Near Disappearance of Splenorrhaphy as an Operative Strategy for Splenic Preservation After Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Splenorrhaphy was once used to achieve splenic preservation in up to 40% of splenic injuries. With increasing use of nonoperative management and angioembolization, operative therapy is less common and splenic injuries treated operatively are usually high grade. Patients are often unstable, making splenic salvage unwise. Modern surgeons may no longer possess the knowledge to perform splenorrhaphy. METHODS: The records of adult trauma patients with splenic injuries from September 2014 to November 2018 at an urban level I trauma center were reviewed retrospectively. Data including American Association for the Surgery of Trauma splenic organ injury scale, type of intervention, splenorrhaphy technique, and need for delayed splenectomy were collected. This contemporary cohort (CC) was compared to a historical cohort (HC) of splenic injuries at a single center from 1980 to 1989 (Ann Surg 1990; 211: 369). RESULTS: From 2014 to 2018, 717 adult patients had splenic injuries. Initial management included 157 (21.9%) emergent splenectomy, 158 (22.0%) angiogram ± embolization, 371 (51.7%) observation, and only 10 (1.4%) splenorrhaphy. The HC included a total of 553 splenic injuries, of which 313 (56.6%) underwent splenectomy, while splenorrhaphy was performed in 240 (43.4%). Those who underwent splenorrhaphy in each cohort (CC vs HC) were compared. CONCLUSION: The success rate of splenorrhaphy has not changed. However, splenorrhaphy now involves only electrocautery with topical hemostatic agents and is used primarily in low-grade injuries. Suture repair and partial splenectomy seem to be "lost arts" in modern trauma care.

Improving Voice Outcomes After Thyroid Surgery - Review of Safety Parameters for Using Energy-Based Devices Near the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve.

Technological advances in thyroid surgery have rapidly increased in recent decades. Specifically, recently developed energy-based devices (EBDs) enable simultaneous dissection and sealing tissue. EBDs have many advantages in thyroid surgery, such as reduced blood loss, lower rate of post-operative hypocalcemia, and shorter operation time. However, the rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury during EBD use has shown statistically inconsistent. EBDs generate high temperature that can cause iatrogenic thermal injury to the RLN by direct or indirect thermal spread. This article reviews relevant medical literatures of conventional electrocauteries and different mechanisms of current EBDs, and compares two safety parameters: safe distance and cooling time. In general, conventional electrocautery generates higher temperature and wider thermal spread range, but when applying EBDs near the RLN adequate activation distance and cooling time are still required to avoid inadvertent thermal injury. To improve voice outcomes in the quality-of-life era, surgeons should observe safety parameters and follow the standard procedures when using EBDs near the RLN in thyroid surgery.

Actinic Keratoses: Reconciling the Biology of Field Cancerization with Treatment Paradigms.

This Perspective briefly reviews the relationship between UV-induced mutations in habitually sun-exposed human skin and subsequent development of actinic keratoses (AKs) and skin cancers. It argues that field therapy rather than AK-selective therapy is the more logical approach to cancer prevention and hypothesizes that treatment early in the process of field cancerization, even prior to the appearance of AKs, may be more effective in preventing cancer as well as more beneficial for and better tolerated by at-risk individuals. Finally, the Perspective encourages use of rapidly advancing DNA analysis techniques to quantify mutational burden in sun-damaged skin and its reduction by various therapies.

Changing trends in dermatology practice during COVID-19 pandemic: A single tertiary center experience.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changing trends in dermatology clinical practice at a tertiary center during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients who were admitted to Ufuk University Hospital with dermatologic complaints/diseases before and during the pandemic. The patients were divided into two groups: (a) the pre-pandemic period (March-May 2019) and (b) the Pandemic period (March-May 2020). Demographic features, clinical characteristics, dermatologic diseases/complaints, dermatologic procedures/interventions, hospitalization rate, and use of biologic agents were compared between the two groups. Total number of hospital admissions have decreased from 1165 to 717. Admission rates for acne, dermatophytosis, and benign neoplasm of the skin significantly lower during the pandemic period (P values were .02, .04, and .006, respectively). Contact dermatitis, acne accompanying dermatitis, cicatricial hair loss, lichen planus, and zona zoster infection rates were significantly higher (P values were .007, <.001, .009, .04, and .03, respectively). Rates of biopsy and electrocautery procedures were decreased significantly (P values were <.001 and .002, respectively). The hospitalization rate was similar between the groups (P = .51). However, the use of biologic agents significantly decreased during the pandemic period (P = .01). Updated clinical protocols should be established for the new normal period in accordance with these findings.

