Cone beam computed tomography review and classification of mesiodens: Report of a case in the nasal fossa and nasal septum.

Supernumerary teeth are an uncommon occurrence that have the ability to arise anywhere in the dental arch. Mesiodens is a specific type of supernumerary tooth that occurs in the vicinity of the maxillary central incisors. Mesiodens are the most common among all supernumerary teeth, almost always impacted, and may also be seen in various positions based on the eruption status. The formation of mesiodens is a much-debated topic and many theories have been proposed. The reports also include its common radiographic findings and a pertinent literature review. This study reports a case of an impacted, inverted mesiodens incidentally discovered on a preimplant examination of maxilla. This article demonstrates the scope of eruption of an impacted and inverted mesiodens. Various methods of treatment plan are discussed and a new classification system of mesiodens is proposed.

Rare molariform supernumerary teeth: Why are they bilateral?

Anterior supernumerary teeth in the permanent dentition may be supplemental or rudimentary. Rudimentary types are further classified as conical, tuberculate, and molariform. The molariform type has been only rarely reported. We report a rare variety of anterior supernumerary teeth - the molariform type, occurring bilaterally and in association with a midline supernumerary tooth. We also suggest a hypothesis for the bilateral occurrence of supernumerary teeth.

Supernumerarios múltiples: reporte de un caso / Multiple supernumeraries: report of a case

El siguiente trabajo tiene por finalidad presentar la resolución de un caso clínico de supernumerarios múltiples. Los trastornos causados por los mismos incluyen retenciones y distopías dentarias. Tras haber realizado un correcto diagnóstico clínico y radiográfico con tomas periapicales y panorámica, siendo localizados tanto en maxilar superior, zona de la premaxila y en ambas regiones de premolares inferiores, se procedió a realizar remoción de los mismos en tres tiempos quirúrgicos diferentes.

A comprehensive review of the literature and data analysis on hypo-hyperdontia.

The objectives of this study were i) to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on hypo-hyperdontia, and ii) to categorize the reported cases based on occurrence. An extensive search of the literature covering the period from January 1966 to January 2014 was conducted using the Embase, Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed databases. The key words used in the search strategy were "concomitant", "agenesis", "hypodontia", "hyperdontia", "supernumerary teeth", "syndromes", and "hypohyperdontia" in various combinations. The retrieved data were analyzed based on gender, occurrence, and occurrence of both hypodontia and hyperdontia. Descriptive statistics were carried out using the chi-squared test. For hypo-hyperdontia overall, seven case studies and 40 cases involving 103 patients were reported. Our comprehensive review revealed that hypo-hyperdontia occurs most commonly in males (P < 0.05), and the bimaxillary type (65%) was reported most commonly in comparison with the maxillary, pre-maxillary and mandibular types (P < 0.001). Twenty syndromic cases and two case studies on familial occurrence of hypohyperdontia were reported. Almost 57% of cases affected the anterior region, whereas 43% of cases affected the anteroposterior region. The anterior region was most commonly affected by hyperdontia whereas the posterior region was most commonly affected by hypodontia. Hypo-hyperdontia is commonly seen in males, and the most common type is bimaxillary occurrence. G/BBB syndrome is commonly associated with hypo-hyperdontia, being relatively frequent in the anterior region, where mesiodens is frequently seen, and second premolars are the most commonly missing teeth.

Presentación de cinco casos clínicos de dientes supernumerarios en Carúpano, Sucre, en los meses de abril-junio de 2012 / Presentation of five clinical cases of supernumerary teeth in Carupano, Sucre, from abril-june, 2012

Los dientes supernumerarios o hiperdoncia se caracteriza por un número de dientes superior al normal. La ocurrencia puede ser única o múltiple, unilateral o bilateral, erupcionado o impactado y en el maxilar superior o en el maxilar inferior, o en ambos maxilares. Los dientes supernumerarios son más frecuentes en la dentición permanente. El hallazgo de supernumerarios es más común en hombres que en mujeres. El diagnóstico temprano de un diente supernumerario es de gran importancia para poder aplicar, lo más rápidamente posible, medidas preventivas o correctivas adecuadas. Debido a la frecuencia de casos en un periodo corto de tiempo de abril a junio del 2012 se han diagnosticado dientes supernumerarios en pacientes que acudieron a la clínica odontológica Bello Monte de Carúpano, estado Sucre, y en localizaciones que no son las más comunes, se propone la realización de este trabajo con el objetivo de presentar cinco casos clínicos y revisar la bibliografía actualizada. De los casos clínicos presentados, la mayoría de los supernumerarios se localizaron en maxilar inferior, fueron diagnosticados por el odontólogo en consulta y fue más frecuente en el sexo masculino (AU)

