Prevalence and Pattern of Tooth Impaction: A Radiographic Study in a Trinidadian Population.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of impacted third molars in a Trinidadian population. METHODS: A total of 1500 orthopantomograms (OPG) taken at the School of Dentistry, University of the West Indies, from 2008 to 2019 in patients between 15 and 67 years old were evaluated. From the data collected, the prevalence of third molar impaction, the parameters of gender, angulation, level of impaction, and associated pathologies were evaluated. Other types of impacted teeth were also recorded. RESULTS: Of the 1500 OPG viewed, 408 (27.2%) of the study sample presented with at least one impacted third molar. 161 (39.5%) were males and 247 (60.5%) were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.5. There was a greater incidence of mandibular third molars versus maxillary third molars, which had a frequency of 77.9% and 22.1%, respectively. The most common type of impaction (Winter's classification) was horizontal in the mandible and distoangular in the maxilla. The most common level of impaction in the mandible (Pell and Gregory classification) was level 1A. The total number of impacted teeth was 775, and of these, 75 (9.7%) showed other impacted teeth besides the third molars. Canines and second premolars were the most prevalent with 7.6% and 1.5%, respectively. Caries on the second molar (49.3%) and third molars (40%) were the most frequently associated pathologies identified. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of impacted wisdom teeth in this study was 27%. These results raise awareness and provide insight among dental professionals in Trinidad as to the prevalence of impacted third molars, their patterns, as well as commonly associated pathologies, and the need for screening within the population.

Epidemiología de padecimientos frecuentes en cirugía maxilofacial: Hospital General Regional No. 1, Tijuana / Epidemiology of frequent conditions in maxillofacial surgery: Hospital General Regional No. 1, Tijuana

Introducción: uno de los servicios que el IMSS ofrece a sus derechohabientes es la cirugía maxilofacial; sin embargo, existen pocos estudios en esta área, que nos puedan proporcionar información acerca de la epidemiología de los tratamientos realizados. Objetivo: conocer la epidemiología de las intervenciones quirúrgicas en Cirugía Maxilofacial remitidas de diferentes Unidades de Medicina Familiar (UMF) al Hospital General Regional No.1 (HGR No.1) del turno vespertino en Tijuana, Baja California, México. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo basado en revisión de «expedientes clínicos electrónicos¼. Se revisaron 2,945 expedientes, de los que se obtuvieron datos generales, UMF y diagnóstico, registrados bajo la plataforma Expediente Clínico Electrónico y Sistema de Información de Medicina Familiar. Se confeccionó un documento con los expedientes analizados. Fueron excluidos pacientes que no cumplieron con un diagnóstico definido por el cirujano maxilofacial o presentaron inasistencia. Debido a la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 se excluyeron algunos meses. La muestra final la integraron 2,452 pacientes. Resultados: el 2019 fue el año con el mayor número de registros. Predomina el género femenino. La mediana de edad en el estado es 30 años, relacionando el diagnóstico más común «dientes incluidos¼ coincide con la edad predominante entre 20 y 44 años. La UMF 27 remitió más pacientes a hospital. Conclusión: estomatología y médicos familiares pueden hacer envíos a hospitales. El HGR No.1 no cuenta con el instrumental adecuado, el servicio se satura constantemente, es demasiada la demanda, continuamos con poco instrumental y falta de personal (AU)

Introduction: one of the services that the IMSS offers to its beneficiaries it is maxillofacial surgery; however, there are few studies in this area that can provide us with information about the epidemiology of the treatments carried out. Objective: to know the epidemiology of surgical interventions in Maxillofacial Surgery referred from different Family Medicine Units (UMF) to the Hospital General Regional No.1 (HGR No.1) of the evening shift in Tijuana, Baja California, México. Material and methods: retrospective descriptive study based on the review of «Electronic Clinical Files¼. 2,945 records were reviewed, obtaining general data, UMF and diagnosis, registered under the platform Electronic Clinical Record (ECE) and Family Medicine Information System (SIMF). Prepared a document with the files analyzed. Patients who did not meet a diagnosis defined by the Maxillofacial Surgeon or who were absent were excluded. Due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, some months were excluded. The final sample was 2,452 patients. Results: 2019 was the year with the highest number of records. The female gender predominates. The median age in the state is 30 years, relating the most common diagnosis «included teeth¼ coincides with the predominant age between 20 and 44 years. UMF 27 referred more patients to hospital. Conclusion: stomatology and family doctors can make referrals to hospitals. HGR No.1 does not have adequate instruments, the service is constantly saturated, the demand is too high, we continue with few instruments and lack of personnel (AU)

