RESUMEN
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of lipid emulsions on carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I), carnitine acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT-II), and the mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by toxic doses of local anesthetics in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts. The effects of local anesthetics and lipid emulsions on the activities of CPT-I, CACT, and CPT-II, and concentrations of local anesthetics were examined. The effects of lipid emulsions, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and mitotempo on the bupivacaine-induced changes in cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular calcium levels were examined. CACT, without significantly altering CPT-I and CPT-II, was inhibited by toxic concentration of local anesthetics. The levobupivacaine- and bupivacaine-induced inhibition of CACT was attenuated by all concentrations of lipid emulsion, whereas the ropivacaine-induced inhibition of CACT was attenuated by medium and high concentrations of lipid emulsion. The concentration of levobupivacaine was slightly attenuated by lipid emulsion. The bupivacaine-induced increase of ROS and calcium and the bupivacaine-induced decrease of MMP were attenuated by ROS scavengers NAC and mitotempo, and the lipid emulsion. Collectively, these results suggested that the lipid emulsion attenuated the levobupivacaine-induced inhibition of CACT, probably through the lipid emulsion-mediated sequestration of levobupivacaine.
Asunto(s)
Bupivacaína/toxicidad , Carnitina Aciltransferasas/efectos de los fármacos , Carnitina Aciltransferasas/metabolismo , Levobupivacaína/toxicidad , Mioblastos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Mioblastos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Ropivacaína/toxicidad , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Anestésicos Locales/toxicidad , Animales , Bupivacaína/administración & dosificación , Emulsiones/administración & dosificación , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Levobupivacaína/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Ratas , Ropivacaína/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Nanotechnology in the field of drug delivery comes with great benefits due to the unique physicochemical properties of newly developed nanocarriers. However, they may come as well with severe toxicological side effects because of unwanted accumulation in organs outside of their targeted site of actions. Several studies showed an unintended accumulation of various nanocarriers in female sex organs, especially in the ovaries. Some led to inflammation, fibrosis, or decreasing follicle numbers. However, none of these studies investigated ovarian accumulation in context to both reproductive aging and particle size. Besides the influences of particle size, the biodistribution profile may be altered as well by reproductive aging because of reduced capacities of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), changes in sex steroid hormone levels as well as altering ovarian stromal blood flow. This systematic investigation of the biodistribution of intravenously (i.v) injected nanoemulsions revealed significant dependencies on the two parameters particle size and age starting from juvenile prepubescent to senescent mice. Using fluorescent in vivo and ex vivo imaging, prepubescent mice showed nearly no accumulation of nanoemulsion in their uteri and ovaries, but high accumulations in the organs of the RES liver and spleen independently of the particle size. In fertile adult mice, the accumulation increased significantly in the ovaries with an increased particle size of the nanoemulsions by nearly doubling the portion of the average radiant efficiency (PARE) to ~10% of the total measured signal of all excised organs. With reproductive aging and hence loss of fertility in senescent mice, the accumulation decreased again to moderate levels, again independently of the particle size. In conclusion, the ovarian accumulation of these nanocarriers depended on both the age plus the particle size during maturity.