Preparation of Bismuth Tungstate Nanomaterials with Different Morphologies and Their Effect on Exercise Rehabilitation of Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation.

It is understood that the effect of exercise rehabilitation drugs in patients with lumbar disc herniation is poor. Some studies have shown that bismuth tungstate nanomaterials with certain morphology can treat the exercise rehabilitation of patients with lumbar disc herniation. In order to help patients with lumbar disc herniation to a certain extent, in this paper, bismuth tungstate nanomaterials with different structures and morphologies were prepared by hydrothermal method, and viscous tungsten nanomaterials with different structures and morphologies were prepared by adjusting the pH value of the solution and the concentration of CTAB. In this paper, the structure and morphology of tungsten samples with different structure and morphology were characterized by CTAB X-ray (XRD) deflection and FESEM. It was found that the morphology of the samples changed after adding 0.02 mol/L surfactant CTAB in the reaction system, and when the concentration of CTAB was 0.04 mol/L, the nanotubes were stacked together under the action of surfactant. When the concentration of CTAB increased to 0.06 mol/L, the self-assembled nanocomposites tended to be petal like.

Intraoperative anti-inflammatory drugs combined with no drainage after MIS-TLIF in the treatment of recurrent lumbar disc herniation: an RCT.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions (MIS-TLIF), in which the nerve root pain is caused by early postoperative edema reaction, is a common clinical complication. However, there is no effective method to solve this problem. We aimed to use gelatin sponge impregnated with mixed anti-inflammatory drugs combined with no drainage after MIS-TLIF to optimize postoperative effect in the treatment of recurrent lumbar disc herniation (LDH). METHODS: From June 2018, the middle-aged patients (45-60 years old) with recurrent LDH were recruited. Included patients were treated with MIS-TLIF surgery, and no drainage tube was placed after surgery. All patients were randomly divided into intervention group (gelatin sponge impregnated with mixed anti-inflammatory drugs) and control group (saline was immersed in gelatin sponge as a control). RESULTS: The intervention group included 63 cases, and the control group included 65 cases. The length of hospital stays and bedridden period in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The VAS score of low back pain in the intervention group was significantly lower than that of the control group at postoperative days 1-6 (P < 0.05, for all). The VAS scores of leg pain in the intervention group at postoperative days 1-9 were statistically lower than the control group (P < 0.05, for all). CONCLUSIONS: Application of gelatin sponge impregnated with mixed anti-inflammatory drugs combined with no drainage after MIS-TLIF can significantly further optimize the surgical effect of recurrent LDH and shorten the bedridden period and hospital stays, to achieve the purpose of early rehabilitation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: China Clinical Trial Registration Center, ChiCTR1800016236. Registered on May 21, 2018, http://www.chictr.org.cn/listbycreater.aspx.

Perilesional photobiomodulation therapy and physical rehabilitation in post-operative recovery of dogs surgically treated for thoracolumbar disk extrusion.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported contrasting results of the effects of laser therapy on post-operative intervertebral disk herniation, with a lack of evidence-based advantages of this modality within a rehabilitation protocol. The aim of this study was to report the clinical effects of photobiomodulation therapy within a post-operative rehabilitation protocol in dogs submitted to surgery for thoracolumbar disk extrusion. Twenty-four dogs were included in the study (12 dogs treated with laser therapy and rehabilitation protocol and 12 dogs treated with same rehabilitation protocol but without laser therapy). RESULTS: All dogs treated with laser therapy showed improved neurological status (Modified Frankel Score more than 3 within 30 days of physiotherapy starting) if deep nociception on admission was maintained (P = 0.04). However, Kaplan-Meier analysis did not show any statistical difference in time to regain ambulatory ability, although there was a tendency for a shorter mean time of 14.2 ± 8.55 days in the laser group versus 24 ± 18.49 days in the no laser group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of laser therapy in the post-operative rehabilitation of dogs affected by intervertebral disc extrusion and submitted to surgery for spinal decompression could help improve their neurological status.

