Drogas emergentes (I): las «smart drugs» / Emergent drugs (I): smart drugs

En los últimos años han ganado popularidad unaserie de nuevas drogas, conocidas como smart drugs olegal highs, fácilmente accesibles a través de tiendas online.Ello ocurre sobre todo en los segmentos jóvenesde la población, asociado a su consumo lúdico fundamentalmentedurante los fines de semana.En general son derivados sintéticos de productosnaturales, de los que apenas existe investigación clínicay que no son detectables en los laboratorios de loshospitales.Tres de estos productos, el BZP (1-benzilpiperacina),la mefedrona (4-metilcatinona) y el Spice sonprobablemente los más utilizados en Europa. Los dosprimeros se consumen como alternativas al éxtasis y lacocaína, y se caracterizan por producir un cuadro clínicode tipo simpaticomimético, en ocasiones de consecuenciasgraves, con convulsiones e incluso muerte. ElSpice (mezcla de hierbas con cannabinoides sintéticoscomo el JWH-018, el JWH-073 y el CP 47,497-C8) estáocasionando cuadros de dependencia y esquizofrenia.Aunque las drogas emergentes poseen un aurade seguridad, cada vez hay más experiencia sobre susefectos secundarios(AU)

In recent years, a series of new drugs, known assmart drugs or legal highs, have gaining in popularity.They are easily obtainable through online shops. Thisis happening amongst younger segments of the populationand is associated with recreational consumption,at weekends.In general, they are synthetic derivatives of naturalproducts. There has been hardly any clinical researchinto them and they are not detectable in hospital laboratories.Three of these products, BZP (1-benzylpiperazine),mefedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and Spice are probablythe most widely used in Europe. The first two areconsumed as an alternative to ecstasy and cocaine andare characterized by their producing a clinical profile ofa sympathetic mimetic type; on occasion, they have seriousconsequences, with convulsions and even death.Spice (a mixture of herbs with synthetic cannabinoidssuch as JWH-018, JWH-073 and CP 47497-C8) is givingrise to profiles of dependence and schizophrenia.Although the emergent drugs have an aura of safety,there is an increasing amount of experience on theirsecondary effects(AU)

Legal highs - legal aspects and legislative solutions.

In recent years the attention of society, the media and politicians has focused on the negative phenomenon of the occurrence of an enormous amount of new psychoactive substances flooding the European market. In Poland and in Europe they are known under the name 'legal highs' or 'smart drugs'. In many countries these compounds present a serious social and health problem. The core of the problem is the fact that in the light of the law these substances are legal, while actually they imitate the eff ect of illegal narcotics. Smart drugs are sold allegedly as 'products not intended for human consumption', under the cover of 'collector's commodities', 'incense sticks' or 'bath salts'. Efforts undertaken by many countries, including Poland, are biased towards gaining control over this pathological phenomenon by placing the subsequent substances on the list of prohibited agents. However, the resilient chemical and pharmaceutical industry still remains one step ahead by introducing new derivatives of already banned products, practically identical in action. The presented article is an attempt to bring closer the problem of smart drugs in Poland, from the occurrence of this alarming phenomenon, through the spread of sales in shops all over Poland, to a series of changes in the Polish anti-narcotic law, drastic actions of closing the shops throughout the entire country, and transferring the sale of smart drugs to the internet.

Tetrahydrogestrinone: the discovery of a designer steroid.

The use of steroids and other pharmaceuticals to gain a competitive edge in athletics has been present in the sports world for a long time. Over the past several years, scientific advances in the detection of sports doping agents and improved collaboration between sports organizations have enhanced the monitoring of fair athletic play. Many have suspected the illegal development of designer steroids by rogue scientists to avoid detection by the standard sports doping drug screen. In 2003, the Olympic Analytical Laboratory at the University of California, Los Angeles discovered the first designer steroid, tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), by using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Over the past year, the THG story continues to shock the sports world with its potential to discredit or terminate several high-profile athletic careers. While confirming the existence of designer steroids is credit to the sports antidoping movement, antidoping agencies will need to continue to invest in research and depend on honest athletic participants to maintain fairness and safety in sports.