Hallazgos en radiografías panorámicas de niños entre 6 y 15 años en un hospital odontológico en Argentina / Findings in panoramic radiographs of children between 6 and 15 years at a dental hospital in Argentina

Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia y localización de pato- logías y anomalías dentarias (anomalías de número, tumores, quistes y piezas retenidas) observadas en radiografías pa- norámicas de pacientes pediátricos de entre 6 y 15 años del Hospital Zonal Especializado en Odontología Infantil "Dr. A. Bollini" de la ciudad de La Plata. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observa- cional descriptivo de 300 radiografías panorámicas, de niños (n=150) y niñas (n=150) de entre 6 y 15 años, seleccionadas aleatoriamente en el área de radiología del hospital, tomadas en el período comprendido entre marzo de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Los datos obtenidos se volcaron en planillas de cálculo y con ellos se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se utilizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipo de ano- malía o patología (anomalías de número, tumores, quistes y piezas retenidas), pieza dentaria y ubicación (maxilar o man- díbula). Resultados: Dentro de las anomalías registradas (n=147), se encontraron en mayor medida piezas dentarias retenidas, en un 44,22% de los casos (n=65), agenesias en un 42,18% de los casos (n=62) y supernumerarios en un 13,61% de los casos (n=20). No se hallaron quistes ni tumores. Conclusión: En un 24% de las radiografías panorámicas de niños entre 6 y 15 años se halló alguna anomalía dentaria. Las anomalías más frecuentes fueron piezas dentarias reteni- das y agenesias (AU)

Aim: To describe the frequency and location of dental pathologies and anomalies (number anomalies, tumors, cysts and retained dental pieces) observed in panoramic radio- graphs of pediatric patients between 6 and 15 years of age from the Hospital Especializado en Odontología Infantil "Dr. A. Bollini" from the city of La Plata. Materials and methods: A descriptive observational study was performed based on 300 panoramic radiographs of children (150 girls and 150 boys) between 6 and 15 years old, randomly selected in the Radiology area of the hospital, taken in the period between March 2018 and March 2020. The data obtained were entered into spreadsheets and a descriptive sta- tistical analysis was carried out. The following variables were evaluated: age, sex, type of anomaly or pathology (anomalies of number, tumor, cysts and retained dental pieces), dental piece and location (maxilla or mandible). Results: Among the registered anomalies (n=147), re- tained dental pieces were found to a greater extent, in 44.22% of the cases (n=65), agenesis in 42.18% of the cases (n=62) and supernumeraries in 13.61% of the cases (n=20). No cysts or tumors were found. Conclusion: In 24% of panoramic radiographs of chil- dren between 6 and 15 years old, some dental anomaly was found. The most frequent anomalies were retained dental pieces and agenesis (AU)

Prevalencia y análisis descriptivo de los terceros molares en un servicio odontológico del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires / Prevalence and descriptive analysis of third molars in a dentistry service in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires

Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia y el patrón de reten- ción ósea de los terceros molares en pacientes que concurrie- ron a un servicio de urgencias y orientación de pacientes en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio obser- vacional retrospectivo en el que se evaluaron radiografías pa- norámicas de pacientes mayores de 18 años que concurrieron a un servicio de urgencias en el Área Metropolitana de Bue- nos Aires. Resultados: Fueron evaluadas 949 radiografías pano- rámicas. En 347 casos, se presentó al menos un tercer molar retenido. Entre los 1878 terceros molares registrados, hubo 768 retenidos (41%). Según la clasificación de Gregory y Pell, la ubicación más frecuente de los terceros molares retenidos inferiores fue la IIA (28%), y de los superiores, la C (54%). La angulación más frecuente fue la vertical (62%). En el 9% de los casos estudiados, se encontró una radiolucidez asociada al tercer molar mayor a 3 mm. No se encontró diferencia signifi- cativa en la prevalencia de retención según el sexo. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de retención fue mayor en el maxilar inferior que en el superior. La posición más fre- cuente fue la vertical. No se encontraron diferencias significa- tivas en cuanto a la distribución según el sexo (AU)