Less Use of the Bipolar Cautery can Prevent Postlaminectomy Epidural Fibrosis: An Experimental Study in Rats.

AIM: To investigate the role of bipolar electrocautery in the occurrence of epidural fibrosis following lumbar spine laminectomy in a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (age: 4-6 months, weight: 250-300 g) were randomly divided into two groups, a bipolar group (Group I) and a control group (Group II). Laminectomy was performed between the L1 and L3 levels. In Group I (n=7), a laminectomy was carried out and soft tissue around the spinal cord was coagulated by using a bipolar electrocautery. In the control group (n=7), only laminectomy was performed. The animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery, and post-laminectomy epidural fibrosis (PLEF) was evaluated. Macropathological, qualitative and quantitative histological evaluations as well as immunohistochemical staining including transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), collagen I and collagen III were performed. RESULTS: The numbers of TGF-ß positive cells staining (PCS) were 3.00 ± 0.46 for Group I and 1.00 ± 0.52 for Group II. The numbers of collagen I PCS were 2.00 ± 0.93 for Group I and 1.25 ± 0.46 for Group II. The numbers of collagen III PCS were 2.25 ± 0.76 for Group I, 1.25 ± 0.46 for Group II, and TGF-ß PCS than Group II (p≤0.05). Compared with the control group, Group I's formation of epidural fibrosis was significantly increased. CONCLUSION: Our study clearly demonstrated that the use of bipolar cauterisation is associated with increased PLEF in the experimental animal model. Thus, limiting the use of bipolar cauterisation may be effective in reducing this complication.

The Effectiveness of Percutaneous Balloon Compression, Thermocoagulation, and Glycerol Rhizolysis for Trigeminal Neuralgia in Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Balloon compression (BC), thermocoagulation (TC), and glycerol rhizolysis (GR) are percutaneous surgical options for trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Whether the outcomes of these procedures in multiple sclerosis -related TN (MS-TN) are as effective as in idiopathic TN (ITN) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively compare pain relief, complications, and durability achieved by these 3 types of procedures in MS-TN and ITN. METHODS: Two hundred and four patients with typical TN were treated percutaneously: 33 had MS-TN (64 procedures) and 171 had ITN (329 procedures). All were performed by 1 of 2 neurosurgeons; interviews enabled long-term data to be gathered by an independent observer. RESULTS: MS-TN patients (53.1%) had Barrow Neurological Institute pain scores of I or II after a percutaneous procedure, compared with 59.3% in the ITN cohort; there was no difference in initial relief between the 2 groups overall (P = .52). There was a trend toward fewer complications in MS-TN compared with ITN (23.4% vs 33.7%, respectively; P = .058). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no difference in durability of relief in MS-TN (median 23.0 mo) compared with ITN overall (median 24.0 mo; P = .75). Subgroup analysis demonstrated longer relief from BC and TC compared with GR in MS-TN (P = .013). Multivariate analysis confirmed that although the presence of MS does not predict durability of outcome, postoperative numbness (P = .0046) and undergoing a repeat procedure (P = .037) were significant predictors. CONCLUSION: BC and TC are safe and effective in MS-TN. Postoperative numbness is the strongest prognostic factor in MS-TN.

Arsenic removal by electrocoagulation process: Recent trends and removal mechanism.

Arsenic contamination in drinking water is a major issue in the present world. Arsenicosis is the disease caused by the regular consumption of arsenic contaminated water, even at a lesser contaminated level. The number of arsenicosis patients is increasing day-by-day. Decontamination of arsenic from the water medium is the only one way to regulate this and the arsenic removal can be fulfilled by water treatment methods based on separation techniques. Electrocoagulation (EC) process is a promising technology for the effective removal of arsenic from aqueous solution. The present review article analyzes the performance of the EC process for arsenic removal. Electrocoagulation using various sacrificial metal anodes such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, etc. is found to be very effective for arsenic decontamination. The performances of each anode are described in detail. A special focus has been made on the mechanism behind the arsenite and arsenate removal by EC process. Main trends in the disposal methods of sludge containing arsenic are also included. Comparison of arsenic decontamination efficiencies of chemical coagulation and EC is also reported.