Drogas de diseño y anestesia / Designer drugs and anesthesia

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Evolución histórica del uso y abuso de MDMA / Historical development of MDMA use and abuse

La MDMA (éxtasis), es sin duda, la droga que mayor popularidad ha alcanzado durante la última década. A pesar de haber sido sintetizada en 1912, no es hasta finales de los años 70 cuando comienza a ser utilizada por diversos grupos poblacionales en Estados Unidos (estudiantes, yuppies, gays y new agers). En el año 1985 es incluida en la Lista I de la Comprehensive Substances Act americana y en el año 1986, la OMS la incluye en la Lista I del Convenio sobre Psicotrópicos. Su posterior gran expansión a escala mundial se ha asociado a determinadas subculturas musicales y de ocio. En España, su difusión ha pasado por cinco fases diferentes: fase previa (1978-1986), fase inicial (1987-1989), fase de popularización (1990-1991), fase de vulgarización y consumo masivo (1992-1996) y fase de rutina y agotamiento del ciclo o fase de estabilización (1997-). Durante los últimos años existe cada vez mayor interés por parte de organismos internacionales y nacionales en la puesta en marcha de acciones conjuntas dirigidas a conocer la verdadera magnitud epidemiológica del fenómeno, sus consecuencias sobre la salud y en la puesta en marcha de acciones dirigidas a aminorar los potenciales daños asociados a su consumo (AU)

MDMA (ecstasy) has undoubtedly been the most popular recreational drug during the last decade. In spite of its having been synthesised in 1912 it was not employed as a drug by different groups in the United States until the end of the seventies (students, yuppies, gays, and new agers). In 1985 it was included in List I of the Amercican Comprehensive Substances Act, and in 1986, the WHO included it in List I of the Psychotropic Convention. Its greater spread on a worldwide bases has been associated with specific musical and recreational subcultures. In Spain, its spread has been over 5 different phases: previous phase (1978-1986), initial phase (1987-1989), popularity phase (1990-1991), phase of common use and masive consumption (1992-1996), and routine and end of cycle or stabilisation phase (1997-). During the last few years a considerable interest has been shown by international and national organisations to begin joint actions in order to know the real epidemiological magnitud of the phenomenon, its consequences on health, and the development of preventive actions to ameliorate the potential risks associated with its consumption (AU)

[Salem witches, flying brooms, and synthetic drugs]. / Brujas de Salem, escobas voladoras y drogas de síntesis.

As supplementary material to Health Education programs about synthetic drugs, the authors present a historical summary on LSD, stramonium and khat. "Tripis", Special K and other synthetic pills contain these substances and are being widely used by youths. The history of these main hallucinogenic active ingredients has a strong tie to the mythology of witchcraft and witches: a historically interesting time period bearing a large amount of religious intolerance. The objective of this review is to end the belief today's youth have that they are taking new substances which have no risks.

Drug addiction. Part I. Psychoactive substances in the past and presence.

Substances capable of changing the functions of the central nervous system are widely distributed in plant kingdom, and many of them were discovered by ancient food-gatherers at the dawn of humanity. In the Old World only a few substances producing euphoria or altered states of consciousness and having habit-forming properties are still widely used. They are the products of poppy (opium, morphine), hemp (hashish, marijuana), and of fermentation of various organic materials alkohol. This list has recently been joined by the psilocybin-containing mushrooms. The addiction-forming compounds originated in the New World and widely spread are tobacco (nicotine) and cocaine. In the 19th and 20th, century the development of medicinal chemistry resulted in several synthetic compounds, originally proposed as therapeutics, such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and amphetamines. Due to legal problems, to avoid production of the substances already prohibited, many designer drugs were manufactured. In addition, several compounds were synthesized as recreational drugs. Also some compounds that were not regarded as drugs, such as aromatic hydrocarbons and other cleansing agents, as well as steroids were found to have properties of dangerous, habit-forming agents. The attitude of society and the pattern of use of psychoactive substances have changed with time, particularly in the last decades. The active principles are now more addictive because of concentration, purification, chemical modifications and the way of ingestion, which now favors most rapid transport to the central nervous system. The substance abuse approaches the level of global epidemics, and the recent usage of drugs of addition is also reviewed.