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and pattern of bone re- tention of third molars in patients attending a patient orienta- tion and urgency service in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires City. Materials and methods: This retrospective observa- tional study was conducted in a department of dental urgency in the city of Buenos Aires where we evaluate radiografic or- topantomograms. Results: 949 panoramic radiographs were evaluated. In 347 there was at least one third molar retained. Within the 1878 third molars registered, there were 768 retained (41%). In the lower retained third molars the most frequent location corresponded to the IIA location (28%) and in the upper ones it corresponded to the C location (54%) according to Gregory & Pell. The vertical position was the most frecquent (62%). A radiolucency associated with the third molar greater than 3 mm was found in 9% of the cases studied. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of retention according to sex. Conclusions: The prevalence of retention was higher in the lower than in the upper jaw, the vertical position being the most frequent. No significant difference was found in the distribution by sex (AU)

Evaluation of demographic and radiological risk factors for assessment of difficulty in surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar: a prospective study

The extraction of impacted third molars is among the most common surgical procedures carried out in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Both the patient and dentist must therefore have scientific evidence-based information concerning the estimated level of surgical difficulty of every case to consider in referring cases of impacted third molars for specialists' handling. We have undertaken a study in which demographic and radiological variables were considered to-gether to evaluate the risk factors for surgical difficulty in a cohort of 100 impacted mandibular third molars. There were 13 variables evaluated for surgical difficulty. Total surgical time interven-tion was noted at the end of each surgery. Each variable was analysed with total surgical time intervention with univariate and multiple linear regression. Out of 13 variables, 9 were found sta-tistically significant. The most significant predictors for surgical difficulty were Body Mass Index, Depth of impacted tooth and Retromolar space. No postoperative complications were reported.

Main genetic entities associated with supernumerary teeth. / Principales entidades genéticas asociadas con dientes supernumerarios.

Supernumerary teeth represent a common human dental anomaly, defined as presence of extra teeth-more than the normal number foreseen in primary or permanent dentition. The prevalence has been reported between 0.2 to 3%, and is more frequent in males than females. The etiology is heterogeneous, highly variable and most of the cases are idiopathic. However, the presence of multiple impacted or erupted supernumerary teeth is rare and associated with some genetic syndromes: cleidocranial displasia, familial adenomatous polyposis, trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Nance-Horan syndrome, Opitz G/BBB syndrome, oculofaciocardiodental syndrome and Robinow syndrome (autosomal dominant). The supernumerary teeth should be considered in order to possibly diagnose these entities with the aim of offering an interdisciplinary management and treatment, as well as offer adequate family genetic counseling.

Los dientes supernumerarios representan una anomalía dental frecuente en los seres humanos. Esta afección se define como la presencia de una mayor cantidad de dientes que los previstos en cuanto a los dientes de leche o a los permanentes. Según se ha notificado, la prevalencia varía entre el 0,2 % y el 3 % y es más frecuente en los varones que en las mujeres. Su etiología es heterogénea, sumamente variable y, en la mayoría de los casos, idiopática. Sin embargo, la presencia de múltiples dientes supernumerarios retenidos o erupcionados es infrecuente y está asociada con ciertos síndromes genéticos, como displasia cleidocraneal, poliposis adenomatosa familiar, síndrome tricorrinofalángico de tipo I, síndrome de Rubinstein-Taybi, síndrome de Nance-Horan, síndrome de Opitz G/BBB, síndrome oculofaciocardiodental y síndrome de Robinow (autosómico dominante). Se deben considerar los dientes supernumerarios para diagnosticar estas entidades a fin de ofrecer un abordaje interdisciplinario, además de brindar asesoramiento genético familiar adecuado.

