Physiological and biochemical changes in 'Fuyu' persimmon buds during dormancy / Alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em gemas de caquizeiro 'Fuyu' durante a dormência

This study identified physiological and biochemical changes in 'Fuyu' persimmon buds during dormancy. Branches were collected between March and August 2015. Dormancy was evaluated by biological testing of isolated node cuttings at 25 °C and a photoperiod of 16 h. The variables analyzed were water content; reducing sugar content; respiratory activity; activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes; hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation. At the end of March 2015, the plants were already dormant, and the leaves and fruits present indicated a paradormancy effect. Induction of endodormancy may have occurred in June 2015, when chilling hours (CH) below 7.2 °C and higher CH below 12 °C began to accumulate, which coincided with the period in which there was a decrease in water content and respiratory activity, an increase in reducing sugars, a decrease in SOD, CAT, APX and PPO and an increase in H2O2. After an accumulation of 553 CH below 12 °C, the budburst capacity increased, and the buds presented increased water content, decreased reducing sugars content, increased respiratory activity, low activity in SOD, CAT, APX and POD and high levels of H2O2.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em gemas de caquizeiro 'Fuyu' durante a dormência. Ramos foram coletados entre março e agosto de 2015. A dormência foi avaliada pelo teste biológico de estacas de nós isolados, a 25 °C e fotoperíodo de 16 h. As variáveis analisadas foram umidade ponderal, teor de açúcares solúveis, atividade respiratória, atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO), teor de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e peroxidação lipídica. No final de março de 2015 as plantas já estavam dormentes, as folhas e frutos presentes indicam efeito de paradormência. A indução da endodormência pode ter ocorrido em junho de 2015, quando iniciou acúmulo de horas de frio (HF) abaixo de 7,2 °C e maiores HF abaixo de 12 °C, que coincidiu com o período que houve diminuição da umidade e da atividade respiratória, aumento dos açúcares redutores, diminuição da atividade da SOD, CAT, APX e PPO e aumento de H2O2. Após acúmulo de 553 HF abaixo de 12 °C, a capacidade de brotação aumentou e as gemas apresentaram aumento da umidade, diminuição do teor de açúcares redutores, aumento da atividade respiratória, baixa atividade da SOD, CAT, APX e POD e elevados teores de H2O2.(AU)

Physiological and biochemical changes in 'Fuyu' persimmon buds during dormancy / Alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em gemas de caquizeiro 'Fuyu' durante a dormência

This study identified physiological and biochemical changes in 'Fuyu' persimmon buds during dormancy. Branches were collected between March and August 2015. Dormancy was evaluated by biological testing of isolated node cuttings at 25 °C and a photoperiod of 16 h. The variables analyzed were water content; reducing sugar content; respiratory activity; activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes; hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation. At the end of March 2015, the plants were already dormant, and the leaves and fruits present indicated a paradormancy effect. Induction of endodormancy may have occurred in June 2015, when chilling hours (CH) below 7.2 °C and higher CH below 12 °C began to accumulate, which coincided with the period in which there was a decrease in water content and respiratory activity, an increase in reducing sugars, a decrease in SOD, CAT, APX and PPO and an increase in H2O2. After an accumulation of 553 CH below 12 °C, the budburst capacity increased, and the buds presented increased water content, decreased reducing sugars content, increased respiratory activity, low activity in SOD, CAT, APX and POD and high levels of H2O2.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em gemas de caquizeiro 'Fuyu' durante a dormência. Ramos foram coletados entre março e agosto de 2015. A dormência foi avaliada pelo teste biológico de estacas de nós isolados, a 25 °C e fotoperíodo de 16 h. As variáveis analisadas foram umidade ponderal, teor de açúcares solúveis, atividade respiratória, atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO), teor de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e peroxidação lipídica. No final de março de 2015 as plantas já estavam dormentes, as folhas e frutos presentes indicam efeito de paradormência. A indução da endodormência pode ter ocorrido em junho de 2015, quando iniciou acúmulo de horas de frio (HF) abaixo de 7,2 °C e maiores HF abaixo de 12 °C, que coincidiu com o período que houve diminuição da umidade e da atividade respiratória, aumento dos açúcares redutores, diminuição da atividade da SOD, CAT, APX e PPO e aumento de H2O2. Após acúmulo de 553 HF abaixo de 12 °C, a capacidade de brotação aumentou e as gemas apresentaram aumento da umidade, diminuição do teor de açúcares redutores, aumento da atividade respiratória, baixa atividade da SOD, CAT, APX e POD e elevados teores de H2O2.

Inner bark as a crucial tissue for non-structural carbohydrate storage across three tropical woody plant communities.

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are crucial for forest resilience, but little is known regarding the role of bark in NSC storage. However, bark's abundance in woody stems and its large living fraction make it potentially key for NSC storage. We quantified total NSC, soluble sugar (SS) and starch concentrations in the most living region of bark (inner bark, IB), and sapwood of twigs, trunks and roots of 45 woody species from three contrasting tropical climates spanning global extremes of bark diversity and wide phylogenetic diversity. NSC concentrations were similar (total NSC, starch) or higher (SS) in IB than wood, with concentrations co-varying strongly. NSC concentrations varied widely across organs and species within communities and were not significantly affected by climate, leaf habit or the presence of photosynthetic bark. Starch concentration tended to increase with density, but only in wood. IB contributed substantially to NSC storage, accounting for 17-36% of total NSC, 23-47% of SS and 15-33% of starch pools. Further examination of the drivers of variation in IB NSC concentration, and taking into account the substantial contribution of IB to NSC pools, will be crucial to understand the role of storage in plant environmental adaptation.

Seasonal variation in non-structural carbohydrates, sucrolytic activity and secondary metabolites in deciduous and perennial Diospyros species sampled in Western Mexico.

This study was performed to test the working hypothesis that the primary determinants influencing seasonal driven modifications in carbon mobilization and other key biochemical parameters in leaves of poorly known Diospyros digyna (Ddg; semi-domesticated; perennial) and D. rekoi (Dre; undomesticated; deciduous) trees are determined by environmental growing conditions, agronomic management and physiological plasticity. Thus, biochemical changes in leaves of both trees were recorded seasonally during two successive fruiting years. Trees were randomly sampled in Western Mexico habitats with differing soil quality, climatic conditions, luminosity, and cultivation practices. Leaves of Ddg had consistently higher total chlorophyll contents (CT) that, unexpectedly, peaked in the winter of 2015. In Dre, the highest leaf CT values recorded in the summer of 2015 inversely correlated with low average luminosity and high Chl a/ Chlb ratios. The seasonal CT variations in Dre were congruent with varying luminosity, whereas those in Ddg were probably affected by other factors, such as fluctuating leaf protein contents and the funneling of light energy to foliar non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) accumulation, which were consistently higher than those detected in Dre leaves. Seasonal foliar NSC fluctuations in both species were in agreement with the carbon (C) demands of flowering, fruiting and/ or leaf regrowth. Seasonal changes in foliar hexose to sucrose (Hex/ Suc) ratios coincided with cell wall invertase activity in both species. In Dre, high Hex/ Suc ratios in spring leaves possibly allowed an accumulation of phenolic acids, not observed in Ddg. The above results supported the hypothesis proposed by showing that leaf responses to changing environmental conditions differ in perennial and deciduous Diospyros trees, including a dynamic adjustment of NSCs to supply the C demands imposed by reproduction, leaf regrowth and, possibly, stress.