Posterior pericardial window: a simple and reproducible technique in order to prevent pericardial tamponade in paediatric cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Pericardial tamponade, which increases postoperative mortality and morbidity, is still not uncommon after paediatric cardiac surgery. We considered that posterior pericardiotomy may be a useful and safe technique in order to reduce the incidence of early and late pericardial tamponade. Herein, we present our experience with creation of posterior pericardial window following congenital cardiac surgical procedures. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 229 patients who underwent paediatric cardiac surgical procedures between June 2021 and January 2023. A posterior pericardial window was created in all of the patients. In neonates and infants, pericardial window was performed at a size of 2x2 cm, whereas a 3x3 cm connection was established in elder children and young adults. A curved chest tube was placed and positioned at the posterolateral pericardiophrenic sinus. An additional straight anterior mediastinal chest tube was also inserted in every patient. Transthoracic echocardiographic evaluations were performed daily to assess postoperative pericardial effusion. RESULTS: A total of 229 (135 male, 94 female) patients were operated. Mean age and body weight were 24.2 ± 26.7 months and 10.2 ± 6.7 kg, respectively. Eight (3.5%) of the patients were neonates where 109 (47.6%) were infants and 112 (48.9%) were in childhood. Fifty-two (22.7%) re-do operations were performed. Six (2.6%) patients underwent postoperative surgical re-exploration due to surgical site bleeding. Any early or late pericardial tamponade was not encountered in the study group. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior pericardial window is an effective and safe technique in order to prevent both the early and late pericardial tamponade after congenital cardiac surgery.

Can Posterior Pericardial Incision Truly Improve Postoperative Complications After Cardiac Surgery? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) and pericardial effusion are important factors affecting prognosis after cardiac surgery. Recently, it has been reported that posterior pericardiotomy (PP) can effectively prevent the occurrence of POAF and pericardial effusion. To validate these conclusions and guide clinical practice, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched multiple databases for manuscripts published before July 2022 on the use of PP to prevent POAF and pericardial effusion and included only randomized controlled trials. The main outcome was atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting, and secondary outcomes were included. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 14 randomized controlled trials with a total of 2275 patients. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of POAF after cardiac surgery in the PP group was significantly lower than that in the control group (risk ratio=0.48; 95% confidence interval=0.33~0.69; P<0.00001). PP effectively reduced postoperative pericardial effusion (risk ratio=0.34, 95% confidence interval=0.21-0.55; P<0.00001). CONCLUSION: PP has shown good results in preventing POAF, pericardial effusion, and other complications, which indicates that PP is a safe and effective surgical method, but attention still needs to be paid to the potential risk of coagulation dysfunction caused by PP.

Posterior pericardiotomy for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) associated with postoperative pericardial effusion is the most commonly reported adverse event after cardiac surgery. AIMS: We aimed to determine the role of posterior pericardiotomy in preventing postoperative AF (POAF). METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid, and EBSCO from inception until 30 June 2022. We included randomised clinical trials (RCTs) that compared posterior pericardiotomy (PP) versus control (no PP) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The primary endpoint was the incidence of POAF after cardiac surgery. The secondary endpoints were supraventricular arrhythmias, early/late pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade, pleural effusion, length of hospital/intensive care unit stay, intra-aortic balloon pump use, revision surgery for bleeding, and mortality. RESULTS: Twenty-five RCTs comprising 4,467 patients were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall incidence rate of POAF was 11.7% in the PP group compared with 23.67% in the no PP or control group, with a significant decrease in the risk of POAF following PP (odds ratio [OR] 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38-0.61). Compared with the control group, the risk of supraventricular tachycardia (OR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.43-0.89), early pericardial effusion (OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.22-0.46), late pericardial effusion (OR 0.15, 95% CI: 0.09-0.25), and pericardiac tamponade (OR 0.18, 95% CI: 0.10-0.33) were lower in the PP group. CONCLUSIONS: PP is an effective intervention for reducing the risk of POAF after cardiac surgery. Also, PP is economically efficient in terms of decreasing the length of hospital stay.

Pleuropericardial Window Prevents Pericardial Effusion Following Surgical Atrial Septal Defect Closure.