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/metabolismo , Ovario/metabolismo , Células 3T3 , Animales , Emulsiones/administración & dosificación , Emulsiones/farmacocinética , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Femenino , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Hígado/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hígado/metabolismo , Ratones , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Ovario/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bazo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bazo/metabolismo , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Biofilm infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are an urgent global health threat. Incorporation of natural essential oils into biodegradable oil-in-water cross-linked polymeric nanoemulsions (X-NEs) provides effective eradication of MDR bacterial biofilms. The X-NE platform combines the degradability of functionalized poly(lactic acid) polymers with the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol (from oregano oil). These X-NEs exhibited effective penetration and killing of biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria. Biofilm-fibroblast coculture models demonstrate that X-NEs selectively eliminate bacteria without harming mammalian cells, making them promising candidates for antibiofilm therapeutics.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Cimenos/farmacología , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Emulsiones/química , Poliésteres/química , Animales , Portadores de Fármacos/toxicidad , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/fisiología , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/fisiología , Ratones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Células 3T3 NIH , Poliésteres/toxicidadRESUMEN
Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), a promising alternative fumigant, has been highly desirable for excellent management of soil pests and diseases. However, high volatility and moderate toxicity of this sulfide limit its application. To address these issues, a novel controlled release formulation of DMDS was proposed employing multiple emulsions and polyurea microcapsules (DMDS@MEs-MCs). The successful combination of the two technologies was revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared. According to the multiple encapsulation structure, the encapsulation efficiency decreased by only 3.13% after thermal storage, compared with a 15.21% decrease of microcapsules made with only a monolayer film. DMDS@MEs-MCs could effectively control the release of active ingredient, which increased applicator and environmental safety during application. Moreover, it could be facilely used by spraying and drip irrigation instead of a special fumigation device. The innovative formulation exhibited better control efficacy on soil pathogens (Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) than DMDS technical concentration (DMDS TC). In addition, it did not inhibit seed germination after 10 days when the plastic film was removed from the fumigated soil. This method appears to be of broad interest for the development of safe and handy fumigant application.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/toxicidad , Cápsulas/química , Disulfuros/toxicidad , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Emulsiones/química , Polímeros/química , Animales , Cápsulas/toxicidad , Cucumis sativus/efectos de los fármacos , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/toxicidad , Portadores de Fármacos/toxicidad , Liberación de Fármacos , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Fusarium/efectos de los fármacos , Phytophthora/efectos de los fármacos , Polímeros/toxicidad , Microbiología del Suelo , Tylenchoidea/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Nanoemulsions (NE) are nowadays required drug nanocarriers. We have selected i) oleic acid (OA) as oil (O), ii) polysorbate 80 (PS80) as surfactant (S), and iii) water (W) in a prototype NE. Our best formulation had O:S ratio [OA]/[PS80]â¯=â¯0.0708/0.0382â¯=â¯1.85 [mol·L-1], implying 1.85 parts of OA covered/stabilized by 1 part of PS80, giving 71.86â¯nm and 0.42 polydispersity index (PDI) in NE, determined by DLS and TEM. These nanosystems stored at room temperature/darkness stabilized up to 12 months (measured by DLS and TEM) maintaining very similar particle sizes and sometimes decreasing PDI. NE stability was determined by DSC, evidencing reversibility upon heating from 25 to 100⯰C, increasing to 125⯰C (sealed systems) produced more attenuated heating profiles in second and third cycles, compared with first, indicating partial but enough stability for storage means. NE cytotoxicity tests were conducted on immortalized normal lung epithelial cells (NL-20), as reference. The results show 50 % inhibitory concentrations (IC50,µM) of 1100, OA, and 2.6, PS80. The IC50 was 20.5, PS80 (PS80@NE) and 37.9, OA (OA@NE) clearly indicating that components changed their toxicities upon nanostructuring, OA exhibited 30-fold increase (IC50(OA) 1100.0â37.9) while PS80, decreased 7.9-fold (IC50(PS80) 2.6â20.5). PS80 is the most toxic component but when is included in PS80@NE, less toxic nanocarriers were generated.