Impact of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP)-based rehabilitation education on the KAP of patients with intervertebral disc herniation.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to quantify the effectiveness of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP)-based rehabilitation education on the KAP of patients with intervertebral disc herniation (IDH). METHODS: Seventy IDH patients undergoing conservative treatment in our center from February 2018 to December 2018 were randomly divided into the KAP group and control group by using a table of random numbers. The control group was given traditional health education, while the KAP group was offered with KAP-based rehabilitation education. Both groups were followed up for 3 months after their discharge from the hospital. A self-designed questionnaire form was used to evaluate the KAP quantities of patients. RESULTS: Before health education, the scores of knowledge in the control group and the KAP group were (15.12±3.12) and (15.20±3.28), respectively, showing no significant difference (P>0.05). After the health education, the total score of knowledge, the score of disease knowledge, the score of attitude, and the score of practice were (25.42±3.16), (7.66±0.73), (7.80±0.36), and (7.85±0.68), respectively, in the KAP group, which were significantly higher than those in the control group [(20.31±3.43), (6.83±0.92), (6.41±1.05), and (7.10±1.11), P<0.05]. After health education, the awareness rates of the disease, attitude, and behavior were significantly higher in the KAP group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rehabilitation education based on the KAP theory can effectively enhance the patients' awareness of the disease, increase their rehabilitation consciousness, and promote them to adopt positive rehabilitation behavior, thus achieving the goal of changing the patients' KAP.

Impact of demonstration in a realistic simulation environment as a postoperative education in patients' experience.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of training in the Practical Life Room on patients experience during hospitalization. METHODS: Subjects submitted to orthopedic surgeries were randomized to two groups (Control and Intervention) in the postoperative period. The Control Group received only the printed guidelines regarding the postoperative period, and the Intervention Group received the printed guidelines and a demonstration and training session with a physical therapist, in an environment created to simulate a house and its rooms (living room, bedroom, kitchen, laundry and bathroom). The participants of both groups answered the questionnaire Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems on the day of discharge. RESULTS: Sixty-eight subjects were included in the study, 30 (44.1%) in the Control Group and 38 (55.9%) in the Intervention Group. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems questionnaire score showed no significant difference between the groups (p=0.496). CONCLUSION: There was no influence of the proposed intervention on the results of the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems questionnaire, perhaps because of the limitation of the instrument or due to the fact it was employed when patients were still hospitalized. However, by reports from patients in the Intervention Group about felling better prepared and safer for performing daily activities, it is believed that patient education approaches through demonstration should be included as part of the process to prepare for discharge, whenever possible.

Associations between interim patient-reported outcome measures and functional status at discharge from rehabilitation for non-specific lumbar impairments.

PURPOSE: Identify impact of frequency and timing of interim Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) assessments during episodes of care for rehabilitation services in outpatient clinical settings on functional status (FS) outcomes at discharge for patients with low back pain. METHODS: FS outcomes of patients who had no interim PROMs were compared to outcomes of six patient groups defined by interim timing (early, mid, late) and frequency (1, 2 or more). For each comparison, patients were matched using propensity score matching for variables known to be associated with FS outcomes and for episode duration (days) and number of visits. FS was assessed using the lumbar computerized adaptive test (LCAT) where scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores representing better physical function. RESULTS: A sample of 140,336 patients was considered for matching (mean age = 58 [SD = 17] range 18-89; 60% females) with 83,101 patients (59%) having no interim PROMs. Patients who had only one interim PROM, administered during early (first 2 weeks), mid (weeks 3-4), or late (week 5 or later) timing, had 4.6, 2.7, and 1.0 additional FS score points at discharge compared to those without an interim PROM, respectively (p < 0.001). Having two or more interim PROMs was associated with an additional 1.2 FS points compared to having only one interim assessment, but only if the first interim was administered early. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal utilization of interim PROM assessment during clinical practice to enhance treatment outcomes was related to administering the first interim PROM within the first 2 weeks after the initial evaluation.