The hyperdontia or supernumerary teeth is characterized by increased numbers of teeth. The occurrence can be unique or multiple, unilateral or bilateral, erupted or impacted and in the maxillar or mandible, or in both. The supernumerary teeth is more frequent in permanent dentition.The early diagnostic of a supernumerary tooth is very important to be able to apply preventive measures or suitable correctives. Because of the frequency of cases in a short period of time from April to June 2012 It has diagnosed supernumerary teeth in patients that went to the dentistry clinic, Bello Monte Carupano, Sucre state and in uncommon locations, It proposes the realisation of this work with the aim to present five clinical cases and review the updated bibliography.From the presented clinical cases, most of the supernumeraries were located in the mandible, they were diagnosed by the odontologist and this condition is more common in masculine sex (AU)

Sarjeev's supernumerary tooth notation system: a universally compatible add-on to the Two-Digit system.

AIM: To give notation for quadrants, tooth position, and the type of supernumerary teeth for both permanent and deciduous dentition. Tooth numbering provides dentists with an essential shortcut in clinical record keeping. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three systems are favored worldwide: the Zsigmondy/Palmer system, the Universal system, and the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) Two-Digit system. Histories of all tooth-numbering methods were traced and the strengths and deficiencies of each system were reviewed. The FDI Two-Digit system is widely used throughout the world, except USA, and is the only method that makes the visual sense, cognitive sense, and computer sense. CONCLUSION: On review it was noticed that all tooth notation systems in vogue have a drawback as they do not provide any information or notations for supernumerary teeth such as paramolar, distomolar, mesiodens, and fused teeth.

Identification of supernumerary teeth in 2D and 3D: review of literature and a proposal.

Supernumerary teeth occur in both syndromic and nonsyndromic patients, and dental professionals are likely to encounter such teeth in their professional careers. There are three main numbering systems used to identify teeth today: the Universal/ National, the Palmer/Zsigmondy notation, and the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) numbering systems. However, a review of the literature suggests that none of these three consistently addresses the identification of supernumerary teeth. Being able to communicate the location of supernumerary teeth is important for dental professionals, especially in interdisciplinary situations. This article proposes a guideline to locate and identify supernumerary teeth in two and three dimensions, which may reduce treatment errors and improve communication among health care providers and third-party administrators.

Application of the dental aesthetic index in the prioritisation of orthodontic service needs.

OBJECTIVE: The provision of orthodontic treatment to patients in government funded training institutions is a major challenge due to constrained budget and resource allocation. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) has been used to estimate orthodontic treatment need and as a screening tool to determine treatment priority. The DAI focuses on aesthetics and therefore omits other malocclusion traits that might require orthodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to compare the application of the DAI with the influence other malocclusion traits not included in the DAI might have on the determination of the prioritisation of orthodontic service need. METHODS: Hundred-and-twenty pretreatment study models of orthodontic patients in the permanent dentition stage were selected from the archived records of the Department of Orthodontics, University of Limpopo, using a systematic sampling method. The study casts were assessed using the DAI. Other malocclusion traits not included in the DAI were also recorded. Descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square values and t-tests were employed to analyse the data. P values less than or equal to 0,05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean DAI score was 35.2. Normal or minor malocclusion was found in 19.1% of the sample, whilst 17.5% had definitive malocclusion, 21.7% severe malocclusion, and 41.7% showed handicapping malocclusion. Other malocclusion traits not included in the DAI were identified and these traits accounted for 21.6% of all traits recorded in the study (DAI malocclusion traits accounted for 78.4%). Two thirds of other malocclusion traits were accounted for in categories which the DAI had already prioritised for treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that the DAI can be used to prioritise orthodontic service needs and could be applied in government funded institutions.

Non-syndromic multiple supernumerary teeth: meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-syndromic multiple supernumerary teeth (NSMST) is a condition with a very low prevalence and which is opportunely described in the literature by case reports or group of cases. This represents a problem when it comes to describing and discussing the characteristics of this disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, and Scopus databases to locate and identify cases and series of cases about articles on multiple supernumerary teeth not associated with syndromes that have been reported so far. The following data were recorded: age, gender, total number of supernumerary teeth, number of teeth in both the maxilla and mandible, respectively, and number of teeth in each dental series (incisor, canine-premolar, and molar). Bilaterality in dental series and its localization in either maxilla or mandible were also determined. RESULTS: A total of 46 cases including patients of both genders with a mean age of 19 years (SD = 6.826) and a ratio of 2.14:1 were identified. A total of 393 supernumeraries were reported; 43.26% (n = 170) were located in the maxilla and 56.74% (n = 223) in the mandible. No significant differences were found between genders with respect to the total number, involvement of the dental series, or distribution of supernumerary teeth in each of the arches. CONCLUSION: Although NSMST is a condition that has a higher incidence in the male gender, no differences have been found as to their number and localization in both genders. Bilaterality seems to be a common characteristic of this disorder.