Eruption of Impacted Teeth in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients following Alveolar Bone Graft.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the eruption of impacted teeth in cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) after alveolar bone graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Research was carried out through a cross-sectional study at the Craniofacial Rehabilitation Center of the University General Hospital of the University of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Variables related to cleft, cleft side, gender, age, laterality of cleft, impacted teeth, and orthodontic traction were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-two patients treated at the institution from 2004 to 2011 had their charts retrospectively reviewed. They were 54.7% male and 45.2% female. The group aged 9 to 11 years was most affected, representing 59.5% of cases. A unilateral cleft was the most prevalent craniofacial anomaly (85.7%). A total of 57 impacted teeth were observed. Maxillary canines were the most commonly impacted teeth (97.6%) and the most frequently identified in patients with a transforamen incisor cleft (TIC) (76.3%). Orthodontic traction was required for both impacted maxillary canines and impacted lateral incisors (64.3 and 35.7% respectively). The orthodontic traction was required only in patients with a TIC (p = 0.0101). CONCLUSION: The canine teeth were the most commonly impacted teeth, found mainly in patients with a TIC. After placement of the alveolar bone graft in patients with a preforamen incisor cleft (PIC), all impacted teeth erupted spontaneously. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: An impacted tooth can have negative consequences on a patient's quality of life. Thus, a survey evaluating the incidence and prognosis of impacted teeth after an alveolar bone graft for CLP was important.

Eruption of Impacted Teeth after Alveolar Bone Graft in Cleft Lip and Palate Region.

AIM: This study aimed to assess the eruption of impacted teeth in cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) after alveolar bone graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Research was carried out through a cross-sectional study at the Craniofacial Rehabilitation Center of the University General Hospital of the University of Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Variables related to cleft, cleft side, gender, age, laterality of cleft, impacted teeth, and orthodontic traction were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-two patients treated at the institution from 2004 to 2011 were recruited. There were 54.76% males and 45.24% females. The age group between 9 and 11 years was most affected in 59.53% of cases. The unilateral cleft was the most prevalent (85.71%). A total of 57 impacted teeth were observed. Maxillary canine was the most prevalent impacted teeth (97.61%) and more frequent in transforamen incisor cleft (TIC) (76.3%). The orthodontic traction was needed in both maxillary canines and lateral incisor impacted teeth, 64.3 and 35.7% respectively. The orthodontic traction was needed only in TIC (p = 0.0101). CONCLUSION: The canine teeth were the most prevalent, mainly related to the TIC and all impacted teeth erupted spontaneously in the preforamen incisor cleft (PIC) after placement of the bone graft. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: There was spontaneous eruption of impacted teeth after secondary alveolar bone graft in CLP.

Incidence of Lower Anterior Third Molars on Dental Crowding. A New Approach / Incidencia de Terceros Molares Inferiores en el Apiñamiento Dental. Un Nuevo Enfoque

ABSTRACT: This paper main objective is to estimate the level of association between lower anterior crowding and the presence of lower third molars on study models and panoramic dental radiographs of patients treated by the Orthodontics Postgraduate Students at the Dentistry Faculty at the University of Cartagena (Cartagena de Indias, Colombia) and also other dental and radiographs care centers in Cartagena de Indias. It was made using a cross-sectional study at the Dentistry Faculty at the University of Cartagena and others dental care centers in the city. There were 366 study models and panoramic dental radiographs selected by strict inclusion/exclusion criteria for patients. An instrument that includes age, gender, presence or absence of third molars, position of third molars according to Winter's classification, stage of formation of the third molars according to Nolla's classification, and crowding magnitude according to Harfin's classification was used. Data were analyzed based on frequency distributions and proportions; inferential analysis was performed through proportional odds model using the software package IBM SPSS Statistics v23. It was found that the patients with Nolla 6 from the right side are more likely to have mild-moderate crowding magnitude than patients with Nolla 10 on that same side. In conclusion, this research provides as main result the implication of the eruption of the lower third molars and particularly those erupting in mesioangular and horizontal positions in the anterior crowding (AA).