Asunto(s)
Portadores de Fármacos/toxicidad , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Nanoestructuras/toxicidad , Ácido Oléico/toxicidad , Polisorbatos/toxicidad , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Dispersión Dinámica de Luz , Emulsiones/síntesis química , Emulsiones/química , Calor , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Nanoestructuras/química , Nanoestructuras/ultraestructura , Ácido Oléico/química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Polisorbatos/química , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Carvacrol has been reported for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity by cyclooxygenase inhibition but it could induce gastrointestinal toxicity because of its non-selective inhibition. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop transdermal microemulsion from Origanum vulgare essential oil to deliver carvacrol into and through the skin which would overwhelm the gastrointestinal problems. O. vulgare essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and its carvacrol content was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed using water dilution method to investigate the suitable microemulsion components. Microemulsions were then characterized for external appearance, particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, electrical conductivity, refractive index, viscosity, transmittance, pH, and stability. Additionally, the irritation property of microemulsions were investigated by hen's egg on the chorioallantoic membrane assay. The release profile, percutaneous absorption, and skin retention were investigated using dialysis bag and Franz diffusion cell, respectively. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were investigated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results remarked that carvacrol was a major component of O. vulgare essential oil with high concentration of 83.7%. The most suitable microemulsion (ME 1), composing of 5% w/w O. vulgare essential oil, 25%w/w Tween 60, 25%w/w butylene glycol, and 45%w/w deionized water, had the smallest internal droplet size (179.5 ± 27.9 nm), the narrowest polydispersity index (0.30 ± 0.07), the highest transmittance (93.13 ± 0.04%), and Newtonian flow behavior with low viscosity of 0.30 ± 0.07 Pas. ME 1 could reduce the irritation effect of O. vulgare essential oil since ME 1 (IS = 3.1 ± 0.10) exhibited significantly lower irritation effect than its blank formulation (IS = 4.8 ± 0.02) and O. vulgare oil solution (IS = 5.0 ± 0.01) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ME 1 sustain released carvacrol from the formulation, remarkedly deliver more carvacrol through the skin layer (2.6 ± 2.2%) and significantly retained carvacrol in the skin layer (2.60 ± 1.25%). Additionally, ME 1 significantly enhanced IL-6 inhibition of O. vulgaris oil and carvacrol (p < 0.05). Therefore, O. vulgaris oil microemulsion was suggested to be used for the transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory activities enhancement of carvacrol.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Cimenos/administración & dosificación , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Aceites Volátiles/química , Origanum/química , Administración Cutánea , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacocinética , Línea Celular , Embrión de Pollo , Membrana Corioalantoides/efectos de los fármacos , Cimenos/aislamiento & purificación , Cimenos/farmacocinética , Portadores de Fármacos/aislamiento & purificación , Portadores de Fármacos/toxicidad , Liberación de Fármacos , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Emulsiones/química , Emulsiones/aislamiento & purificación , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Humanos , Interleucina-6/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Queratinocitos , Masculino , Aceites Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Aceites Volátiles/toxicidad , Tamaño de la Partícula , Permeabilidad , Piel/metabolismo , Sus scrofa , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , ViscosidadRESUMEN
The toxic effects of poly(HEMA)-based polymeric nanoparticles must be analyzed before their biomedical applications as drug delivery systems. The aim of the study was to characterize and evaluate the toxicity for its biocompatibility of a newly synthesized l-glutamic acid-g-p(HEMA) polymeric nanoparticle The nanoparticle was synthesized with surfactant-free emulsion polymerization and grafting techniques. Grafting efficiency was estimated at 58%. The nanoparticle shape was verified as nearly spherical by scanning electron microscopy. Atomic force microscopy images showed a rough surface topography. The nanoparticle had an average size of ~194.6â¯nm on zeta analysis, and the zeta potential value was -18 mV. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed spectra from 750 to 4000â¯cm-1 and characteristic peaks of stretching bands. The swelling ratio was 46%. With 24-h exposure, p(HEMA) and l-glutamic acid-g-p(HEMA) did not have cytotoxic effects on a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) and human monocyte cell line by water-soluble tetrazolium salt 1 (WST-1) assay and lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH). It did not show genotoxic potential by comet assay and did not have mutagenic effects on Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 strains by Ames test. The nanoparticle at 160⯵g/ml showed 2% hemolytic activity on erythrocytes. On cell migration assay, the percentage closure difference between exposed and control cells was estimated at 21%. We found no irritation effect on Hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane test. We determined that the polymeric nanoparticle l-glutamic acid-g-p(HEMA) was biocompatible and has potential for use in a drug delivery system.
