The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the clinical presentation of tubal ectopic pregnancies: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the clinical presentation of tubal ectopic pregnancies. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary center and included 76 cases of tubal ectopic pregnancies. The study period was divided into two groups: the pre-coronavirus disease group (January 2018 to February 2020, Group 1; n=47, 61.8%) and the coronavirus disease group (March 2020 to February 2022, Group 2; n=29, 38.2%). Subgroup analysis was also performed for tubal ruptured ectopic pregnancies as Group 1 (n=15, 62.5%) and Group 2 (n=9, 37.5%). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the pre-coronavirus disease and coronavirus disease groups in terms of demographic characteristics. Although the serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level was found to be higher in Group 2, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.7). The groups appeared to be similar in treatment management, duration of hospitalization, and blood transfusion needs (p=0.3, p=0.6, and p=0.5, respectively). Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the groups in the evaluation of ruptured ectopic pregnancies (p=0.5). In the subgroup analysis of tubal ruptured ectopic pregnancies, no significant difference was observed. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, there are few studies evaluating the effect of the pandemic on tubal ectopic pregnancies in the literature. Although we did not report statistically significant differences between groups in our study, given the potential prolonged duration of the pandemic, healthcare professionals should actively prompt their patients to seek necessary medical assistance.

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor as a marker for tubal pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a single measurement of vascular endothelial growth factor could distinguish between intrauterine pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy and to correlate the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor with serum levels of progesterone andß-human chorionic gonadotropin in each subgroup. METHODS: Ninety patients with a positive human chorionic gonadotropin test and either abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding were selected; pregnancies were singletons, spontaneously conceived, 42-56 days of gestational age. All patients had a transvaginal ultrasound examination and were divided into three subgroups: abnormal intrauterine pregnancy, tubal pregnancy, and normal intrauterine pregnancy. Tubal pregnancies were surgically treated and histologically confirmed. Blood samples were collected for the determination of ß-human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, and vascular endothelial growth factor and their concentrations were compared in each subgroup. Receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated by comparing the subgroup of tubal pregnancy to the other groups. A Fisher discriminant function analysis was performed. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS: One-way analysis of variance revealed a significant correlation between the different subgroups and ß-human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, and vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels (p<0.001). Vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was significantly higher for patients with tubal pregnancy than for other subgroups (p<0.05). ß-Human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone levels were higher in the subgroup with normal intrauterine pregnancies compared with the subgroups with tubal and abnormal intrauterine pregnancies (p<0.05). Serum vascular endothelial growth factor level >188.7 ng/mL predicted tubal pregnancy with 96.7% sensitivity, 95.0% specificity, 90.6% positive predictive value, and 98.3% negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: Serum vascular endothelial growth factor could be a marker in discriminating intrauterine pregnancy from tubal pregnancy; its levels are increased in women with ectopic pregnancy compared with women with normal and abnormal intrauterine pregnancies.

Serum calponin 2 is a novel biomarker of tubal ectopic pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum protein calponin 2 (CNN2) as a candidate biomarker for tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP). DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Single University affiliated tertiary hospital. PATIENT(S): Serum samples were obtained from 84 patients with EP, 39 with viable intrauterine pregnancy (vIUP), and 42 with miscarriage. Moreover, 10 fallopian tube and corresponding villous tissue samples from patients with EP, 6 villous tissue samples from patients with vIUP, and 10 villous tissue samples from patients with miscarriage were collected. INTERVENTION(S): Serum CNN2 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; CNN2 expression in tissues was evaluated via immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The diagnostic performance of serum CNN2 to discriminate an EP from vIUP and miscarriage. RESULT(S): CNN2 was highly expressed in villous stromal cells isolated from patients with EP, and CNN2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression was upregulated in villous tissues from women with EP compared with that in women with vIUPs and miscarriages. Serum CNN2 concentration was higher in women with EP than that in women with vIUP and miscarriage. The serum CNN2 predicted EP from vIUP and miscarriage with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.931 (95% confidence interval: 0.889-0.975). For discriminating EP from miscarriage only, the AUC was 0.906 (95% confidence interval: 0.835-0.977). In contrast, the AUCs for serum human chorionic gonadotropin were 0.809 and 0.637, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Our data highlight the possibility of serum CNN2 as a single biomarker for the diagnosis of EP. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR 1900020483.