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar el nivel de asociación entre el apiñamiento dentario anteroinferior y la presencia de terceros molares inferiores en modelos de estudio y radiografías panorámicas de los pacientes atendidos por estudiantes del posgrado de ortodoncia de laFacultad de Odontología de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia y también otros centros dentales y de radiografías en Cartagena de Indias. Se realizó un estudio transversal en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Cartagena y otros centros de atención odontológica de la ciudad. Se utilizaron 366 modelos de estudio y radiografías dentales panorámicas seleccionadas por estrictos criterios de inclusión / exclusión para los pacientes. Se utilizó un instrumento que incluía edad, sexo, presencia o ausencia de terceros molares, posición de los terceros molares de acuerdo con la clasificación de Winter, etapa de formación de los terceros molares de acuerdo con la clasificación de Nolla y magnitud de apiñamiento según la clasificación de Harfin. Los datos se analizaron en base a las distribuciones y proporciones de frecuencia; el análisis inferencial se realizó a través del modelo de probabilidades proporcional utilizando el software IBM SPSS Statistics v23. Se encontró que los pacientes con Nolla 6 en el lado derecho son más propensos a tener una magnitud de apiñamiento de leve a moderada en comparación a los pacientes con Nolla 10 en ese mismo lado. En conclusión, esta investigación proporciona como resultado principal la implicación de la erupción de los terceros molares inferiores y particularmente aquellos que erupcionan en posiciones mesioangulares y horizontales en el apiñamiento dentario anterior (AA).

Evaluation of 1211 third molars positions according to the Classification of Winter, Pell & Gregory / Evaluación de posiciones de 1211 terceros molares acorde a la Clasificación de Winter, Pell & Gregory

Panoramic radiographs are important for the evaluation and classification of the third molars position, allowing the diagnosis and planning of extraction. The objective of this study is to evaluate upper and lower third molars positions in panoramic radiographs with the classification methods proposed by Pell and Gregory (1933) and Winter (1926) and the subsequent comparison of results with other authors. Panoramic radiographs of 310 patients were analyzed, 197 female and 113 male, totaling 1,211 third molars. In relation to the upper third molars, the most prevalent positions were: angle compared to the long axis of the second molar of Distoangular form (53.23 %) and the depth of impaction as Class C (48.25 %). In the lower third molars, the most prevalent positions were: angle to the long axis of the second molar in Mesioangular classification (52.96 %), the depth of impaction was B (46.54 %) and the tooth relationship with the mandibular ramus was identified as class I (55.26 %). These results provide information that can be utilized in predicting third molar development in terms of impaction or eruption, assisting dental surgeons in making decisions regarding surgical planning and treatment.

Las radiografías panorámicas son importantes para la evaluación y clasificación de la posición de los terceros molares, lo que permite el diagnóstico y la planificación de la extracción. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar terceros molares superiores e inferiores y posiciones en las radiografías panorámicas con los métodos de clasificación propuestas por Pell & Gregory, y Winter y la posterior comparación de los resultados con otros autores. Se analizaron las radiografías panorámicas de 310 pacientes, 197 mujeres y 113 hombres, con un total de 1.211 terceros molares. En relación con los terceros molares superiores, las posiciones más prevalentes fueron: ángulo con respecto al eje longitudinal del segundo molar de forma distoangular (53,23 %) y la profundidad de la impactación como Clase C (48,25 %). En los terceros molares inferiores, las posiciones más prevalentes fueron: ángulo con respecto al eje longitudinal del segundo molar en la clasificación mesioangular (52,96 %), la profundidad de impactación fue de B (46,54 %) y la relación de los dientes con la rama mandibular fue identificado como Clase I (55,26 %). Estos resultados proporcionan información que puede ser utilizada para predecir el desarrollo del tercer molar en términos de compactación o erupción, ayudando a los cirujanos dentistas en la toma de decisiones respecto a la planificación y el tratamiento quirúrgico.

Radiographic analysis and prevalence of impacted maxillary canine teeth in children between 8 and 16 years / Análisis radiográfico y prevalencia de caninos maxilares retenidos en niños entre 8 y 16 años

