RESUMEN
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/historia , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/psicología , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Derechos del Paciente/historia , Órdenes de Resucitación/ética , Órdenes de Resucitación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Órdenes de Resucitación/psicología , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/ética , España , Directivas Anticipadas/ética , Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Directivas Anticipadas/psicología , Derechos del Paciente/ética , Derechos del Paciente/legislación & jurisprudencia , Relaciones Profesional-Paciente/ética , Terminología como Asunto , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/historia , Derechos del Paciente/historia , Órdenes de Resucitación , Directivas Anticipadas/ética , Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Directivas Anticipadas/psicología , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/ética , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/psicología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Derechos del Paciente/ética , Derechos del Paciente/legislación & jurisprudencia , Relaciones Profesional-Paciente/ética , Órdenes de Resucitación/ética , Órdenes de Resucitación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Órdenes de Resucitación/psicología , España , Terminología como Asunto , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Ética Médica/historia , Eutanasia Pasiva/historia , Personajes , Inutilidad Médica , Autonomía Personal , Cuidado Terminal/historia , Privación de Tratamiento/historia , Directivas Anticipadas/ética , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Directivas Anticipadas/tendencias , Beneficencia , Eutanasia Pasiva/ética , Eutanasia Pasiva/tendencias , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Cuidados Paliativos al Final de la Vida/ética , Cuidados Paliativos al Final de la Vida/historia , Cuidados Paliativos al Final de la Vida/tendencias , Humanos , Inutilidad Médica/ética , Cuidados Paliativos/ética , Cuidados Paliativos/historia , Cuidados Paliativos/tendencias , Paternalismo , Relaciones Médico-Paciente/ética , Suicidio Asistido/ética , Suicidio Asistido/historia , Suicidio Asistido/tendencias , Cuidado Terminal/ética , Cuidado Terminal/métodos , Estados Unidos , Privación de Tratamiento/éticaRESUMEN
Despite increasing age, most older Americans do not have Advance Health Care Directives (AHCDs) while healthcare providers report limited knowledge for teaching about AHCDs. This article offers a history of AHCDs, explores one method for assessing AHCD knowledge using the Knowledge-Attitudinal-Experimental Survey on Advance Directives (KAESAD), and utilizes adult learning theory to develop an AHCD educational in-service for nurses. AHCD information and resources are provided.
Asunto(s)
Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Educación Continua en Enfermería , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Voluntad en Vida/legislación & jurisprudencia , Rol de la Enfermera , Cuidado Terminal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adulto , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Anciano , Recolección de Datos , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Patient Self-Determination Act , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: End-of-life-decisions (EOLD) have become an important part of modern intensive care medicine. With increasing therapeutic possibilities on the one hand and many ICU-patients lacking decision making capacity or an advance directive on the other the decision making process is a major challenge on the intensive care unit (ICU). Currently, data are poor on factors associated with EOLD in Germany. In 2009, a new law on advance directives binding physicians and the patient's surrogate decision makers was enacted in Germany. So far it is unknown if this law influenced proceedings of EOLD making on the ICU. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on all deceased patients (n = 224) in a 22-bed surgical ICU of a German university medical center from 08/2008 to 09/2010. Patient characteristics were compared between patients with an EOLD and those without an EOLD. Patients with an EOLD admitted before and after change of legislation were compared with respect to frequencies of EOLD performance as well as advance directive rates. RESULTS: In total, 166 (74.1%) of deaths occurred after an EOLD. Compared to patients without an EOLD, comorbidities, ICU severity scores, and organ replacement technology did not differ significantly. EOLDs were shared within the caregiverteam and with the patient's surrogate decision makers. After law enacting, no differences in EOLD performance or frequency of advance directives (8.9% vs. 9.9%; p = 0.807) were observed except an increase of documentation efforts associated with EOLDs (18.7% vs. 43.6%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our ICU EOLD proceedings were performed patient-individually. But EOLDs follow a standard of shared decision making within the caregiverteam and the patient's surrogate decision makers. Enacting a law on advance directives has not affected the decision making-process in EOLDs nor has it affected population's advance care planning habits. However, it has led to increased EOLD-associated documentation on the ICU. TRIAL REGISTRATION: [corrected] ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01294189.
Asunto(s)
Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Cuidados Críticos , Toma de Decisiones , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida/legislación & jurisprudencia , Rol del Médico , Cuidado Terminal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Alemania , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Cuidado Terminal/métodosRESUMEN
CONTEXT: The legal tools of health care advance planning have substantially changed since their emergence in the mid-1970s. Thirty years of policy development, primarily at the state legislative level addressing surrogate decision making and advance directives, have resulted in a disjointed policy landscape, yet with important points of convergence evolving over time. An understanding of the evolution of advance care planning policy has important implications for policy at both the state and federal levels. METHODS: This article is a longitudinal statutory and literature review of health care advance planning from its origins to the present. FINDINGS: While considerable variability across the states still remains, changes in law and policy over time suggest a gradual paradigm shift from what is described as a "legal transactional approach" to a "communications approach," the most recent extension of which is the emergence of Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment, or POLST. The communications approach helps translate patients' goals into visible and portable medical orders. CONCLUSIONS: States are likely to continue gradually moving away from a legal transactional mode of advance planning toward a communications model, albeit with challenges to authentic and reliable communication that accurately translates patients' wishes into the care they receive. In the meantime, the states and their health care institutions will continue to serve as the primary laboratory for advance care planning policy and practice.