Ectopic pregnancy: a single-center experience over ten years.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate characteristics associated with ectopic pregnancy (EP) that could be utilized for predicting morbidity or mortality. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of pregnancy-related records from a tertiary center over a period of ten years. Data on age, gravidity, parity, EP risk, amenorrhea duration, abdominal pain presence and location, ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-HCG) level, ultrasound findings, therapeutic intervention, exact EP implantation site and length of hospital stay (LOS) were obtained from the database. The LOS was used as a proxy for morbidity and was tested for an association with all variables. All statistical analyses were conducted with Stata® (ver. 16.1, Texas, USA). RESULTS: The incidence of EP in a cohort of 30,247 pregnancies over a ten-year period was 1.05%. Patients presented with lower abdominal pain in 87.9% of cases, and the likelihood of experiencing pain was tenfold higher if fluid was detectable in the pouch of Douglas. Only 5.1% of patients had a detectable embryonic heartbeat, and 18.15% had one or more risk factors for EP. While most EPs were tubal, 2% were ovarian. The LOS was 1.9 days, and laparoscopic intervention was the main management procedure. The cohort included one genetically proven dizygotic heterotopic pregnancy (incidence, 3.3 × 10- 5) that was diagnosed in the 7th gestational week. The only association found was between the ß-HCG level and LOS, with a linear regression ß coefficient of 0.01 and a P-value of 0.04. CONCLUSION: EP is a relatively common condition affecting approximately 1% of all pregnancies. ß-HCG correlates with EP-related morbidity, but the overall morbidity rate of EP is low regardless of the implantation site. Laparoscopic surgery is an effective therapeutic procedure that is safe for managing EP, even in cases of heterotopic pregnancy.

Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy with Undetectable Initial Serum ß-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Level.

We present a case of a tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) in a patient with an initially undetectable serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) level. A 33-year-old woman in a same-sex relationship underwent timed donor intrauterine insemination. Her serum ß-hCG level was <5 mIU/mL 14 days after the intrauterine insemination. She reported menstrual bleeding 3 days after her negative pregnancy test and returned to the office 10 days later to begin a new treatment cycle. Her serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and ß-hCG were 119 pg/mL, 6.1 ng/mL and 1157 mIU/mL, respectively. Transvaginal ultrasonography did not show an intrauterine pregnancy. Her ß-hCG level increased to 1420 mIU/mL the next day. She was diagnosed with a pregnancy of unknown location and treated with methotrexate. Her ß-hCG levels continued to increase despite 3 methotrexate doses, necessitating laparoscopy. The diagnostic laparoscopy demonstrated approximately 100 mL of hemoperitoneum in the posterior cul-de-sac with an intact right fallopian tube that was dilated at its distal end by the EP. A total right salpingectomy was performed. Her ß-hCG level was <5 mIU/mL 3 weeks later. The current case supports that although rare, an undetectable serum ß-hCG level does not completely rule out the diagnosis of an EP.

Physical resolution of tubal ectopic pregnancy on ultrasound imaging following successful expectant management.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the time required for complete physical resolution of tubal ectopic pregnancies diagnosed on ultrasound imaging in women undergoing successful expectant management? DESIGN: A prospective observational cohort study of 177 women who had successful expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancy, who attended a single Early Pregnancy Unit between January 2014 and December 2018. All participants were monitored until their serum beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-HCG) dropped to non-pregnant concentrations and with 2-weekly follow-up ultrasound scans until resolution of the pregnancy. RESULTS: A total of 112/177 (63.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 55.7-70.4) of tubal ectopic pregnancies were indiscernible on ultrasound 2 weeks after serum beta-HCG had returned to non-pregnant concentrations. In 8/177 (4.5%, 95% CI 2.0-8.7), physical resolution took longer than 78 days. There was a positive correlation between biochemical and physical resolution of tubal ectopic pregnancy (r = 0.21, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Physical resolution of tubal ectopic pregnancy is often prolonged and is positively correlated with initial and maximum beta-HCG concentrations. Results of this study indicate that beta-HCG resolution cannot be used as the end-point of expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancy, which should be considered when counselling women and planning for future pregnancies.