Dientes supernumerarios: estudio de 513 dientes supernumerarios en 309 pacientes: revisión de conceptos fundamentales en la bibliografía / Supernumerary teeth: study of 513 supernumerary teeth in 309 patients: basic concepts and review of the literature

Se realizó un análisis y evaluación de la bibliografía con el objetivo de definir exactamente el concepto de diente supernumerario y establecer los criterios prevalentes sobre su etiología y relación con los factores hereditarios. Otros parámetros de importancia, como la frecuencia, el número, el sector maxilar, la incidencia por género, raza, etc.l, así como su vinculación con alguans afecciones sistémicas y la génesis de patologías conexas con su presencia, son también considerados. Las distintas nomenclaturas para designar a los diferentes tipos de piezas supernumerarias, son consignadas según la opinión de varios investigadores y la de los autores. Son mencionados y justificados los signos clínicos a tener en cuenta y los estudios radiográficos aconsejados para el diagnóstico temprano y la planificación del correspondiente tratamiento. Se han encontrado en este trabajo, en el que se estudiaron 513 dientes supernumerarios en 309 pacientes, 57 combinaciones de aspectos diferentes de esta patología, que son expuestos en la tabla adjunta, considerando las formas de las piezas supernumerarias, su cantidad, posiciones de retención o de erupción, las patologías conexas que pueden presentar, la relación con las demás piezas dentarias, sus ubicaciones relativas en las arcadas dentarias y su posición con respecto a las series primaria o permanente, su pertenencia a una u otra y finalmente su presencia formando parte de alguno de los síndromes generales.

Mesiodens: a clinical and radiographic study in children.

BACKGROUND: A mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth located in the palatal midline between the two maxillary central incisors. The overall prevalence varies between 0.15 and 1.9%. The present study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of mesiodens in the pediatric population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal prospective study was carried out in 7932 children to determine the prevalence of mesiodens. The following data were also recorded: age, sex, shape, sagittal position, orientation, eruption status, number and complications caused by mesiodens. RESULTS: The prevalence of mesiodens in the present study was 0.8%. The sex ratio was 1.78:1, favoring boys. The majority of mesiodens (67.9%) were conical in shape, followed by the supplemental (17.9) and tuberculate (14.1%) types. 71.8% of the mesiodens were palatally placed, 25.6% erupted on the arch and 2.6% were labially positioned. A majority of the mesiodens (62.8%) were vertically aligned. Inverted and horizontal positions were observed in 30.8% and 6.4% of the cases. Most of the mesiodens (53.8%) were impacted, and 14 children had two mesiodens. Most of the mesiodens were associated with complications, and only 26.9% were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of mesiodens was 0.8% .Conical shape, palatal position and vertical orientation were common characteristic observations in the study.

A sixteen year sample of surgically treated supernumerary teeth.

AIM: Supernumerary teeth represent a numerical dental anomaly in which more teeth than the norm are present in the dentition. A sixteen year sample of supernumerary teeth has been reviewed in order to analyse epidemiological data, morphological and topographic features of these teeth, especially of those located in the praemaxillary region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All cases in which supernumerary teeth were surgically treated from 1991 to 2006 at the Oral Surgery Unit of the Sapienza University of Rome have been reviewed. RESULTS: 118 Caucasian subjects with supernumerary teeth have been reviewed in the range of age comprised between 5 and 42 years: 191 SNTs were collected, 136 from the upper jaw and 55 from the mandible. In the maxilla the incisor region was more frequently involved (67.65%), while in the mandible the one most frequently involved was the premolar region (69.1%). Conoid was the most frequent type of supernumerary teeth. Uneruption of the contiguous permanent teeth was the most commonly associated pathological condition, found in 81 out of the 191 cases of supernumerary teeth (40 patients, 42.4%). Tuberculated, infundibuliform and incisiform-shaped teeth caused uneruption of permanent teeth more frequently than the other morphological types of supernumerary teeth. CONCLUSION: In the upper incisor area, the extraction of SNT is mandatory as early as they are diagnosed, especially if they are tuberculated, infundibuliform and incisiform-shaped, if they are located palatally or just in the middle of the ridge and when more than one SNT is present.

A coding solution for supernumerary teeth.

In South Africa payments for treatment rendered are routinely delayed because of the medical fund industry's apparent inability to capture codes denoting supernumerary teeth. The suggested protocol allows for up to 13 supernumerary teeth to be identified by two digits. Meetings planned between SADA and key funding stakeholders to "ensure that protocols related to tooth numbering are acceptable", provide the ideal opportunity to introduce the suggested two-digit protocol for numbering supernumerary teeth. If this proposal is implemented, it could alleviate the frustration associated with the rejection of accounts where supernumerary teeth are appropriately identified.