BACKGROUND: Pericardial effusion occurs frequently after surgical atrial septal defect closure. This complication carries the risk of development of cardiac tamponade and death. It is also the responsibility of the hospital for readmissions. Any measure in preventing the development of pericardial effusion is of paramount importance. In this report, our objective was to demonstrate the protective effect of creating a pleuropericardial window against the development of postsurgical pericardial effusion. METHODS: Hospital records of all patients who underwent surgical atrial septal defect closure between January 2015 and December 2020 were reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the creation of right/left pleuropericardial window during surgical ASD closure. There were 45 patients in group I in which a right pleuropericardial window was done, and 85 patients constituted group II in which pericardium was left intact. RESULTS: None of the 45 patients in group I developed pericardial effusion, while 15 of 85 patients in group II developed pericardial effusion (P=.001). Ten patients developed more than mild pericardial effusion which required medical treatment, while 5 patients had to be re-hospitalized because of massive pericardial effusion and effusions were managed by percutaneous drainage. CONCLUSIONS: The creation of a right pleuropericardial window resulted in a safe postoperative recovery after surgical atrial septal defect closure in all patients with the development of no pericardial effusion. No adverse effect of the creation of a pleural communication was noted.

Posterior left pericardiotomy for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: an adaptive, single-centre, single-blind, randomised, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the most common complication after cardiac surgery and is associated with extended in-hospital stay and increased adverse outcomes, including death and stroke. Pericardial effusion is common after cardiac surgery and can trigger atrial fibrillation. We tested the hypothesis that posterior left pericardiotomy, a surgical manoeuvre that drains the pericardial space into the left pleural cavity, might reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. METHODS: In this adaptive, randomised, controlled trial, we recruited adult patients (aged ≥18 years) undergoing elective interventions on the coronary arteries, aortic valve, or ascending aorta, or a combination of these, performed by members of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery from Weill Cornell Medicine at the New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York, NY, USA. Patients were eligible if they had no history of atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmias or contraindications to the experimental intervention. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1), stratified by CHA2DS2-VASc score and using a mixed-block randomisation approach (block sizes of 4, 6, and 8), to posterior left pericardiotomy or no intervention. Patients and assessors were blinded to treatment assignment. Patients were followed up until 30 days after hospital discharge. The primary outcome was the incidence of atrial fibrillation during postoperative in-hospital stay, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Safety was assessed in the as-treated population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02875405, and is now complete. FINDINGS: Between Sept 18, 2017, and Aug 2, 2021, 3601 patients were screened and 420 were included and randomly assigned to the posterior left pericardiotomy group (n=212) or the no intervention group (n=208; ITT population). The median age was 61·0 years (IQR 53·0-70·0), 102 (24%) patients were female, and 318 (76%) were male, with a median CHA2DS2-VASc score of 2·0 (IQR 1·0-3·0). The two groups were balanced with respect to clinical and surgical characteristics. No patients were lost to follow-up and data completeness was 100%. Three patients in the posterior left pericardiotomy group did not receive the intervention. In the ITT population, the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was significantly lower in the posterior left pericardiotomy group than in the no intervention group (37 [17%] of 212 vs 66 [32%] of 208 [p=0·0007]; odds ratio adjusted for the stratification variable 0·44 [95% CI 0·27-0·70; p=0·0005]). Two (1%) of 209 patients in the posterior left pericardiotomy group and one (<1%) of 211 in the no intervention group died within 30 days after hospital discharge. The incidence of postoperative pericardial effusion was lower in the posterior left pericardiotomy group than in the no intervention group (26 [12%] of 209 vs 45 [21%] of 211; relative risk 0·58 [95% CI 0·37-0·91]). Postoperative major adverse events occurred in six (3%) patients in the posterior left pericardiotomy group and in four (2%) in the no intervention group. No posterior left pericardiotomy related complications were seen. INTERPRETATION: Posterior left pericardiotomy is highly effective in reducing the incidence of atrial fibrillation after surgery on the coronary arteries, aortic valve, or ascending aorta, or a combination of these without additional risk of postoperative complications. FUNDING: None.

Posterior pericardiotomy to prevent new-onset atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with adverse events after cardiac surgery. Multiple studies have reported that posterior pericardiotomy (PP) may be effective for preventing AF after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but some conflicting results have been reported and the quality of evidence from previous meta-analyses has been limited. The present study aimed to systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of PP for preventing AF after CABG in adults. METHODS: We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before May 31, 2021. The primary outcome was AF after CABG under cardiopulmonary bypass. Secondary outcomes included early pericardial effusion, late pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade, pleural effusion, length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, pulmonary complications, intra-aortic balloon pump use, revision surgery for bleeding, and mortality. RESULTS: Ten RCTs with 1829 patients (910 in the PP group and 919 in the control group) were included in the current meta-analysis. The incidence of AF was 10.3% (94/910) in the PP group and 25.7% (236/919) in the control group. A random-effects model indicated that incidence of AF after CABG significantly lower in the PP group than in the control group (risk ratio = 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.64, P < 0.0001). PP also effectively reduced the post-CABG occurrence of early pericardial effusion (RR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.15-0.50; P < 0.05), late pericardial effusion (RR = 0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.16; P < 0.05), and pericardial tamponade (RR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.33; P < 0.05) as well as the length of ICU stay (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.91,95% CI 0.57-1.24; P < 0.05), while increasing the occurrence pleural effusion (RR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.19-1.92; P < 0.05). No significant differences length of hospital stay (WMD = - 0.45, 95% CI - 2.44 to 1.54, P = 0.66), pulmonary complications (RR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.71-1.39, P = 0.97), revision surgery for bleeding (RR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.43-1.63, P = 0.60), use of IABP (RR = 1, 95% CI 0.61-1.65, P = 1.0), or death (RR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.07-3.03, P = 0.41) were observed between the PP and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: PP may be a safe, effective, and economical method for preventing AF after CABG in adult patients.