Return to work after surgery for lumbar disc herniation, secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial comparing supervised rehabilitation versus home exercises.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Patients undergoing lumbar discectomy are typically referred for postoperative rehabilitation. However, evidence regarding effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation to improve surgical outcome and hasten return to work is scarce with conflicting results in the published literature. PURPOSE: This study investigates the effect of postoperative rehabilitation on return to work, duration of sick leave and working ability after surgery for lumbar disc herniation. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Single center randomized controlled trial. PATIENT SAMPLE: Patients scheduled for primary discectomy due to lumbar disc herniation were included in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported measures included working ability, work status, and job type defined by the International Standard Classification of Occupations. All outcomes including duration of sick leave were obtained from follow-up questionnaires at 1 and 2 years after surgery. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial comparing patients who were referred to rehabilitation at the municipal facility starting 4-6 weeks postoperative (REHAB) and patients sent home after surgery without any planned rehabilitation course (HOME). Linear regression was performed to identify baseline characteristics associated with duration of sick leave. RESULTS: One hundred forty-six patients were included and equally distributed between the groups. Follow-up rate was 78% after 1 and 2 years. Both groups had a similar postoperative sick leave period of approximately 9 weeks. After 1 year 79% had returned to work in the HOME-group versus 74% in the REHAB-group, which was not statistically significant. Working ability improved from baseline to 1 year in both groups and this improvement was sustained at 2-year follow-up. Stepwise linear regression showed that preoperative duration of leg pain and working ability was associated with duration of postoperative sick leave. CONCLUSIONS: Referral for unstandardized municipal rehabilitation does not affect duration of postoperative sick leave, return to work or working ability in patients recovering after surgery for lumbar disc herniation. Duration of preoperative leg pain and preoperative working ability was significantly associated with the duration of postoperative sick leave.

Effects of Adding a Neurodynamic Mobilization to Motor Control Training in Patients With Lumbar Radiculopathy Due to Disc Herniation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the inclusion of neural mobilization into a motor control exercise program on pain, related disability, neuropathic symptoms, straight leg raise, and pressure pain threshold in lumbar radiculopathy. DESIGN: This is a randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Individuals with low back pain, with confirmed disc herniation, and lumbar radiculopathy were randomly assigned to receive eight sessions of either neurodynamic mobilization plus motor control exercises (n = 16) or motor control exercises alone (n = 16). Outcomes included pain, disability, neuropathic symptoms, straight leg raise, and pressure pain threshold at baseline, after four visits, after eight visits, and after 2 mos. RESULTS: There were no between-groups differences for pain, related disability, or pressure pain threshold at any follow-up period because both groups get similar and large improvements. Patients assigned to the neurodynamic program group experienced better improvements in neuropathic symptoms and the straight leg raise compared with the motor control exercise group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of neurodynamic mobilization to a motor control exercise program leads to reductions in neuropathic symptoms and mechanical sensitivity (straight leg raise) but did not result in greater changes of pain, related disability, or pressure pain threshold over motor control exercises program alone in subjects with lumbar radiculopathy. Future trials are needed to further confirm these findings because between-groups differences did not reach clinically relevance.

Impact of demonstration in a realistic simulation environment as a postoperative education in patients' experience / Impacto do uso de técnicas de demonstração em ambiente de simulação realística como forma de educação pós-operatória na experiência do paciente internado

