Nirvana fallacies'. As a secondary task, we try to cast some doubt on the two most common moral justifications of intellectual property as being able to ground the full extent of the current intellectual property regime.

Sci-Hub: What Librarians Should Know and Do about Article Piracy.

The high cost of journal articles has driven many researchers to turn to a new way of getting access: "pirate" article sites. Sci-Hub, the largest and best known of these sites, currently offers instant access to more than 58 million journal articles. Users attracted by the ease of use and breadth of the collection may not realize that these articles are often obtained using stolen credentials and downloading them may be illegal. This article will briefly describe Sci-Hub and how it works, the legal and ethical issues it raises, and the problems it may cause for librarians. Librarians should be aware of Sci-Hub and the ways it may change their patrons' expectations. They should also understand the risks Sci-Hub can pose to their patrons and their institutions.

Pagar por publicar en revistas científicas / No disponible

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¿Somos médicos vocacionales cuando publicamos? Otra vez las consideraciones éticas / Is publishing a part of a physician's job? Ethical considerations again

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Software Piracy in Research: A Moral Analysis.

Researchers in virtually every discipline rely on sophisticated proprietary software for their work. However, some researchers are unable to afford the licenses and instead procure the software illegally. We discuss the prohibition of software piracy by intellectual property laws, and argue that the moral basis for the copyright law offers the possibility of cases where software piracy may be morally justified. The ethics codes that scientific institutions abide by are informed by a rule-consequentialist logic: by preserving personal rights to authored works, people able to do so will be incentivized to create. By showing that the law has this rule-consequentialist grounding, we suggest that scientists who blindly adopt their institutional ethics codes will commit themselves to accepting that software piracy could be morally justified, in some cases. We hope that this conclusion will spark debate over important tensions between ethics codes, copyright law, and the underlying moral basis for these regulations. We conclude by offering practical solutions (other than piracy) for researchers.