Intrapericardial instillation of bleomycin prevents recurrence of malignant pericardial effusions: Series of 46 cases and comprehensive literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant pericardial effusion is a severe complication of lung and breast cancer. The median survival is less than 4 months and recurrences occurs in about 40% of cases. Systemic chemotherapy and/or local treatments are necessary, even if there is no consensus. METHODS: We collected data from patients in our center from 1997 to 2016 who received at least one intrapericardial instillation of bleomycin (60mg). At the same time, we conducted a review of the relevant literature on the subject. RESULTS: We included 46 patients in the analysis. Median survival was 2.6 months [95% CI: 1.7; 4.7]. Overall survival was 49% [33%; 63%] at 3 months and 28% [15%; 42%] at 6 months. In the lung cancer subgroup, overall survival was 18% [3%; 44%] at 3 months. In the breast cancer subgroup, overall survival was 73% [44%; 89%] at 3 months and 46% [21%; 69%] at 6 months. DISCUSSION: The best response rates in the literature are obtained with local instillation of bleomycin or cisplatin. Malignant pericardial effusions in breast cancer patients had a better prognosis. This is certainly related to the prognosis of the underlying disease. We have not found an increase in overall survival with intrapericardial chemotherapy injections, but preventing recurrence of malignant pericardial effusions is a benefit in itself, thus avoiding a lethal complication.

Active chest tube clearance after aortic valve surgery did not influence amount residual pericardial fluid after aortic valve replacement in a randomised trial.

Objective. Evaluate if the use of active clearance of chest tubes after aortic valve surgery influenced bleeding and reduced postoperative residual pericardial effusion. Design. Prospective randomised trial comparing PleuraFlow® 32 F chest tube with FlowGlide™ active clearance to a standard Argyle® 32 F chest tube in 100 patients undergoing aortic valve surgery. Chest tube outputs and pericardial effusion measurements assessed by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography were recorded before hospital discharge. Results. Postoperative chest tube outputs per hour did not differ between the two groups. The median chest tube output was 400 mL for patients who had a PleuraFlow® chest tube vs. 490 mL for patients with an Argyle® chest tube (p = .08). Pericardial effusions ≥ 2 mm were detected in 76% vs. 68% of the patients (p = .50) and postoperative atrial fibrillation occurred in 42% vs. 34% (p = .54), respectively. Conclusions. Use of active clearance chest tubes, compared to standard chest tubes after aortic valve surgery did not differ significantly regarding postoperative bleeding or degree of pericardial effusion as measured by echocardiography prior to hospital discharge.

Right pericardial window opening: a method of preventing pericardial effusion.

AIM: In this study, we aimed to investigate the superiority of right pericardial window (RPW) versus posterior pericardial drain placing for the parameters of pericardial effusion and the postoperative complications at the patients who has undergone cardiac surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July and September 2018, 120 adult patients (mean age 50.30 ± 14.61) who underwent cardiac surgery without the necessity of opening the pleura were included in the study. In Group 1, the RPW was opened (n = 60), and Group 2 posterior pericardial drainage tube was placed without RPW (n = 60). Risk factors and postoperative complication were evaluated and compared between the Groups. RESULTS: Cardiac tamponade occurrence was not significantly different between the Groups (Group 1, n = 0 and Group 2, n = 3, p = 0.079). Postoperative transthoracic echocardiographic controls revealed significant pericardial effusion in Group 2 (6.90 mm ± 13.02 mm) compared to Group 1 (2.30 mm ± 5.60 mm) (p = 0.013). Postoperative creatinine levels were 0.75 ± 0.26 in Group 1 and 0.88 ± 0.36 in Group 2 (p = 0.022). A significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate was observed in Group 2 (102.7 ± 24.5 and 91.2 ± 28, p = 0.019). Postoperative acute renal failure was significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p < 0.001). Postoperative new onset atrial fibrillation occurred in 4 patients in Group 1 and 8 in Group 2 (p = 0.224). The duration of intensive care unit stay was 36.00 ± 22.31 h in Group 1 and 53.60 ± 59.50 h in Group 2 (p = 0.034). Development of pneumothorax, pneumonia and pleural effusion were not statistically different between the Groups (p = 0.079, 0.171, 0.509). CONCLUSION: RPW application is more effective on preventing postoperative complications in cardiac surgery instead of placing drains in posterior pericardium.