Luteal blood flow as a predictive factor for methotrexate treatment outcomes in women with unruptured tubal pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Blood flow in the corpus luteum is associated with luteal function. However, the impact of luteal blood flow on methotrexate (MTX) treatment in women with unruptured tubal pregnancy has not been reported. The aim of the present study was to observe the impact of luteal blood flow on the therapeutic effect of MTX in women with unruptured tubal pregnancy. METHODS: A prospective observational study recruited 129 women with unruptured tubal pregnancy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from September 2016 to June 2018. One hundred and fifteen women were treated successfully with MTX, and women were divided into 2 groups according to luteal blood flow: the poor luteal blood flow group and the abundant luteal blood flow group. The therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Women in the abundant luteal blood flow group had a significantly higher serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) level 4 days, 1 week and 2 weeks after MTX treatment compared with women in the poor luteal blood flow group (P < 0.05). The average diameter of the ectopic mass 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks after MTX treatment in women with abundant luteal blood flow was significantly larger (P < 0.05), and the time of serum ß-hCG clearance and ectopic mass disappearance were significantly longer compared with those in women in the poor luteal blood flow group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Luteal blood flow might be a predictive factor for MTX treatment outcomes in women with unruptured tubal pregnancy, and those with abundant luteal blood flow need a longer recovery time.

A Rare Case of Bilateral Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection-Embryo Transfer (ICSI-ET).

Bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy is a very rare form of ectopic pregnancy. The incidence is higher in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques or ovulation induction. We report the case of bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy. The patient was 30 years old and had a 3-year history of infertility; she was referred to the in-vitro fertilization (IVF) program because of tubal factor infertility. A pregnancy resulted from the transfer of two embryos during an artificial cycle. Despite the increase in ß-hCG values during the follow-up, 22 days after the embryo transfer, the ß-hCG levels were 2,408 U/L and the serum progesterone (P4) level was 10.53 ng/ml. After application with methotrexate, ß-hCG levels did not decrease effectively. Moreover, the sonographic screening revealed a suspicious bilateral tubal focus for ectopic pregnancy. A mini-laparotomy was performed and a bilateral tubal pregnancy was found. In the case of unilateral tubal pregnancy after the transfer of two embryos, the situation of the other tube should be systematically checked and ß-hCG levels should be monitored.

Prognostic accuracy of a novel methotrexate protocol for the resolution of tubal ectopic pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if a decreasing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) between day (D) 1 and D7 is an equal or better predictor of tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) resolution following methotrexate (MTX) treatment than the current standard of care. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort prognostic accuracy study of women with a transvaginal ultrasound (TVS)-confirmed tubal EP (November 2006-December 2015). After single-dose MTX treatment, D4/7 hCG ratios were compared with that of D1/D7 in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) to predict EP resolution. RESULTS: Tubal EP was diagnosed in 301/7350 (4.1%) women who underwent TVS for early pregnancy-related complaints. The patients were managed accordingly: expectant, 84/301 (27.9%); MTX, 65/301 (21.6%); surgery, 152/301 (50.5%). A D1/D7 hCG ratio ≤0.85 predicted successful resolution of tubal EPs (P < 0.001) treated with MTX with sensitivity 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69-0.94]), specificity 0.71 [95%CI, 0.48-0.89], PPV 0.84 [95%CI, 0.69-0.94], NPV 0.84 [95%CI, 0.69-0.94], which is comparable to the prognostic performance of the D4/7 protocol. CONCLUSION: In patients with tubal EP carefully selected for and treated with MTX, it may be reasonable to eliminate the D4 hCG in the follow-up algorithm.