[Clinical epidemiological characteristics and change trend of upper gastrointestinal bleeding over the past 15 years].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical epidemiology change trend of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) over the past 15 years. METHODS: Consecutive patients who was diagnosed as continuous UGIB in the endoscopy center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat University during the period from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1998 and the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2013 were enrolled in this study. Their gender, age, etiology, ulcer classification, endoscopic treatment and hospitalization mortality were compared between two periods. RESULTS: In periods from 1997 to 1998 and 2012 to 2013, the detection rate of UGIB was 9.99%(928/9 287) and 4.49%(1 092/24 318)(χ2=360.089, P=0.000); the percentage of male patients was 73.28%(680/928) and 72.44% (791/1 092) (χ2=0.179, P=0.672), and the onset age was (47.3±16.4) years and (51.4±18.2) years (t=9.214, P=0.002) respectively. From 1997 to 1998, the first etiology of UGIB was peptic ulcer bleeding, accounting for 65.2%(605/928)[duodenal ulcer 47.8%(444/928), gastric ulcer 8.3%(77/928), stomal ulcer 2.3%(21/928), compound ulcer 6.8%(63/928)],the second was cancer bleeding(7.0%,65/928), and the third was esophageal and gastric varices bleeding (6.4%,59/928). From 2012 to 2013, peptic ulcer still was the first cause of UGIB, but the ratio obviously decreased to 52.7%(575/1092)(χ2=32.467, P=0.000)[duodenal ulcer 31.9%(348/1092), gastric ulcer 9.4%(103/1092), stomal ulcer 2.8%(30/1092), compound ulcer 8.6%(94/1092)]. The decreased ratio of duodenal ulcer bleeding was the main reason (χ2=53.724, P=0.000). Esophageal and gastric varices bleeding became the second cause (15.1%,165/1 092, χ2=38.976, P=0.000), and cancer was the third cause (9.2%,101/1 092, χ2=3.352, P=0.067). The largest increasing amplitude of the onset age was peptic ulcer bleeding [(46.2±16.7) years vs. (51.9±18.9) years, t=-5.548, P=0.000), and the greatest contribution to the amplitude was duodenal ulcer bleeding [(43.4±15.9) years vs. (48.4±19.4) years, t=-3.935, P=0.000], while the onset age of esophageal and gastric varices bleeding [(49.8±14.1) years vs. (48.8±13.9) years, t=0.458, P=0.648] and cancer [(58.4±13.4) years vs. (58.9±16.7) years, t=-0.196, P=0.845] did not change significantly. Compared with the period from 1997 to 1998, the detection rate of high risk peptic ulcer rebleeding (Forrest stage I(a, I(b, II(a and II(b) increased (χ2=39.958, P=0.000) in the period from 2012 to 2013. From 1997 to 1998, 54 patients underwent endoscopic treatment, and the achievement ratio of hemostasis was 79.6% (43/54). From 2012 to 2013, 261 patients underwent endoscopic treatment and the achievement ratio of hemostasis was 96.9%(253/261), which was significantly higher (χ2=23.287, P=0.000). Compared to the period from 1997 to 1998, more patients with variceal bleeding or non-variceal bleeding received endoscopic treatment in time (39.0% vs. 70.3%, χ2=51.930, P=0.000; 3.6% vs. 15.6%, χ2=62.292, P=0.000, respectively), and higher ratio of patients staging Forrest stage I(a to II(b also received endoscopic treatment in the period from 2012 to 2013 [27.4%(26/95) vs. 68.5%(111/162), χ2=40.739, P=0.000]. More qualified endoscopic hemostatic techniques were used, containing thermocoagulation (0 vs. 15.2%, χ2=79.518, P=0.000), hemostatic clip (0 vs. 55.9%, χ2=20.879, P=0.000), hemostatic clip combined with thermocoagulation (4.3% vs. 16.4%, χ2=5.154, P=0.023), while less single injection was used (87.1% vs. 6.2%, χ2=10.420, P=0.001), and single spraying for hemostasis was completely abandoned in the period from 2012 to 2013. The ratio of inpatients undergoing reoperation decreased obviously in the period from 2012 to 2013 [9.3%(86/928) vs. 6.0%(65/1092), χ2=7.970, P=0.005], while no significant difference was found in mortality during hospitalization between two periods. CONCLUSION: Compared with the period from 1997 to1998, the mean onset age of UGIB increased, and the ratio of peptic ulcer bleeding decreased due to the reduction of duodenal ulcer bleeding, the detection rate of high risk peptic ulcer rebleeding increased, the cure rate of endoscopic treatment for UGIB increased, more reasonable and immediate hemostatic methods were used, but overall mortality did not change obviously in the period from 2012 to 2013.