A Dedicated Stitch to Allow Early Safe Mobilization Avoiding Drain-Induced Heart Injury.

Placement of a mediastinal drain is a routine procedure following heart surgery. Postoperative bed rest is often imposed due to the fear of potential risk of drain displacement and cardiac injury. We developed an encapsulating stitch as a feasible, effective and low-cost technique, which does not require advanced surgical skills for placement. This simple, novel approach compartmentalizes the drain allowing for safe early mobilization following cardiac surgery.

A dedicated stitch to allow early safe mobilization avoiding drain-induced heart injury

Abstract Placement of a mediastinal drain is a routine procedure following heart surgery. Postoperative bed rest is often imposed due to the fear of potential risk of drain displacement and cardiac injury. We developed an encapsulating stitch as a feasible, effective and low-cost technique, which does not require advanced surgical skills for placement. This simple, novel approach compartmentalizes the drain allowing for safe early mobilization following cardiac surgery.

Radiation-Associated Pericardial Disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review highlights the literature related to pericardial injury following radiation for oncologic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Radiation-associated pericardial disease can have devastating consequences. Unfortunately, there is considerably less evidence regarding pericardial syndromes following thoracic radiation as compared to other cardiovascular outcomes. Pericardial complications of radiation may arise acutely or have an insidious onset several decades after treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography is the screening imaging modality of choice, while cardiac magnetic resonance imaging further characterizes the pericardium and guides treatment decision-making. Cardiac CT can be useful for assessing pericardial calcification. Ongoing efforts to lessen inadvertent cardiac injury are directed towards the revision of radiation techniques and protocols. As survival of mediastinal and thoracic malignancies continues to improve, radiation-associated pericardial disease is increasingly relevant. Though advances in radiation oncology demonstrate promise in curtailing cardiotoxicity, the long-term effects pertaining to pericardial complications remain to be seen.

Impact of novel oral anticoagulants vs warfarin on effusions after coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: Novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC) have been shown to have comparable risk profiles compared with warfarin. However, data on the use of NOACs in cardiac surgery patients is limited. The aim of this study is to compare postoperative effusion rates in patients who were anticoagulated with NOACs vs warfarin after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: A retrospective review of 2017 patients undergoing isolated CABG from 2014 to 2017 was performed. Of those patients, 246 patients (12.2%) were placed on either a NOAC or warfarin postoperatively. The combined rates of postoperative pericardial and pleural effusions requiring invasive intervention during the index hospitalization and up to 3 months postoperatively were compared between patients who were placed on NOACs vs warfarin. RESULTS: Of the 246 patients placed on oral anticoagulation after isolated CABG, 64 (26.0%) were placed on NOACs, and 182 (74.0%) received warfarin. There were no significant differences in preoperative coagulation profile and use of anticoagulation and antiplatelets preoperatively between the groups. Of the patients anticoagulated with NOACs postoperatively, 17 patients (26.6%) required invasive interventions for effusions compared with 24 patients (13.2%) in the cohort anticoagulated with warfarin (P < 0.014). Of the patients who required interventions for effusions, those on NOACs were more likely to require delayed interventions compared with those on warfarin. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving NOACs after CABG are at increased risk of developing effusions requiring invasive interventions compared to patients receiving warfarin. This increased risk should be taken into consideration when choosing the appropriate anticoagulation strategy for postoperative patients with CABG.

[Decision-making issues in the clinical management of pericarditis. A statement of the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO)]. / Snodi decisionali nella gestione clinica della pericardite. Statement dell'Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO).

Acute pericarditis is not uncommon in clinical practice and may occur either as isolated disease or as a manifestation of another disease (known or still unknown). The etiology is varied and complex and a clinically-oriented approach to management is possible by identifying initial presentation features of high risk (risk of complications or specific disease: fever >38°C, subacute course without acute chest pain, large pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and lack of response to empiric anti-inflammatory therapy), that suggest admission and additional diagnostic evaluation. In any case, a prompt anti-inflammatory therapy at full doses till remission is warranted to prevent complicated and prolonged courses. In this paper, we will try to clarify common doubts and outline evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of these patients.