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of impacted maxillary canines and analyze variables associated with its retention in panoramic radiographs. Manual and Retrospective observational study of 16,835 records. A sample of 1,353 panoramic radiographs was obtained. The variables measured were canine angle, distance from the canine apex to occlusal plane, vertical and horizontal canine location. For reliable measurement an intra class Fleiss and Cohen correlation coefficient was used (0.997). Prevalence was 2.3%. 31 subjects had one or both retained canines. Average age 10.77±2.45, 61.3% were women. 64.5% presented unilateral retaining of which the largest percentage was left. A total of 41 retained canines were observed. Distance to occlusal plane 19 mm on average. In relation to the vertical location the highest percentage (48.7%) was found in the apical third. Regarding the horizontal location the highest percentage (77.6%) was found in sectors 1, 2 and 3. When analyzing the canine angle it was found that 83% measured 31 degrees or more. Radicular resorption was observed in 2 lateral incisors. The prevalence found is similar to that reported in the international literature. It occurred more frequently in women and left unilateral both not statistically significant.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de dientes caninos maxilares retenidos y analizar variables asociadas a su retención, en radiografías panorámicas. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo y manual de 16.835 fichas. Se obtuvo una muestra de 1.353 radiografías panorámicas. Las variables medidas fueron ángulo del canino, distancia de la cúspide del canino al plano oclusal, localización vertical y horizontal del canino. Para la fiabilidad de las mediciones se usó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase de Fleiss & Cohen (0,997). La prevalencia fue 2,3%. Treinta y un sujetos presentaron 1 o ambos caninos retenidos. La edad promedio fue 10,77±2,45, y el 61,3% fueron mujeres. El 64,5% presentó retención unilateral, principalmente del lado izquierdo. Se observó un total de 41 caninos retenidos. La distancia al plano oclusal en promedio fue 19 mm. En relación a la localización vertical, el mayor porcentaje (48,7%) se encontró en el tercio apical. Respecto a la localización horizontal, el mayor porcentaje (77,6%) se encontró en los sectores 1, 2 y 3. Al analizar el ángulo canino, se encontró que 83% midió 31 o más. Se observó reabsorción radicular de dos incisivos laterales. La prevalencia encontrada es similar a la reportada en la literatura internacional. La retención se presentó con mayor frecuencia en mujeres y de manera unilateral en el lado izquierdo, pero en ambos casos no es significativa.

Is overweight a risk factor for adverse events during removal of impacted lower third molars?

Being overweight is recognised as a significant risk factor for several morbidities; however, the experience of the dentistry faculties focusing on this population is still low. The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of adverse events during removal of impacted lower third molars in overweight patients. A prospective cohort study was carried out involving overweight patients subjected to surgical removal of impacted lower third molar as part of a line of research on third molar surgery. Predictor variables indicative of the occurrence of adverse events during surgery were classified by their demographic, clinical, radiographic, and surgical aspects. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed. In total, 140 patients fulfilled the eligibility criteria, and 280 surgeries were performed. Patients' mean age was 25.1±2.2 years, and the proportion of women to men was 3:1. Eight different adverse events during surgery were recorded. These events occurred in approximately 29.3% of cases and were significantly associated with predictor variables (P<0.05). Excess weight is recognised as a risk factor for the high rate of adverse events in impacted third molar surgery. The study suggests that overweight patients are highly likely to experience morbidities.

Probabilidad de retención de segundos molares permanentes mandibulares (Estudio piloto) / Retention probability of permanent mandibular second molars (Pilot study)

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia del segundo molar mandibular permanente (MM2) con probabilidad de impactación, en un grupo de pacientes de Ortodoncia de Temuco, Chile. Método: Estudio de corte transversal, con muestra por conveniencia. Se revisaron 2095 fichas de individuos de ambos sexos, con ausencia de patología sindrómica. Los datos recolectados se obtuvieron de radiografías panorámicas. Se midió el ángulo del segundo molar con respecto al plano oclusal, la invasión distal del primer molar y la distancia entre distal del primer molar y el borde anterior de la rama mandibular. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los pacientes relevados fue de 10 años. Se observó un 1,43% de probabilidad de retención de MM2 (n=30); en promedio y el plano el ángulo MM2 resultó de 27° el izquierdo y 26° el derecho; la invasión de MM2 en distal del primer molar resultó de 1,5 mm; el ángulo entre MM2 y el planos oclusal es de 123°; la distancia entre la cara distal del primer molar y el borde anterior de la rama mandibular fue 13 mm. Conclusiones: Existe una baja prevalencia de segundos molares mandibulares permanentes con probabilidad de impactación. La invasión a la cara distal del primer molar fue mayor en pacientes con riesgo de impactación.

Objectives. To determine the frequency of risk of impaction of the permanent mandibular second molar (MM2) in a population of orthodontics patients in Temuco, Chile. Method. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample. The records of 2095 individuals of both sexes with no syndromic pathology were analyzed. The data were obtained from panoramic radiographies. The following elements were measured: second molar angle in relation to the occlusal plane, distal invasion of the first molar and distance between the first molar and the front edge of the ramus. Results. The mean age of the individuals studied was 10. It was observed that 1.43 % presented MM2 retention probability (n=30) on average. The MM2 angle plane was 27° (left side) and 26° (right side). The invasion of MM2 in distal face of first molar was 1.5 mm on average. The angle between the occlusal plane and MM2 was 123°. The distance between the distal face of the first molar and the front edge of the ramus was 13 mm. Conclusions. The prevalence of MM2 risk of impaction is low. The invasion of the distal face of the first molar is more frequent in patients with risk of impaction.