A Rare Case of Bilateral Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection-Embryo Transfer (ICSI-ET)

Abstract Bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy is a very rare form of ectopic pregnancy. The incidence is higher in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques or ovulation induction. We report the case of bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy. The patient was 30 years old and had a 3-year history of infertility; she was referred to the in-vitro fertilization (IVF) program because of tubal factor infertility. A pregnancy resulted from the transfer of two embryos during an artificial cycle. Despite the increase in β-hCG values during the follow-up, 22 days after the embryo transfer, the β-hCG levels were 2,408 U/L and the serum progesterone (P4) level was 10.53 ng/ml. After application with methotrexate, β-hCG levels did not decrease effectively. Moreover, the sonographic screening revealed a suspicious bilateral tubal focus for ectopic pregnancy. A mini-laparotomy was performed and a bilateral tubal pregnancy was found. In the case of unilateral tubal pregnancy after the transfer of two embryos, the situation of the other tube should be systematically checked and β-hCG levels should be monitored.

Success rate of methotrexate treatment for recurrent vs. primary ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study.

The aim of this study was to compare the success rate of methotrexate (MTX) treatment in patients with recurrent ectopic pregnancy (REP) and primary EP (PEP). A retrospective cohort study. The study cohort comprised all patients diagnosed with an EP and treated by intention with single-dose regimen of intramuscular MTX in a tertiary medical centre during 2010-2018. Cases (REP) and controls (PEP) were compared.262 patients had PEP and 32 had a REP. Women with REP had significantly higher gravidity order and higher incidence of previous abortions (5 vs. 3, median, p < .001, 59.3% vs. 32.8%, p < .001, respectively). Women with REP had a higher proportion of a history of previous surgery in general, and specifically pelvic surgery (46.8% vs. 20.6%, p < .001, 24.4% vs. 7.2%, p < .001, respectively). Treatment success was lower in the REP group (40.6% vs. 66.4%, p = .006, Odds ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.16, 0.73). In a logistic regression analysis, the only factor found to be independently associated with treatment failure was REP (adjusted odds ratio 0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.12, 0.77, p = .01). Our study suggests that medical treatment success with a single-dose regimen of MTX is lower than expected among REP cases, suggesting that different treatment approach should be considered in this setting.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject ? There is paucity of data regarding success rate of methotrexate treatment for a recurrent ectopic pregnancy (REP).What do the results of this study add? Medical treatment success with a single-dose regimen of MTX in patients with a REP is lower than expectedWhat are the implications of these findings for future clinical practice and/or further research? As medical treatment success with a single-dose regimen of MTX for women with a REP is lower than expected, different treatment approach should be considered. Further and prospective studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm our findings.

B cell activation factor (BAFF) induces inflammation in the human fallopian tube leading to tubal pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Tubal pregnancy is recognized as one of the most common ectopic pregnancy types. Salpingitis may result in tubal pregnancy by causing fallopian tube occlusion and hydrosalpinx. B cell activation factor (BAFF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that helps regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Our previous study firstly showed that BAFF immunostaining appeared on the cellular membrane and in the cytoplasm of tubal epithelial cells, and both BAFF protein and mRNA in human inflamed fallopian tubes had higher expression levels than those in normal fallopian tubes. This study aimed to elucidate the association between the expression of BAFF gene and the inflammation in the human fallopian tube leading to tubal pregnancy. METHODS: We examined 70 patients undergoing salpingectomy for salpingitis (n = 35) and tubal pregnancy (n = 35). Twenty patients with benign uterine diseases undergoing complete hysterectomy and salpingectomy were recruited into control group. BAFF mRNA and protein in tissue samples were detected by qPCR and Western blotting methods. Furthermore, serum levels of BAFF, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured using ELISA kits. RESULTS: We found statistically significantly elevated expressions of BAFF mRNA or protein in whole tissue samples, and serum levels of BAFF, TNF-α and IL-6 in whole blood samples from patients with salpingitis and tubal pregnancy, in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, high expression of BAFF gene might induce inflammation in the human fallopian tube, suggesting its possible role in the tubal pregnancy process.

The Effect of Preoperative Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-To-Lymphocyte Ratio on Predicting Rupture Risk in Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies.