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the impact of training in the Practical Life Room on patients experience during hospitalization. Methods Subjects submitted to orthopedic surgeries were randomized to two groups (Control and Intervention) in the postoperative period. The Control Group received only the printed guidelines regarding the postoperative period, and the Intervention Group received the printed guidelines and a demonstration and training session with a physical therapist, in an environment created to simulate a house and its rooms (living room, bedroom, kitchen, laundry and bathroom). The participants of both groups answered the questionnaire Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems on the day of discharge. Results Sixty-eight subjects were included in the study, 30 (44.1%) in the Control Group and 38 (55.9%) in the Intervention Group. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems questionnaire score showed no significant difference between the groups (p=0.496). Conclusion There was no influence of the proposed intervention on the results of the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems questionnaire, perhaps because of the limitation of the instrument or due to the fact it was employed when patients were still hospitalized. However, by reports from patients in the Intervention Group about felling better prepared and safer for performing daily activities, it is believed that patient education approaches through demonstration should be included as part of the process to prepare for discharge, whenever possible.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o impacto do treinamento no Ambiente Vida Prática na experiência do paciente durante a internação. Métodos Pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgias ortopédicas foram randomizados em dois grupos (Controle e Intervenção). O Grupo Controle recebeu orientações por escrito quanto ao pós-operatório, e o Grupo Intervenção recebeu adicionalmente uma sessão de demonstração e treinamento em um ambiente criado para simular uma casa e seus cômodos (sala, quarto, cozinha, lavanderia e banheiro) com profissional fisioterapeuta. Os participantes de ambos os grupos responderam o Questionário de Avaliação do Paciente Internado Relativo aos Sistemas e Prestadores de Cuidados de Saúde no dia da alta hospitalar. Resultados Foram analisados 68 indivíduos, sendo 30 (44,1%) do Grupo Controle e 38 (55,9%) do Grupo Intervenção. O escore do Questionário de Avaliação do Paciente Internado Relativo aos Sistemas e Prestadores de Cuidados de Saúde foi semelhante entre os dois grupos (p=0,496). Conclusão Não houve influência da intervenção proposta nos resultados do Questionário de Avaliação do Paciente Internado Relativo aos Sistemas e Prestadores de Cuidados de Saúde, talvez por limitação do instrumento ou por sua aplicação com o paciente ainda internado. Entretanto, por relatos dos pacientes do Grupo Intervenção sobre maior preparo e segurança para a execução das atividades do cotidiano, acredita-se que abordagens de educação do paciente por meio de demonstração devam ser inseridas como parte do processo de preparação para a alta, sempre que possível.

Efficacy of the use of the McKenzie and Vojta methods to treat discopathy-associated syndromes in the pediatric population.

OBJECTIVES: This paper evaluates the efficacy of using the McKenzie and Vojta methods for patients with low back pain and the use of the DIERS Formetric 4D system as an objective diagnostic tool. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study enrolled 28 patients aged 15-17 years old. The patients were hospitalized at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Swietokrzyskie Center for Pediatrics in Kielce with a diagnosis of back pain associated with a discopathy. The patients were rehabilitated according to the McKenzie and Vojta methods. Assessment by means of the DIERS Formetric system had taken place before the first therapy session and on the day that pain was eliminated to evaluate trunk inclination, angle of thoracic kyphosis, angle of lumbar lordosis, lateral deviation, trunk torsion, surface rotation and pelvic obliquity. Pain intensity and change in pain intensity over time were assessed by means of a numerical rating scale. RESULTS: Pain intensity was reduced to 0 over 3-12 days. The study participants demonstrated reduction in anterior trunk inclination of the mean value at 1.83°. The angle of thoracic kyphosis was also reduced by 7.95°. The angle of lordosis increased by 7.6°. The lateral spinal curvature was reduced by 8.92 mm. There was a reduction of 4.64° in trunk torsion. Surface rotation was reduced by 1.61° and pelvic obliquity was reduced by 3.78°. CONCLUSIONS: In discopathic patients, postural parameters comprising trunk inclination, angle of thoracic kyphosis, angle of lumbar lordosis, lateral deviation, trunk torsion, vertebral rotation and pelvic obliquity fail to reach Hartzmann's physiological reference ranges. A therapeutic intervention based on the Vojta and McKenzie methods may normalize the posture to physiological reference ranges and is effective in the treatment of patients with back pain. The DIERS system is an objective tool for tracing the effects of therapy in patients with back pain. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(1):33-41.

Clinical Course of Motor Deficits from Lumbosacral Radiculopathy Due to Disk Herniation.