Delayed eruption of maxillary permanent central incisors due to bilateral tuberculate supernumerary teeth: case report.

The purpose of this case report is to discuss the delayed eruption of permanent maxillary central incisors in a 10-year-old boy with retained primary maxillary central incisors. Radiological investigations revealed the presence of impacted bilateral supernumerary teeth and impacted permanent incisors. These supernumerary teeth were surgically removed and were diagnosed as tuberculate type. The patient is on clinical and radiological follow up for spontaneous eruption of the permanent teeth.

Prevalence and morphology of supernumerary teeth in the population of a Swiss community. Short communication.

The objective of the study was to determine the current prevalence of supernumerary teeth (PST) in the population of a Swiss community. 3,004 orthopantomograms (OPTs) routinely produced during the annual school dental examinations in the Winterthur municipality from 1990 to 2005 served as the study basis (average age 9.45 years, 1391 girls, 1613 boys, age range 6-15 years). The study found 44 supernumerary teeth, which yields a prevalence of 1.5%. The prevalence among boys was higher than among girls, with 1.1% and 0.4%, respectively. The greatest proportion of supernumerary teeth was found in the maxillary anterior region (38 of 44 teeth, 86%). Based on their position, 33 of these were classified as mesiodens. Five supernumerary teeth had the same shape as a maxillary lateral incisor. In the mandibular anterior region, five supernumerary teeth were shaped the same as the permanent mandibular incisors. 70% of the supernumerary teeth were conical. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth is low (1.5%) and comparable to similar studies in the literature. The majority (86%) of supernumerary teeth are located in the maxillary anterior region. Thus, in the case of retention or delayed eruption, dentists should bear in mind that supernumerary teeth may be the cause.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de mesiodens: revisión de la literatura / Diagnosis and treatment of mesiodens: a review of the literature

El mesiodens, es el diente supernumerario más frecuente que se encuentra en el maxilar en la región de los incisivos centrales, con una prevalencia estimada de 0,15 - 1,9 por ciento en dentición permanente. El diagnóstico puede ser complementado con el uso de radiografías periapicales, oclusal y panorámica. Se pueden encontrar asociados a complicaciones tales como retraso, malposición y asimetría de la erupción entre otras. La planificación de tratamiento debe ser evaluada cuidadosamente e involucra el monitoreo o extracción del supernumerario. El propósito de esta revisión es orientar al clínico en el correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento de los mesiodens para prevenir y/o minimizar sus complicaciones.

A retrospective evaluation of the eruption of impacted permanent incisors after extraction of supernumerary teeth.

AIMS: Delayed eruption of teeth may be caused by the presence of one or more supernumerary teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate findings, predisposing factors and differentiate different techniques used that affect the outcome following removal of supernumerary teeth. A comprehensive literature review was also undertaken. METHODS: A longitudinal retrospective study was carried out at the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital. A total of 120 patients were identified from the general anesthesia records that had supernumeraries extracted. Only 43 cases had delayed eruption of teeth caused by supernumeraries. The pre and post extraction record data collected were the gender, radiographic assessment, position of the supernumerary, age at time of referral and extraction of the supernumerary, age at time of eruption of the impacted tooth and the orthodontic and surgical management. RESULTS: The mean age of referral was 9.1 years with a male to female ratio of 4.4:1. There was a greater predilection for supernumeraries to be on the left side and be positioned palatally. Tuberculate type supernumeraries were the most frequent followed by the conical type. Spontaneous eruption of the impacted tooth occurred in 49% of cases. Eruption of the impacted tooth within eighteen months following removal of the supernumerary was observed in 91% of cases. The chronological age and space availability were the two factors that were critical in determining if eruption was spontaneous following removal of the supernumerary. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study reiterates the fact that given early referral, sufficient space and time, the majority of teeth prevented from erupting by a supernumerary tooth would erupt spontaneously following removal of the supernumerary alone. Randomized multi-centre prospective studies are suggested.

Tuberculate and odontoma type supernumerary teeth.

An 8-and-a-half-year-old girl with supernumerary teeth of tuberculate and odontoma type is described. Treatment of the patient is carried out on conventional lines with a combination of surgical and orthodontic methods. The upper tuberculate type supernumerary teeth were extracted and, after surgical exposure, the upper permanent first incisors were aligned with removable appliances. After secondary dentition was completed, the lower odontoma type supernumerary tooth was removed surgically, and also the maxillary and mandibular first premolars were extracted because of severe crowding, and fixed orthodontic appliances were used to align the permanent dentition. Early diagnosis and treatment of this anomaly is necessary to avoid more serious consequences and to prevent severe orthodontic disturbances.