Asunto(s)
Metacrilatos/química , Metacrilatos/toxicidad , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Polímeros/química , Polímeros/toxicidad , Animales , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/toxicidad , Línea Celular , Pollos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Emulsiones/química , Emulsiones/farmacología , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Tamaño de la Partícula , Conejos , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Propiedades de Superficie/efectos de los fármacos , Tensoactivos/químicaRESUMEN
In order to enhance essential oil's stability and water insolubility, Massoia aromatica oil nanoemulsion was formulated and tested on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans; macrophage phagocytosis and on Vero cells viability. Oil in water nanoemulsion formula was optimized by using several solvents and co-solvents composition. The stability test of the formula was conducted by using a six cycle's freeze-thaw technique. Particle size and morphology were analyzed using a particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy. Microbial growth, biofilm formation inhibition, and cytotoxicity assays were performed on the optimized formula by using micro dilution methods. Mice macrophage phagocytosis activities against latex and C. albicans in the presence of samples were evaluated. Massoia nanoemulsion was obtained as a transparent yellowish emulsion having 99.6-99.9% of transmittance; physically and chemically stable; showed stronger antibacterial and antibiofilm on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, moderate to C. albicans; no significant different on phagocytic activities. The IC50 of massoia oil nanoemulsion and massoia oil towards Vero cells were 35.9µg/mL and 107.5µg/mL respectively. Massoia oil nanoemulsion can protect the stability and decreases the hydrophobicity of the oil, conserve the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities, but increases its cytotoxicity.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Cryptocarya/química , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/toxicidad , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/fisiología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Emulsiones/química , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Nanoestructuras/química , Nanoestructuras/toxicidad , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/toxicidad , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/fisiología , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiología , Pruebas de Toxicidad , Células VeroRESUMEN
The objectives of the study are to develop and characterise formulations with volatile molecules in an emulsifiable concentrate form, for their antimicrobial properties and to evaluate their efficacies against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., to control anthracnose in mangoes after harvest. Results showed EC39 and EC40 among formulations were characterised for their excellent emulsification properties, the droplet size of 192.34 ± 0.48 nm and 227.4 ± 0.71 nm and Zeta potential of -52.5 ± 2.76 mv and -48.84 ± 2.62 mv, respectively, with better storage stability at 10 ± 20 °C and RH 80 ± 5%. In vitro assay, 100% inhibition of visual spore germination by 0.15% and 0.2% MIC value for EC39 and EC40, respectively Studies on the efficacy of their fungicide properties also indicated the IC50 value of 0.161% and 0.162% for EC39 and EC40 respectively for mycelial growth inhibition. In vivo testing too, EC39 and EC40 effectively controlled anthracnose incidence in mango in a dosage-dependent manner.
Asunto(s)
Colletotrichum/efectos de los fármacos , Emulsionantes/toxicidad , Fungicidas Industriales/toxicidad , Mangifera/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/toxicidad , Acetaldehído/análogos & derivados , Acetaldehído/química , Acetaldehído/toxicidad , Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Acroleína/química , Acroleína/toxicidad , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Colletotrichum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Emulsionantes/química , Emulsiones/química , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Fungicidas Industriales/química , Monoterpenos/química , Monoterpenos/toxicidad , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/químicaRESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the following factors affecting the cytotoxicity of Capmul®MCM (C8/10MD) in self-emulsified nanoemulsions (SENs): concentration, triglycerides, and droplet size, and how these factors influence permeability of lipid droplets. Two triglycerides (C8T and C18T) and six formulations were used: SEN1(C18T:C8/10MD:Kolliphor®RH40â¯=â¯7:3:10, 257â¯nm), SEN2(C8T:C8/10MD:Kolliphor®RH40â¯=â¯1:1:2, 30â¯nm), SEN3(C18T:Kolliphor®RH40â¯=â¯1:4, 26â¯nm), SEN4(C8T:Kolliphor®RH40â¯=â¯1:4, 27â¯nm), SEN5(C8/10MD:Kolliphor®RH40â¯=â¯1:1, 120â¯nm) and SEN6(C8/10MD:Kolliphor®RH40â¯=â¯1:4, 15â¯nm). There was no cytotoxicity from SEN3-4 (5% preconcentrate), but there was concentration-dependent cytotoxicity from the SENs containing C8/10MD. The presence of triglycerides in SEN1-2 reduced the toxicity of C8/10MD as compared to SEN5-6. SEN2 and SEN6 showed higher toxicity than SEN1 and SEN5, respectively, due to the smaller size. 14C-Triolein-loaded droplets from SEN1 (0.45-0.6% C8/10MD) and SEN2 (0.3-0.6% C8/10MD) could permeate across the MDCK monolayer, resulted in intact droplets and radioactivity in the receiver chamber. The TEER was reduced as the C8/10MD concentration increased, and not recovered after 24â¯h from SEN1 (0.6% C8/10MD) and SEN2 (0.45-0.6% C8/10MD), resulted in significantly higher (pâ¯<â¯0.05) permeability of 14C-mannitol and 3H-propranolol compared to the treatment by the medium. In conclusion, Capmul®MCM caused concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and permeation enhancement, which were reduced with the presence of triglycerides and increase in droplet size.