BACKGROUND: The clinical course of motor deficits from lumbosacral radiculopathy appears to improve with or without surgery. Strength measurements have been confined to manual muscle testing (MMT) and have not been extensively followed and quantified in prior studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine if motor weakness and patient-reported outcomes related to lumbosacral radiculopathy improve without surgical intervention over the course of 12 months. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort. SETTING: Outpatient academic spine practice. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with acute radicular weakness due to disk herniation. METHODS: Forty patients with radiculopathy and strength deficit were followed over a 12-month period. Objective strength and performance tests as well as survey-based measurements were collected at baseline and then every 3 months. Patients underwent comprehensive pain management and rehabilitation and/or surgical approaches as determined in coordination with the treating specialist. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Colorado. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Testing of strength was through MMT, handheld dynamometer, and performance-based testing. Furthermore, visual analog scale, modified Oswestry Disability Index, and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to measure pain and disability outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients, 33 (82.5%) did not have surgery; 7 (17.5%) had surgery. Twenty-four of the 33 patients (60%) did not undergo surgery and were followed for 12 months (Comprehensive Pain Management and Rehabilitation, Complete [CPM&R-C]), and 9 (22%) did not have surgery and lacked at least one follow-up evaluation (Comprehensive Pain Management and Rehabilitation, Incomplete [CPM&R-I]). No statistically significant differences were found on baseline measures of strength deficits and SF-36 domains between the CPM&R-C, Surgery, and CPM&R-I groups. Pain and disability scores in the Surgery group were significantly higher than in the CPM&R-C at baseline. There were statistically significant improvements in all areas of strength, pain, and function when comparing measurements at the 12-month follow-up to baseline in the CPM&R-C group. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with motor deficits due to lumbosacral radiculopathy improve over time regardless of treatment choice. Most did not choose surgery, and almost all of these patients regained full strength at 1 year. Strength recovery typically occurred in the first 3 months, but there was ongoing recovery over the course of a year. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Motor Control Training Compared With Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Patients With Disc Herniation With Associated Radiculopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of motor control training and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in relieving pain, reducing functional disability, and improving transversus abdominis activation in patients with lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy. DESIGN: This is a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Forty patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation were randomly divided into two groups: motor control training group (n = 20) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group (n = 20). INTERVENTIONS: The motor control training group and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group attended 60 mini sessions twice a week for 8 wks, totaling to 16 sessions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures are pain, functional disability, and transversus abdominis activation capacity. RESULTS: Differences between both groups were observed after 8 wks, favoring the motor control training group. Motor control training was more effective than transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in relieving pain (mean difference = 3.3 points, 95% confidence interval = 2.12-4.48), reducing functional disability (mean difference = 8.4 points, 95% confidence interval = 5.44-11.36), improving the quality of pain (mean difference = 17 points, 95% confidence interval = 7.93-26.07), sensory quality of pain (mean difference = 10.3 points, 95% confidence interval = 5.55-15.05), and transversus abdominis activation (mean difference = 1.5 points, 95% confidence interval = 0.90-2.10). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that motor control training is more effective than transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation with respect to relieving pain, reducing functional disability, and improving transversus abdominis activation in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Prediction of the Spinal Musculoskeletal Loadings during Level Walking and Stair Climbing after Two Types of Simulated Interventions in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) continues to be a severe global healthy problem, and a lot of patients would undergo conservative or surgical treatments. However, the improving capacity of spinal load sharing during activities of daily living (ADLs) after interventions is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to quantitatively predict the improvement of spinal musculoskeletal loadings during level walking and stair climbing after two simulated interventions. Material and Methods: Twenty-six healthy adults and seven lumbar disc herniation patients performed level walking and stair climbing in sequence. The spinal movement was recorded using a motion capture system. The experimental data were applied to drive a musculoskeletal model to calculate all the lumbar joint resultant forces and muscle activities of seventeen main trunk muscle groups. Rehabilitation and reconstruction were selected as the representative of conservative and surgical treatment, respectively. The spinal load sharing after rehabilitation and reconstruction was predicted by replacing the patients' spine rhythm with healthy subjects' spine rhythm and altering the center of rotation at the L5S1 level, respectively. Results: During both level walking and stair climbing, the joint resultant forces of the lower lumbar intervertebral discs were predicted to reduce after the two simulated inventions. In addition, the maximum muscle activities of the most trunk muscle groups decreased after simulated rehabilitation and conversely increased after simulated reconstruction. Conclusion: The predictions revealed the different compensatory responses on the spinal load sharing after two simulated interventions, severing as guidance for making preoperative planning and rehabilitation planning.