Asunto(s)
Planificación Anticipada de Atención/historia , Planificación Anticipada de Atención/legislación & jurisprudencia , Planificación Anticipada de Atención/organización & administración , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Voluntad en Vida/historia , Voluntad en Vida/legislación & jurisprudencia , Formulación de Políticas , Órdenes de Resucitación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Cuidado Terminal/historia , Cuidado Terminal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Because they provide potential benefit at great personal and public cost, the intensive care unit (ICU) and the interventions rendered therein have become symbols of both the promise and the limitations of medical technology. At the same time, the ICU has served as an arena in which many of the ethical and legal dilemmas created by that technology have been defined and debated. This article outlines major events in the history of ethics and law in the ICU, covering the evolution of ICUs, ethical principles, informed consent and the law, medical decision-making, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining therapy, legal cases involving life support, advance directives, prognostication, and futility and the allocation of medical resources. Advancement of the ethical principle of respect for patient autonomy in ICUs increasingly is in conflict with physicians' concern about their own prerogatives and with the just distribution of medical resources.
Asunto(s)
Cuidados Críticos/ética , Cuidados Críticos/historia , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos/historia , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Bioética/historia , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/ética , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/historia , Cuidados Críticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Consentimiento Informado/historia , Consentimiento Informado/legislación & jurisprudencia , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos/ética , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida/ética , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida/historia , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida/legislación & jurisprudencia , Inutilidad Médica/ética , Inutilidad Médica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Asignación de Recursos/ética , Asignación de Recursos/historia , Asignación de Recursos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Cuidado Terminal/ética , Cuidado Terminal/historia , Cuidado Terminal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados Unidos , Privación de Tratamiento/ética , Privación de Tratamiento/historia , Privación de Tratamiento/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Thomas Szasz's original critique of the concept of 'mental illness' is almost 50 years old. Over that half century Szasz has maintained a consistent campaign against the 'Therapeutic State', challenging the paternalism of coercive psychiatry and defending liberty and autonomy. Despite his widespread celebrity Szasz continues to be misread and misrepresented. In this paper we review some of Szasz's key ideas, in the light of Clarke's recent critique, setting this within the context of 'mental health nursing' and the problems in living affecting persons worldwide.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Mentales/historia , Defensa del Paciente/historia , Filosofía Médica/historia , Enfermería Psiquiátrica/historia , Psiquiatría/historia , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Coerción , Colonialismo/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Mitología , Paternalismo , PrejuicioAsunto(s)
Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida/historia , Inutilidad Médica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Privación de Tratamiento/historia , Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ética Médica/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida/legislación & jurisprudencia , Texas , Estados Unidos , Privación de Tratamiento/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Advance directives have not fulfilled their promise of facilitating decisions about end-of-life care for incompetent patients. Many legal requirements and restrictions concerning advance directives are counterproductive. Requirements for witnessing or notarizing advance directives make it difficult for patients to complete a written directive during a physician visit. State laws that establish a hierarchy of family surrogates for incompetent patients who have not appointed a proxy are inflexible and may not apply to common clinical situations. Advance directives would be more useful if they emphasized discussing end-of-life care with physicians rather than completing a legal document. State laws should be revised to encourage patients to discuss advance directives with physicians and to complete them during an office visit. Such patient-physician discussions about end-of-life care can lead to more informed patient decisions. Procedures for written advance directives should be simplified. Patients should be able to designate health care proxies through oral statements to physicians. These reforms will encourage discussions between patients and physicians about advance directives and may lead to more informed decisions near the end of life.
Asunto(s)
Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Apoderado/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Directivas Anticipadas , Jurisprudencia , Trastornos Mentales , Política Pública , Problemas Sociales , Directivas Anticipadas/economía , Directivas Anticipadas/etnología , Directivas Anticipadas/historia , Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Directivas Anticipadas/psicología , Derechos Civiles/economía , Derechos Civiles/educación , Derechos Civiles/historia , Derechos Civiles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Civiles/psicología , Programas de Gobierno/economía , Programas de Gobierno/educación , Programas de Gobierno/historia , Programas de Gobierno/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/economía , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/historia , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jurisprudencia/historia , Lituania/etnología , Trastornos Mentales/economía , Trastornos Mentales/etnología , Trastornos Mentales/historia , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Salud Mental/historia , Polonia/etnología , Problemas Sociales/economía , Problemas Sociales/etnología , Problemas Sociales/historia , Problemas Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Problemas Sociales/psicologíaRESUMEN
This article evaluates the potential role of advance directives outside of their original North American context. In order to do this, the article first analyses the historical process which has promoted advance directives in recent years. Next, it brings to light certain presuppositions which have given them force: atomistic individualism, contractualism, consumerism and entrepreneurialism, pluralism, proceduralism, and "American moralism." The article next studies certain European cultural peculiarities which could affect advance directives: the importance of virtue versus rights, stoicism versus consumerist utilitarianism, rationalism verus empiricism, statism versus citizens' initiative, and justice versus autonomy. The article concludes by recognising that autonomy has a transcultural value, although it must be balanced with other principles. Advance Directives can have a function in certain cases. But it does not seem adequate to delegate to advance directives more and more medical decisions, and to make them more binding everyday. It is indispensable to develop other decision-making criteria.