Asunto(s)
Caprilatos/toxicidad , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Glicéridos/toxicidad , Permeabilidad , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Perros , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Emulsiones/química , Humanos , Tamaño de la Partícula , Triglicéridos/química , Triglicéridos/toxicidadRESUMEN
We prepared mineral oil-based emulsion adjuvants by employing simple self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS). Mineral oil emulsions (3%, 5%, and 7%) were prepared using deionized water and C-971P NF and C-940 grade carbomer solutions with concentrations 0.01% (w/v) and 0.02% (w/v). In total, 15 emulsions were prepared and mixed with a solution containing inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (J101 strain) antigen and porcine circovirus type 2 antigen to prepare vaccines. Droplet sizes in the submicron range and zeta potential values between - 40 and 0 mV were maintained by most emulsion adjuvants for a period of 6 months. Emulsion adjuvants were regarded safe, and their M. hyopneumoniae-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a titers were either better or comparable to those of aluminum gel.
Asunto(s)
Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Emulsionantes/toxicidad , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Aceite Mineral/toxicidad , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/inmunología , Agua , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/toxicidad , Animales , Emulsionantes/administración & dosificación , Emulsiones/administración & dosificación , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Aceite Mineral/administración & dosificación , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos , Agua/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Though lubricant emulsions have been widely used in many industrial processes, various human health hazards have been reported. Conducting a systematic toxicity study on emulsions is difficult since emulsions contain multiple chemical compounds, and hydrophobic compounds form complex emulsion particles via surfactants. For a quantitative toxicity study, we developed a high-throughput imaging system using zebrafish and conducted a large scale in vivo toxicity assay of lubricant emulsion and their common ingredients. By computing the locomotion activity of zebrafish from captured time-lapse images, we could quantify the degree of relative toxicity of 29 chemicals. The changes in the locomotion activity over time were observed to vary significantly depending on emulsions, indicating that the degree of toxicity of the commercial products was very diverse. We found that primary ethanolamines were more toxic than secondary or tertiary ethanolamines, and several factors, such as alkyl chain length, EO mole, test concentration, and emulsion particle size, affected toxicity.
Asunto(s)
Emulsiones/toxicidad , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Lubricantes/toxicidad , Pruebas de Toxicidad/métodos , Pez Cebra/fisiología , Animales , Emulsiones/química , Diseño de Equipo , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento/instrumentación , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Lubricantes/química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Pruebas de Toxicidad/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in broad-spectrum herbicide formulations used in agriculture, domestic area and aquatic weed control worldwide. Its market is growing steadily concurrently with the cultivation of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic crops and emergence of weeds less sensitive to glyphosate. Ephemeral and lentic waters near to agricultural lands, representing favorite habitats for amphibian reproduction and early life-stage development, may thus be contaminated by glyphosate based herbicides (GBHs) residues. Previous studies on larval anuran species highlighted increased mortality and growth effects after exposure to different GBHs in comparison to glyphosate itself, mainly because of the surfactants such as polyethoxylated tallow amine present in the formulations. Nevertheless, these conclusions are not completely fulfilled when the early development, characterized by primary organogenesis events, is considered. In this study, we compare the embryotoxicity of Roundup® Power 2.0, a new GBH formulation currently authorized in Italy, with that of technical grade glyphosate using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Our results evidenced that glyphosate was not embryolethal and only at the highest concentration (50â¯mg a.e./L) caused edemas. Conversely, Roundup® Power 2.0 exhibited a 96â¯h LC50 of 24.78â¯mg a.e./L and a 96â¯h EC50 of 7.8â¯mg a.e./L. A Teratogenic Index of 3.4 was derived, pointing out the high teratogenic potential of the Roundup® Power 2.0. Specific concentration-dependent abnormal phenotypes, such as craniofacial alterations, microphthalmia, narrow eyes and forebrain regionalization defects were evidenced by gross malformation screening and histopathological analysis. These phenotypes are coherent with those evidenced in Xenopus laevis embryos injected with glyphosate, allowing us to hypothesize that the teratogenicity observed for Roundup® Power 2.0 may be related to the improved efficacy in delivering glyphosate to cells, guaranteed by the specific surfactant formulation. In conclusion, the differences in GBH formulations should be carefully considered by the authorities, since sub-lethal and/or long-term effects (e.g. teratogenicity) can be significantly modulated by the active ingredient salt type and concentration of the adjuvants. Finally, the mechanistic toxicity of glyphosate and GBHs are worthy of further research.