SURGICAL AND POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE IN A MOUNTAIN COATI (NASUELLA OLIVACEA) USING BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT AND PHYSICAL THERAPY.

A captive 8-yr-old female mountain coati, Nasuella olivacea, presented with intermittent paresis of the pelvic limbs. The coati was anesthetized for radiographs, which showed mineralized discs in the thoracolumbar region. After 3 mo of daily prednisone, its condition further declined. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed extradural disc herniation, spinal cord compression, and requirement for a left-sided hemilaminectomy. Postoperatively, the coati received prednisolone, gabapentin, tramadol, and clavamox. An established history of positive reinforcement training allowed caretakers to implement physical therapy walks and novel exercises designed for its condition. The coati showed improvement with appropriate proprioceptive positioning and improved balance. Intervertebral disc disease is common in dogs and cats, and although physical therapy is routinely implemented in recovering neurologic patients of those species, it is relatively new in zoologic medicine. This report highlights the benefits of behavioral management in postoperative management of nondomestic species.

Postoperative functional exercise for patients who underwent percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of postoperative functional exercise on patients who underwent percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January to May 2011, patients who had a lumbar disc herniation and then underwent percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy were divided randomly into two groups: the intervention group (n=46) and the control group (n=46). The intervention group conducted early functional exercises of passive and autonomic activities after their operations, while the control group conducted routine functional exercises after their operations. Short-term and long-term curative effects and quality of life were compared; risk factors that might affect the rehabilitation effects on the patients were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: The lumbar curvature, lumbar lordosis index and sacral inclination angle of the intervention group were better than that those same spinal stability factors in the control group six months after their operations (p<0.05). Scores for residual lumbocrural pain, straight leg raising, muscle strength (skin) sensory, nerve reflex and lumbar function of patients in the intervention group were better than those scores of the control group (p<0.05). The scores for physiological function, emotional function, activity and social function, mental health and quality of life of the intervention group were better than those of the control group (p<0.05). After 1 year of follow-up, the total effective rate for the intervention group was 82.6%, significantly higher than the control group, which had a total effective rate of 71.7% (p<0.05). After 3 years of follow-up, the score for the intervention group was 97.8%, significantly higher than the control group, which had an overall average score of 89.1% (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the type of disc herniation, whether patients abided by their doctors' advice during treatment and protected their lumbar vertebra during treatment, and their age were all influential factors on patient rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Early functional exercises of passive and autonomic activities can improve the postoperative quality of life of patients with lumbar disc herniation and provides a basis for inclusion in postoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Importance should be placed on factors, such as postoperative exercise, that can improve the curative effect of rehabilitation.

A randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial of postoperative rehabilitation in dogs after surgical decompression of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation.

BACKGROUND: Experimental evidence shows benefit of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) but there are limited objective data on the effect of rehabilitation on recovery of dogs after surgery for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL-IVDH). OBJECTIVE: Compare the effect of basic and intensive post-operative rehabilitation programs on recovery of locomotion in dogs with acute TL-IVDH in a randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: Thirty non-ambulatory paraparetic or paraplegic (with pain perception) dogs after decompressive surgery for TL-IVDH. METHODS: Blinded, prospective clinical trial. Dogs were randomized (1:1) to a basic or intensive 14-day in-house rehabilitation protocol. Fourteen-day open field gait score (OFS) and coordination (regulatory index, RI) were primary outcomes. Secondary measures of gait, post-operative pain, and weight were compared at 14 and 42 days. RESULTS: Of 50 dogs assessed, 32 met inclusion criteria and 30 completed the protocol. There were no adverse events associated with rehabilitation. Median time to walking was 7.5 (2 - 37) days. Mean change in OFS by day 14 was 6.13 (confidence intervals: 4.88, 7.39, basic) versus 5.73 (4.94, 6.53, intensive) representing a treatment effect of -0.4 (-1.82, 1.02) which was not significant, P=.57. RI on day 14 was 55.13 (36.88, 73.38, basic) versus 51.65 (30.98, 72.33, intensive), a non-significant treatment effect of -3.47 (-29.81, 22.87), P = .79. There were no differences in secondary outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early postoperative rehabilitation after surgery for TL-IVDH is safe but doesn't improve rate or level of recovery in dogs with incomplete SCI.