Recent advances in Essential Tremor: Surgical treatment.

While no real breakthrough in the medical treatment of Essential Tremor (ET) has recently emerged, surgical field is expanding exponentially. Purpose of this review is to examine the recent and future developments of the surgical treatments for ET. Technological advances are shaping the present and the future application of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in ET. New electrode configurations as well as new implantable pulse generators are now available. Application of closed-loop or adaptive stimulation in clinical practice will allow DBS to deliver stimulation in a truly physiological way to restore aberrant neurological circuits on demand, thus avoiding side effects, tolerance and also saving the battery life. Besides DBS and standard thalamotomy, novel surgical approaches for ET are on the horizon. The development of MRI-guided focused ultrasound technique has been the new frontier of deep brain lesional therapies. Although the benefit of motor cortex stimulation is yet to be defined, this minimally invasive approach remains intriguing. Although the advances of surgical treatments along the clinical and technological directions described in this review will certainly contribute to a successful management of ET patients, future studies need to consider critical issues such as the heterogeneity of ET and the development of tolerance.

Uso endoscópico de electrocauterio en el tratamiento de estenosis anastomótica ileorrectal / Endoscopic treatment with diathermy of ileorectal anastomotic stricture

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Abordaje histeroscópico del endometrio residual en muñón cervical / Hysteroscopic approach to residual endometrial tissue in the cervical stump

La principal diferencia entre la histerectomía total y la subtotal reside en la persistencia del muñón cervical y en los posibles problemas asociados a este. Uno de estos problemas es la existencia de un cuadro de sangrado cíclico persistente tras la cirugía; esta posibilidad acontece entre un 0 y 25% de los casos según las distintas series. Presentamos en este trabajo la resolución por vía histeroscópica de un cuadro de sangrado cíclico posquirúrgico en una paciente sometida a histerectomý´a subtotal por cuadro de metrorragia. Hasta donde sabemos, es el primer caso publicado con realizacio´n de una ablación del tejido endometrial restante con asa monopolar, para corregir el cuadro de sangrado. Pensamos que puede tratarse de una alternativa válida a la traquelectomía en estos casos de sangrado asociado a la persistencia de endometrio residual en el muñón cervical(AU)

The main difference between subtotal and total hysterectomy lies in the persistence of the cervical stump and the possible associated problems. One of these problems is cyclical bleeding after a subtotal hysterectomy, which, depending on the series, occurs in 0% to 25% of cases. We describe resolution of cyclical bleeding after a subtotal hysterectomy by means of hysteroscopic treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first published case in which ablation of the remnant tissue was performed with a monopolar loop in order to treat cyclical bleeding. We believe this surgical treatment could be a valid alternative to resolve cyclical bleeding associated with persistence of endometrial tissue in the cervical stump(AU)

Arritmias ventriculares malignas durante cirugías de recambio de generador de marcapasos: descripción de dos casos / Malignant ventricular arrhythmias during surgical procedures for pacemaker generator replacement: description of two cases

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Infusión espinal: valoración crítica de las revisiones sistemáticas publicadas con las herramientas AMSTAR, CASP y OQAQ / No disponible

Objetivos: realizar una valoración crítica de las revisiones sistemáticas (RS) publicadas sobre infusión espinal, utilizando las herramientas AMSTAR (A measurement tool to assess systematic reviews), CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) y OQAQ (Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire). Material y métodos: de forma independiente por dos autores, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sistematizada de las RS existentes, utilizando las bases de datos bibliográficas específicas, las páginas web de las agencias de tecnologías sanitarias y una búsqueda manual. Todas las RS seleccionadas han sido evaluadas por 4 revisores con las herramientas AMSTAR, CASP y OQAQ, lo que suponen 12 valoraciones sobre cada una de las revisiones estudiadas. La valoración final de las distintas revisiones con cada una de las herramientas, se ha obtenido calculando la valoración media de las 4 puntuaciones realizadas por los revisores, así como el valor mediano y el intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: se seleccionaron para su evaluación 24 documentos. No superaron el 50% de la valoración máxima posible, 15 RS con la herramienta AMSTAR, 10 con la CASP y 12 con la OQAQ. Teniendo en cuenta el criterio de que la media de las valoraciones supere el 60% de la valoración máxima posible, que creemos básico para considerar como válida una RS, únicamente 8 de las 24 revisiones lo superaron con las tres herramientas. Conclusiones: resulta obligado realizar una valoración crítica de la literatura médica publicada, sin dejarnos deslumbrar por epígrafes como RS o metaanálisis que, en muchos casos, nada tienen que ver con la verdadera medicina basada en la evidencia (AU)