Asunto(s)
Emulsiones/toxicidad , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Teratógenos/toxicidad , Xenopus laevis/metabolismo , Animales , Cartílago/efectos de los fármacos , Cartílago/metabolismo , Embrión no Mamífero/anomalías , Embrión no Mamífero/efectos de los fármacos , Embrión no Mamífero/patología , Glicina/toxicidad , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Análisis de Supervivencia , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Xenopus laevis/embriología , Xenopus laevis/crecimiento & desarrollo , GlifosatoRESUMEN
Phytol (PYT) is a diterpenoid having important biological activity. However, it is a water non-soluble compound. This study aims to prepare PYT nanoemulsion (PNE) and evaluation of toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of PYT and PNE. For this, the PNE was prepared by the phase inversion method. The cytotoxicity test was performed in Artemia salina, while toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Allium cepa at concentrations of 2, 4, 8 and 16 mM. Potassium dichromate and copper sulfate were used as positive controls for the tests of A. salina and A. cepa, respectively. In addition, an adaptation response was detected in A. cepa by using the comet assay. The results suggest that both PYT and PNE exhibited toxic and cytotoxic effects at 4-16 mM in either test system, while genotoxicity at 2-16 mM in A. cepa. PNE exhibited more toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects at 8 and 16 mM than the PYT. However, both PYT and PNE at 2 and 4 mM decreased the index and frequency of damage in A. cepa after 48 and 72 h, suggesting a possible adaptation response or DNA damage preventing capacity. Nanoemulsified PYT (PNE) may readily cross the biological membranes with an increase in bioavailability and produce more toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the used test systems.
Asunto(s)
Artemia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Cebollas/citología , Fitol/toxicidad , Animales , Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayo Cometa , Emulsiones/química , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Nanopartículas/química , Cebollas/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Preparation of nanoformulations using natural products as bioactive substances is considered very promising for innovative larvicidal agents. On this context, oil in water nanoemulsions develop a main role, since they satisfactorily disperse poor-water soluble substances, such as herbal oils, in aqueous media. Pterodon emarginatus, popularly known as sucupira, has a promising bioactive oleoresin. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies were carried out to evaluate its potential against Culex quinquefasciatus, the main vector of the tropical neglected disease called lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis. Thus, we aimed to investigate influence of different pairs of surfactants in nanoemulsion formation and investigate if a sucupira oleoresin-based nanoemulsion has promising larvicidal activity against this C. quinquefasciatus. We also evaluated morphological alteration, possible mechanism of insecticidal action and ecotoxicity of the nanoemulsion against a non-target organism. RESULTS: Among the different pairs of surfactants that were tested, nanoemulsions obtained with polysorbate 80/sorbitan monooleate and polysorbate 80/sorbitan trioleate presented smallest mean droplet size just afterwards preparation, respectively 151.0 ± 2.252 and 160.7 ± 1.493 nm. They presented high negative zeta potential values, low polydispersity index (<0.300) and did not present great alteration in mean droplet size and polydispersity index after 1 day of preparation. Overall, nanoemulsion prepared with polysorbate 80/sorbitan monooleate was considered more stable and was chosen for biological assays. It presented low LC50 value against larvae (34.75; 7.31-51.86 mg/L) after 48 h of treatment and some morphological alteration was observed. The nanoemulsion did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase of C. quinquefasciatus larvae. It was not toxic to green algae Chlorella vulgaris at low concentration (25 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that optimal nanoemulsions may be prepared with different surfactants using a low cost and low energy simple method. Moreover, this prototype proved to be effective against C. quinquefasciatus, being considered an ecofriendly novel nanoproduct that can be useful in integrated control programs of vector control.