Surgical versus non-operative treatment for lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of surgical versus non-operative treatment on the physical function and safety of patients with lumbar disc herniation. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched from initiation to 15 May 2017. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials that evaluated surgical versus non-operative treatment for patients with lumbar disc herniation were selected. The primary outcomes were pain and side-effects. Secondary outcomes were function and health-related quality of life. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled mean difference with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 19 articles that involved 2272 participants met the inclusion criteria. Compared with non-operative treatment, surgical treatment was more effective in lowering pain (short term: mean difference = -0.94, 95% confidence interval = -1.87 to -0.00; midterm: mean difference = -1.59, 95% confidence interval = -2.24 to -9.94), improving function (midterm: mean difference = -7.84, 95% confidence interval = -14.00 to -1.68; long term: mean difference = -12.21, 95% confidence interval = -23.90 to -0.52) and quality of life. The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey for physical functions (short term: mean difference = 6.25, 95% confidence interval = 0.43 to 12.08) and bodily pain (short term: mean difference = 5.42, 95% confidence interval = 0.40 to 10.45) was also utilized. No significant difference was observed in adverse events (mean difference = 0.82, 95% confidence interval = 0.28 to 2.38). CONCLUSION: Low-quality evidence suggested that surgical treatment is more effective than non-operative treatment in improving physical functions; no significant difference was observed in adverse events. No firm recommendation can be made due to instability of the summarized data.

Structured postoperative physiotherapy in patients with cervical radiculopathy: 6-month outcomes of a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE Structured physiotherapy has been suggested as treatment before as well as after surgery to improve clinical outcomes in patients with cervical radiculopathy (CR), but randomized clinical trials to inform evidence-based clinical guidelines for the treatment of patients with CR after surgery are lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the results of structured postoperative physiotherapy combining neck-specific exercises with a behavioral approach to a standard postoperative approach in patients who had undergone surgery for cervical disc disease with CR at 6 months after surgery. METHODS Patients with cervical disc disease and persistent CR who were scheduled for surgery were randomized preoperatively to structured postoperative physiotherapy (n = 101) or a standard postoperative approach (n = 100). The latter included pragmatic physiotherapy in accordance with the usual Swedish postoperative care. Outcome measures included patient-reported neck disability as measured with the Neck Disability Index (NDI), intensity and frequency of neck and arm pain, global outcome of treatment, and expectation fulfillment, as well as enablement. RESULTS Patients who received structured postoperative physiotherapy reported greater expectation fulfillment (p = 0.01), and those who attended at least 50% of the treatment sessions reported less neck pain frequency (p = 0.05), greater expectation fulfillment (p = 0.001), and greater enablement (p = 0.04) compared with patients who received the standard postoperative approach. No other difference between treatment groups was found (p > 0.15). The NDI and neck and arm pain intensity were improved in both groups at 6 months after surgery (p < 0.001). Additional use of postoperative physiotherapy was reported by 61% of the patients who received the standard postoperative approach. CONCLUSIONS The results from this first randomized clinical trial of postoperative physiotherapy showed only minor additional benefit of structured postoperative physiotherapy compared with standard postoperative approach 6 months postoperatively in patients who underwent surgery for cervical disc disease with CR. Patients who received structured postoperative physiotherapy reported higher expectation fulfillment, and many patients in the standard postoperative approach group perceived a need for additional treatments after surgery, suggesting that patients with CR are in need of further postoperative support. The results confirm that neck-specific exercises are tolerated postoperatively by patients with CR, but more studies of postoperative physiotherapy are needed to inform clinical guidelines for this patient group. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01547611 (clinicaltrials.gov).