Incidence, Prevention, and Management of Periprocedural Complications of Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion.

Major procedural complications related to left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) are relatively infrequent but may be associated with major morbidity and mortality. LAAO operators should be knowledgeable about these potential complications. Prompt recognition and treatment are necessary to avoid rapid deterioration and dire consequences. With stringent guidelines on operator training, competency requirements, and procedural-technical refinements, LAAO can be performed safely with low complication rates. This article focuses on commonly used devices, as well as prevention, treatment, and management of complications of LAOO.

Initial international multicenter human experience with a novel epicardial access needle embedded with a real-time pressure/frequency monitoring to facilitate epicardial access: Feasibility and safety.

BACKGROUND: Epicardial ablation is often necessary for the treatment of complex arrhythmias refractory to endocardial ablation. Conventional needle access to the pericardial space is considered quite challenging, and it is often associated with several potential complications, particularly inadvertent right ventricular puncture. The novel EpiAccess needle tip is embedded with a pressure sensor able to report the pressure waveform in real time when used with the EpiAccess System. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively evaluated the feasibility and safety of the EpiAccess System by EpiEP, Inc., with a novel epicardial access needle in a multicenter study. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with a clinical need for epicardial access were enrolled. The EpiAccess needle and EpiAccess System were used for epicardial access in each case. Successful epicardial access, defined as the ability to introduce a guidewire into the epicardial space, was assessed via the device and confirmed with fluoroscopy. Significant pericardial bleeding was defined as >80 mL of blood by using peer review article definitions. RESULTS: Patients were men (76%) with a mean age of 62 years (range 28-84 years). Epicardial access for ventricular tachycardia ablation was indicated in 80% of the patients. Successful epicardial access was obtained in all cases, with pressure monitoring guiding pericardial wire access in all cases. One delayed pericardial effusion occurred. CONCLUSION: Epicardial access with the novel EpiAccess needle and System with real-time pressure monitoring is feasible and safe. The pressure monitoring capability identifies successfully the epicardial space, facilitating access and potentially minimizing complications. This has relevant clinical implications.

Bayesian regression analyses of radiation modality effects on pericardial and pleural effusion and survival in esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate radiation modality effects on pericardial effusion (PCE), pleural effusion (PE) and survival in esophageal cancer (EC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 470 EC patients treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Bayesian semi-competing risks (SCR) regression models were fit to assess effects of radiation modality and prognostic covariates on the risks of PCE and PE, and death either with or without these preceding events. Bayesian piecewise exponential regression models were fit for overall survival, the time to PCE or death, and the time to PE or death. All models included propensity score as a covariate to correct for potential selection bias. RESULTS: Median times to onset of PCE and PE after RT were 7.1 and 6.1months for IMRT, and 6.5 and 5.4months for 3DCRT, respectively. Compared to 3DCRT, the IMRT group had significantly lower risks of PE, PCE, and death. The respective probabilities of a patient being alive without either PCE or PE at 3-years and 5-years were 0.29 and 0.21 for IMRT compared to 0.13 and 0.08 for 3DCRT. In the SCR regression analyses, IMRT was associated with significantly lower risks of PCE (HR=0.26) and PE (HR=0.49), and greater overall survival (probability of beneficial effect (pbe)>0.99), after controlling for known clinical prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: IMRT reduces the incidence and postpones the onset of PCE and PE, and increases survival probability, compared to 3DCRT.

Effect of colchicine in prevention of pericardial effusion and atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis.

Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed the effect of colchicine therapy in prevention of pericardial effusion (PE) and atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the effects are still inconclusive. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and EMBASE database were searched. Primary outcome was the risk of PE and AF. Ten RCTs with 1981 patients and a mean follow-up of 12.6 months were included. Colchicine therapy was not associated with a significantly lower risk of post-operative PE (RR, 0.89; 95 % CI 0.70-1.13; p = 0.33, I (2) = 72.8 %) and AF (RR, 0.77; 95 % CI 0.52-1.13; p = 0.18, I (2) = 47.3 %). However, rates of pericarditis recurrence, symptoms persistence, and pericarditis-related hospitalization were significantly decreased with colchicine treatment. In addition, cardiac tamponade occurrence was similar between groups, and adverse events were significantly higher in the colchicine group. Colchicine may not significantly decrease the post-operative risk of PE and AF. However, only limited studies about patients undergoing cardiac surgery provide data about PE and AF.