Asunto(s)
Culicidae/efectos de los fármacos , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Fabaceae/química , Control de Insectos , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Animales , Chlorella vulgaris/efectos de los fármacos , Chlorella vulgaris/fisiología , Culicidae/fisiología , Emulsiones/química , Femenino , Insecticidas/química , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/fisiología , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
AIMS: p-tertbutylcalix[4]arene loaded nanoemulsion has been designed, characterized and evaluated for skin decontamination of radionuclides of interest in nuclear and radiological emergencies. Further, nanoemulsion was evaluated for Ex-vivo complexation, skin permeation, interaction and cytodermal toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ex-vivo skin complexation studies were conducted using High-resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (HR-SF-ICPMS). Skin studies at dermal and cyto-dermal level have been carried out using techniques such as florescence microscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Flow cytometry, Confocal microscopy, Prestoblue and Comet assay. KEY FINDINGS: HR-SF-ICPMS study confirmed >95% complexation of surrogate nuclides of thallium and Iodine applied on excised rat skin mounted over Franz diffusion cell. Temporal analysis of aliquots obtained from Franz diffusion cell using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy indicated that only 3.37% of formulation permeates through the skin. Skin penetration study of rhodamine 123 nanoemulsion carried out using florescence microscopy confirmed that formulation remains localised in epidermis of rat skin. DSC data confirmed skin compatibility of nanoemulsion, as no lipid extraction was observed from skin. In-vitro cell viability and cellular uptake assays performed on human skin fibroblasts prove no cellular uptake and cytotoxic effects. Comet assay, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis-inducing mechanistic studies prove that prepared nanoemulsion is safe at cellular level. SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, data indicate that p-tertbutylcalix[4]arene nanoemulsion is both effective and safe formulation to use on skin for radio-decontamination.
Asunto(s)
Calixarenos/farmacología , Calixarenos/farmacocinética , Descontaminación , Absorción Cutánea , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Cutánea , Animales , Calixarenos/administración & dosificación , Calixarenos/toxicidad , Línea Celular , Descontaminación/métodos , Emulsiones/administración & dosificación , Emulsiones/farmacocinética , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Femenino , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Isótopos de Yodo/aislamiento & purificación , Isótopos/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Ratas , Piel/citología , Piel/metabolismo , Talio/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The Franz cells permeation assay has been performed for over 25 years. However, the advent of nanotechnology created a whole new world, especially with regard to topical products. In this new global scenario an increasing number of nanostructure-based delivery systems (NDSs) have emerged and a global warning relating to the safety of these NDSs is arising. This work studied the efficacy of the Franz cells assay, comparing it with the radiolabeling biodistribution test. For this purpose a formulation of sunscreen based on an NDS was developed and characterized. The results demonstrated both that the NDS did not present in vitro cytotoxicity and that the radiolabeling biodistribution test is more precise for the evaluation of NDS cosmetics than the Franz cells assay, since it detected the permeation of the NDS at a picogram order. Due to this fact, and considering all the concerns related to NDSs and nanoparticles in general, more precise methods must be used in order to guarantee the safe use of these new classes of products.