Prevalence of impacted teeth in a Brazilian subpopulation.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of impacted teeth in a subpopulation of Brazilian patients based on the retrospective analysis of panoramic radiographs obtained at an oral radiology clinic. Out of 1,977 panoramic radiographs, 1,352 fulfilled inclusion criteria, and 22,984 teeth were assessed. Data were statistically analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov's and Levene's tests; significance was set at 5%. The number of impacted teeth was assessed using analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test. Our results showed significant differences for tooth type and patient age when analyzed separately (p < 0.05); gender did not show significant results (p > 0.05). Correlations between age and gender showed significant differences (p < 0.05), as did the correlations between age, gender and tooth type (p < 0.05). Mandibular molars were the teeth most frequently affected (p < 0.05), followed by maxillary molars (p < 0.05). Other tooth types did not present significant differences among themselves (p > 0.05). Patients aged 22 years or younger were the most frequent ones (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between age groups 37 and 51 years and 52+ (p > 0.05). According to the methodology here employed, gender did not affect tooth impaction, whereas age (22-36 years) and tooth type (mandibular third molars) strongly influenced results.

Caninos superiores impactados: incidência, etiologia e opções de tratamento / Upper canine impaction: incidence, etiology and treatment choices

Objetivos: Orientar os cirurgiões-dentistas a detectar a retenção dos caninos precocemente e de maneira simples, assim como apresentar as várias formas de tratamento frente a este problema, frisando a cirurgia para o tracionamento ortodôntico que visa trazer o canino retido para a posição correta no arco dentário. Este trabalho consiste na revisão de literatura sobre a retenção de caninos superiores, abordando seu desenvolvimento, sua incidência, etiologia, conseqüências, diagnóstico e as variadas modalidades terapêuticas e suas complicações. Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce e a conduta preventiva são essenciais para diminuir a incidência de complicações e facilitar o tratamento dos caninos superiores impactados. O tratamento multidisciplinar é mandatório quando se opta pelo tracionamento, para que seja bem planejado e que seja escolhida a melhor técnica para cada caso. O tracionamento a campo fechado é a técnica mais utilizada por apresentar maior número de vantagens.

Objectives: We propose a guideline to help dental surgeon to early diagnosis a canine impaction, emphasizing the orthodontics traction surgery. After this review article concerning many choices of therapy for this disease, we also describe canines impaction, canine development, incidence of impaction, etiology, prognosis, diagnosis and most common surgical techniques and possible complications. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and preventive management are essentials tools to reduce complications, allowing treatment of upper canine impacted. A multidisciplinary treatment is mandatory, when choosing the orthodontic traction in order to have a well planned procedure and select the best surgical technique for each case. The closed eruption technique is prefered because it has more advantages.

Caninos Superiores impactados bilateralmente / Bilaterally impacted upper canines

O presente estudo aborda a questão dos caninos superiores impactados, mais freqüentemente por posição palatina, focando a etiologia, diagnóstico e o tratamento. Há uma grande preocupação em reabilitar o canino retido, pela importância estratégica desse dente no arco dentário, devido sua função nas relações oclusais e estética. Os principais fatores etiológicos da impacção de caninos são a falta de espaço, ausência dos incisivos laterais, interferências mecânicas e hereditariedade. O seu diagnóstico é baseado em exame clínico e radiográfico, e o tratamento mais utilizado é a técnica cirúrgica conjugada com Ortodontia.

This study approaches the issue of the impacted upper canine teeth, which are more frequent by palatine, focusing on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment. There is great concern with rehabilitating the retained canine due to the strategic importance this tooth has on the dental arch, owing to its role in the occlusal and aesthetic relations. The main etiological features of the impaction of canines are lack of space, absence of lateral incisive teeth, mechanical interferences and heredity. Its diagnosis is based on clinical and radiographic tests, and the most commonly used treatment is the surgical procedure along with Orthodontics.