BACKGROUND: Consecutive measurements of ß-hCG levels and sonographic evaluation of adnexae are critical for choosing the optimal management in ampullar tubal ectopic pregnancies (EP). To select suitable patients for conservative approach, there is a need for an affordable and reliable marker for determining rupture risk. Evaluation of systemic inflammatory markers in combination with serum ß-hCG levels and ultrasound might help to decide the appropriate treatment option. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in determining the rupture risk in ampullar tubal EPs and to compare with intraoperative findings. METHODS: A total of 142 patients who underwent surgery for tubal EP were included. Seventy-two patients were in the intraoperatively diagnosed tubal rupture group and 70 patients without rupture findings were included in the control group. Both groups were compared for inflammation markers, ß-hCG levels, and sonographic findings. RESULTS: Both NLR and PLR levels were found to be significantly higher in the tubal rupture group (4.62 ± 3.13 vs. 2.67 ± 1.43, 162.94 ± 63.61 vs. 115.84 ± 41.15, p < 0.01, respectively). According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis performed for the diagnostic performance of tubal diameter measurement, ß-hCG, NLR, and PLR levels were significantly associated with histopathologically confirmed tubal rupture (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Systemic inflammatory markers are feasible and affordable tools for predicting tubal rupture risk in ampullar EPs and might be useful for determining surgery decision especially in low resource settings.

Multidose Methotrexate Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancies with High initial ß-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Can Success Be Predicted?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical results and prognostic factors of multiple dose methotrexate (Mtx) treatment of ectopic pregnancy patients with high initial serum (human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS: Twenty-six ectopic pregnancy patients with serum (ßhCG) > 5,000 mIU/mL who received multiple doses of Mtx (1 mg/kg) with folinic acid rescue on the alternating days. RESULTS: Success rate was 88.5%. All failures were tubal ruptures in those who underwent surgery. Median initial hCG values of the success and the failure patients were 8,582 (5,058-31,114) and 5,280 (5,042-13,563) mIU/mL respectively (p > 0.05). Side effects were seen in 18 patients (69.2%, one bone marrow suppression and 17 minor side effects). The number of Mtx injections (7.04 ± 1.71), Mtx dose (71.35 ± 13.16 mg) and follow-up period (42.04 ± 23.77 days) did not differ between groups. Body mass index (BMI), Mtx dose, number of Mtx and change in ßhCG levels between the initials and the levels measured 2 days after the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Mtx injections were found to be highly predictive for tubal rupture. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple-dose Mtx treatment of ectopic pregnancies with high initial hCG is safe and effective. BMI, Mtx dose, number of Mtx injections and the decrement of ßhCG levels were found as highly predictive for the success of the treatment.

Chronic tubal pregnancy manifesting as a heterogeneous adnexal mass with prominent neovascularization in a woman with a negative serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin level.

A 41-year-old woman (gravida 2, para 1) underwent elective termination of pregnancy at approximately 7 weeks of gestation. At 1 month after the elective abortion, she was referred due to abnormal results in a cervical cytological examination. Transvaginal ultrasonography showed a heterogeneous mass of 16 mm in diameter in the left adnexal region. At 3 months after her referral, the asymptomatic left adnexal mass had increased to 55 mm in diameter. Prominent vascular flow was detected in the solid portion by color Doppler ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging showed suspected hemorrhage in the left adnexal cystic mass. Three-dimensional computerized tomographic angiography showed the prominent development of tortuous blood vessels in the left adnexal region, which originated from the left ovarian artery. The patient had a negative ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level. Left salpingectomy was performed by a single-port laparoscopic approach. A pathological examination revealed degenerated villous tissue with ß-hCG-positive syncytiotrophoblasts.

Unexpected rupture of an expectantly managed tubal ectopic pregnancy: a reminder for enhanced diligence.

Expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancies is a feasible and possibly preferable method of management in asymptomatic women with low serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This involves serial monitoring of ß-hCG until negative, after which it is deemed as spontaneously resolved ectopic pregnancy. We describe a case of tubal ectopic pregnancy which was expectantly managed with an initial ß-hCG of 585 mIU/mL until undetectable. This patient presented with ruptured ectopic pregnancy 8 weeks after the original diagnosis, at the level of 5 mIU/mL. This highlights the importance of close monitoring in the expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancies, with the incorporation of imaging, even when serial ß-hCG shows a persistently reducing trend.