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Portadores de Fármacos/química , Nanopartículas/química , Absorción Cutánea , Protectores Solares/administración & dosificación , Protectores Solares/farmacocinética , Animales , Línea Celular , Portadores de Fármacos/toxicidad , Emulsiones/química , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Haplorrinos , Ratones , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Ratas Wistar , Piel/metabolismo , Protectores Solares/toxicidad , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent nanoparticles with unique photophysical properties that enable them to potentially replace traditional organic dyes and fluorescent proteins in various bioimaging applications. However, the inherent toxicity of their cores based on cadmium salts limits their widespread biomedical use. We have developed a novel nanocomposite polymer emulsion based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane poly(carbonate-urea) urethane (POSS-PCU) that can be used to coat quantum dots to nullify their toxicity and enhance photostability. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel POSS-PCU nanocomposite polymer emulsion and describe its application for coating QDs for biological application. The polymer was synthesized by a process of emulsion polymerization and formed stable micelles of â¼33 nm in diameter. CdTe/CdS/ZnS QDs were efficiently stabilized by the polymer emulsion through encapsulation within the polymer micelles. Characterization studies showed no significant change in the unique photophysical properties of QDs after coating. The polymer was biocompatible to HepG2, HUVECs, and mouse skeletal muscle cells at 2.5% after 24 h exposure on in vitro testing. Polymer encapsulated QDs showed enhanced photostability on exposure to high degrees of UV irradiation and air as well as significantly reduced cytotoxicity on exposure to HepG2 cells at 30 µg/mL for 24 h. We have therefore concluded that the POSS-PCU polymer emulsion has the potential to make a biocompatible and photostable coating for QDs enabling a host of biomedical applications to take this technology to the next level.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Nanocompuestos/química , Puntos Cuánticos/química , Animales , Materiales Biocompatibles/toxicidad , Células Cultivadas , Emulsiones/química , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Células Hep G2 , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Ratones , Nanocompuestos/toxicidad , Nanocompuestos/ultraestructura , Fotólisis , Puntos Cuánticos/toxicidad , Puntos Cuánticos/ultraestructura , Rayos UltravioletaRESUMEN
This work reports the development of oil in water (o/w) nanoemulsions containing poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymer surfactant for the formulation of a delivery system for endovenous zinc and chloroaluminum phthalocyanines. A solubility study suggested clove oil and its combination with ethanol as the best candidates for the oil phase composition. The nanoemulsions were obtained using a high-pressure homogenizer and analyzed for droplet size to determine their short- and long-term stability. Formulations containing 7 and 10% oil phase and 12% surfactant presented higher stability and allowed the incorporation of a bigger amount of phthalocyanines in the formulation. Rheological analyses showed the prevailing Newtonian behavior of the nanoemulsions. Studies of toxicity and phototoxicity determined that the nanoemulsions produced were capable of inhibiting the growth of adenocarcinoma tumor cells. The nanoemulsions proved to be a good alternative for use in photodynamic therapy.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/química , Emulsiones/química , Indoles/química , Nanoestructuras/química , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Aceite de Clavo , Emulsiones/toxicidad , Etanol , Humanos , Indoles/toxicidad , Isoindoles , Nanoestructuras/toxicidad , Tamaño de la Partícula , Solubilidad , TensoactivosRESUMEN
Microemulsion-based animal oils, alone or associated with polymers have been extensively used in pharmacy, medicine and cosmetics, since the major lipid constituents of the oils show several biological activities. Despite showing antimicrobial activity, there are no reports in the literature regarding the effects of bullfrog oil on cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. The aim of the present study was to synthesize, characterise and evaluate the in vitro effects on melanoma cell line (B16F10) of bullfrog oil microemulsions associated or not with chitosan, surfactant and bullfrog oil (CSBO) and surfactant and bullfrog oil (SBO), respectively. The microemulsions were developed and their physical-chemical characteristics were evaluated by light microscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and zeta potential. The microemulsions showed regular spherical shapes, high polydispersity and excellent (+82.2 ± 1.0 mV) to low (-16.0 ± 0.5 mV), colloidal stability. The systems significantly decreased the in vitro cell viability of melanoma skin cancer by up to 90.2% (CSBO) and 91.8% (SBO); while free bullfrog oil showed no effects. The results obtained from microemulsions of bullfrog oil indicate the potential of the microemulsions developed, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, for future use in biomedical approaches aiming towards cancer therapy.