A survey of 460 supernumerary teeth in Brazilian children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to survey the demographic profile of supernumerary teeth (ST) in Brazilian children and adolescents. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out of all nonsyndromic patients with ST attended at the Pediatric Oral Surgery Service of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais between 1995 and 2004. Diagnosis of ST was based on clinical and radiographic examination. Chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: This study included 460 ST found in 305 patients. Radiographic assessment (32.1%) was the main care-seeking reason and also the means through which most (97.6%) permanent ST were identified. Most cases were single (63.0%), conical (44.6%), and unerupted (76.8%) ST. Most teeth were fully developed (41.3%), normally orientated (78.9%), placed in a palatal/lingual-sagittal position (84.1%), adjacent to the crown of permanent teeth (50.2%) (P < 0.001). The most frequent clinical complication was permanent teeth displacement (36.0%). Treatment was surgical removal followed by orthodontics (61.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The demographic profile of ST herein presented will be useful to provide additional epidemiological information. A wide range of factors should be considered when evaluating ST. In addition, it is essential to detect ST as early as possible to avoid complications and to assure successful management. Even after treatment, patients must be followed up.

Estudio de prevalencia de patologías dentarias de desarrollo en radiografías panorámicas / A study of the prevalence o developmental oral pathologies in panoramic radiographs

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de patologías dentarias de desarrollo (erupción, forma, posición, tamaño, número) que caracterizan a la población de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, utilizando la información que proporcionan radiografías panorámicas. Se obtuvo la prevalencia de patologías de desarrollo y el análisis de varianza con el objeto decomparar lesiones entre géneros. Se observaron radiografías panorámicas de 1000 pacientes atendidos en la Cátedra de Radiología de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, derivados de clínicas de la misma.

Third molars classifications prevalence in the cities of Cunha Porã, Maravilha and Palmitos in the nortwest of Santa Catarina state in Brazil

O presente trabalho propõe uma anßlise da prevalência da classificação de terceiros molares, nos municípios de Cunha Porã, Maravilha e Palmitos, no Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina. Seguiram-se para os terceiros molares superiores e inferiores as classificações jß propostas por alguns autores. Foram examinadas 585 ortopantomografias, 210 de pacientes do gênero masculino e, 375 de pacientes do gênero feminino. Um total de 1815 terceiros molares foi verificado, com o dente 18 (450), dente 28 (465), dente 38 (453) e, dente 48 (447). Os pacientes variaram numa faixa etßria de 15-39 anos, sendo a maior prevalência de 390 pacientes com idade de 15-20 anos. Obteve-se maior prevalência para os terceiros molares superiores nas posições vertical, distal e medial respectivamente. Para os terceiros molares inferiores as posições vertical, medial e horizontal respectivamente, com a Classe I C.

[Relationship between craniofacial architecture and retained lower third molar. Its' symptomatology]. / Relación de la arquitectura craneofacial con el 3 molar inferior retenido y su sintomatología.

INTRODUCTION: In a high percentage of subjects between 17 and 25 years of age, retained lower third molars produce various lesions and complications accompanied by symptoms which may be sometimes confused with other pathologies. OBJECTIVE: Based on the frequency of dental consultations in our community (City of Córdoba, Argentina), we conducted a statistical study in order to find out how retained lower third molars affect our population, and to compare our findings with similar studies carried out in other communities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The type of third molar retention was related to age, gender, craniofacial index, and clinical symptoms presented. Orthopantograms, profile teleradiographs, and cephalometric radiographs were done on 162 patients ranging in age from 17 to 81 years (92 females and 70 males, 270 retained lower third molars), RESULTS: Our findings show that in the city of Cordoba, Argentina, the presence of retained lower third molars is more frequent in brachycephalic males , with horizontal and mesioangular locations. Vertical and distoangular retentions occur more frequently among females. There is a high percentage of Class I retention, position A (following Pell and Gregory classification ), in dolicochephalies. The most common symptoms are pain, pericoronitis, and caries in the second molar. These symptoms appear between 20 and 24 years old, occur more frequently in females and tend to disappear with age. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our observations we believe it is advisable to do radiographic studies in subjects between the age of 14 and 25 to evaluate the risk-benefit situation and to decide on the prophilactic extraction of the tooth..