Unilateral twin tubal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Unilateral twin tubal pregnancy is an extremely rare condition, occurring in 1/20.000-250.000 pregnancies and represents a major health risk for reproductive-aged women, leading to even life-threatening complications. AIM: We present a case of a 31-year-old woman with unilateral twin tubal pregnancy, treated with methotrexate and then surgically because of failure, followed by review of the literature. METHODS: Researches for relevant data were conducted utilizing multiple databases, including PubMed and Ovid. RESULTS: The most common type of twin ectopic pregnancy is the heterotopic (1/7000 pregnancies) in which in which both ectopic and intrauterine pregnancy occur simultaneously. Expectant, medical and surgical therapy have similar success rates in correctly selected patients. Two prospective randomized trials did not identify any statistically significant differences between groups receiving MTX as a single dose or in multiple doses. Among the 106 cases reported in literature, methotrexate was tried just in 4 patients (3 unilateral and 1 bilateral) before ours. Details are reported in the table 1. CONCLUSION: The recent shift in the treatment of singleton ectopic pregnancies to the less invasive medical therapy might apply even in the case of twin implants.

A risk prediction model for medical treatment failure in tubal pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Methotrexate is an alternative treatment for tubal pregnancy. However, despite initial treatment, ∼15% of women eventually require surgery. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for medical treatment failure in tubal pregnancy and apply them to a risk prediction model. STUDY DESIGN: This single-center retrospective cohort study included 123 participants initially treated medically for tubal pregnancy between January 2006 and December 2015. Logistic regression analysis was used to construct a risk prediction model (visually presented as a nomogram) for medical treatment failure. Model performance was assessed using discrimination and calibration. The medical treatment failure rate was 36.6%. The prediction model integrated the presence of a gestational sac, ectopic mass size, and follow-up ß-human chorionic gonadotropin levels above cut-off values on days 4 and 7. The model used the following cut-off values: increased ß-human chorionic gonadotropin levels by 1028.6 mIU/mL, 1.0457-fold higher than baseline level on day 4; and increased ß-human chorionic gonadotropin levels by 1233 mIU/mL, 1.3025-fold higher than baseline level on day 7. RESULTS: The corresponding areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves were 0.8135 (95% confidence interval, 0.733-0.893) for the day 4 model and 0.8600 for the day 7 model (95% confidence interval, 0.788-0.932). Comparison of the day 4 and 7 models revealed no significant difference in their predictive abilities (P = 0.4318). CONCLUSIONS: This model identified a substantial proportion of the participants who experienced medical treatment failure for tubal pregnancy. It was visualized as a nomogram, facilitating clinical application.

Evaluation of Tubal Pregnancy After Treatment With Methotrexate by Ultrasound Elastography.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of ultrasound elastography in the assessment of methotrexate (MTX) treatment for tubal pregnancy and the association with the elasticity score and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentration. METHODS: A total of 73 cases of unruptured tubal pregnancy were diagnosed and treated systemically with MTX. The sonographic characters of conventional transvaginal sonography and elastography and serum hCG concentrations before and after MTX therapy were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean elasticity score was statistically significantly lower for the ectopic tubal masses of the success group (mean ± SD, 2.58 ± 0.68) than for the failure group (3.33 ± 0.47) on day 7 (P < .001) and similar on day 0. The median elasticity score for the success group on day 7 was 3, and for the failure group, it was 4. When elasticity scores of 3 and 2 were used for the criterion of successful MTX treatment, the elastography had 94.5% sensitivity, 61.1% specificity, 88.1% positive predictive value, and 78.6% negative predictive value. Elastography of the ectopic masses and subsequent hCG concentration at 1 week after the MTX injection in the success group had a strong relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that transvaginal elastography was a useful tool in the evaluation of tubal pregnancy after pharmacologic management.