Objectives: to perform a critical assessment of systematic reviews (SRs) reported on spinal infusion by using the AMSTAR (A measurement tool to assess systematic reviews), CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme), and OQAQ (Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire) instruments. Material and methods: a systematic search of the literature was carried out by two authors separately of current SRs using specific literature databases, health agency websites, and a manual search. All selected SRs were assessed by 4 reviewers using the AMSTAR, CASP, and OQAQ tools, which accounts for 12 assessments on each studied review. The final score of the various reviews with each tool was obtained by estimating the mean value of all 4 reviewer scores as well as the median value and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: in all, 24 documents were selected for assessment. They never scored above 50% of the maximum rating possible, 15 SRs using AMSTAR, 10 using CASP, and 12 using OQAQ. Considering the criterion that mean scores should be higher than 60% of the maximum rating possible, which we consider crucial to assess a SR as valid, only 8 of all 24 reviews qualified with these three instruments. Conclusions: a critical assessment of the literature is mandatory avoiding the dazzling effects of labels such as SR or meta-analysis, which often have nothing to do with true evidence-based medicine (AU)

Termocoagulación por radiofrecuencia en la neuralgia occipital de Arnold / Radiofrequency thermocoagulation in Arnold's occipital neuralgia

Se presenta a 47 pacientes con neuralgia occipital operados en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras entre los años 2006 y 2008, mediante la técnica percutánea de termocoagulación por radiofrecuencia convencional. El objetivo fue determinar la efectividad del proceder quirúrgico a través de los resultados obtenidos. Se describen las variables sexo, lado del dolor afectado, etiología y resultados quirúrgicos. El sexo femenino predominó en el 79% de los casos. El lado occipital más afectado fue el izquierdo (70,2%). La causa idiopática ocupó el primer lugar con el 81%, seguida de la traumática con el 14,8%. Se obtuvieron buenos resultados en el 91,4%. La termocoagulación por radiofrecuencia convencional es un método de mínima invasión con carácter lesivo al nervio, fácil de realizar, con nula morbimortalidad y su gran efectividad lo convierte en una de las alternativas terapéuticas en el alivio de este dolor (AU)

We present a series of 47 patients with occipital neuralgia operated on between 2006 and 2008 in the Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras, using the conventional percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation technique. The aim was to determine effectiveness of the procedure through the results obtained. Variables, including gender, side affected by pain, aetiology and surgical results were recorded. The majority were female (79%). The left occipital was the side more affected (70.2%). Idiopathic was the main cause (81%) followed by trauma with 14.8%. The technique had a 91.4% success rate. Conventional radiofrequency thermocoagulation is a minimally invasive method which damages the nerve, easy to use, with no morbidity or mortality, and its increased efficacy makes it one of the alternative therapies in the relief of this pain (AU)

Remisión clínica de sarcoma de Kaposi clásico con imiquimod tópico al 5 % / No disponible

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Ultrasound-guided treatments for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: an update and current status.

Minimally-invasive treatments for chronic Achilles tendinopathy may prevent the need for surgery when conservative methods have failed. Whilst injections have traditionally been used to manage symptoms, recently described therapies may also have disease-modifying potential. Ultrasound provides the ability to guide therapeutic interventions, ensuring that treatment is delivered to the exact site of pathology. Treatments can be broadly categorised according to their intended therapeutic targets, although some may act through several possible mechanisms. In this article, we review the ultrasound-guided techniques currently used to treat chronic Achilles tendinopathy, with reference to the available literature. There is strong pilot-level evidence supporting the use of many of these techniques, although large definitive trials are lacking. An approach towards the management of chronic Achilles tendinopathy is suggested.

Mucocele en la mucosa labial / Mucocele of the labial mucosa

Los mucoceles son lesiones benignas de la cavidad oral que se producen por la extravasación de un material mucoso procedente de las glándulas salivales menores, secundario generalmente a un traumatismo en la zona. Se ha descrito una mayor incidencia en pacientes jóvenes. Presentamos el caso clínico de un niño de 14 años de edad con un mucocele en la mucosa labial inferior (AU)

Mucoceles are common benign lesions of the oral cavity that develop following extravasation of mucous material from minor salivary glands. They are generally traumatic in origin. The incidence of mucocele has been reported to be higher in young children. We present the case of a 14-year-old boy with a lower labial mucosa mucocele (AU)