Quality of food choices of Brazilian adolescents according to individual earnings.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of food choices according to adolescent individual earnings in Brazil. DESIGN: Adolescents were classified according to their individual earnings as having or not having spending power for their own expenses. Food records from two non-consecutive days of the Brazilian National Dietary Survey (NDS 2008-2009) were used to estimate food intake. Quality of food choices was based on two approaches: (i) the NOVA classification, which classifies processed and ultra-processed foods and drinks as unhealthy food groups; and (ii) traditional classification, with beans, milk, fruits and vegetables as healthy food groups, and soft drinks, sweets, snacks and crackers classified as unhealthy. We compared mean food intake (g/kJ or ml/kJ) according to per capita household income (tertiles) and adolescent individual earnings, with adolescent earnings adjusted for household income, using multiple linear regression. SETTING: Brazilian households (n 13 569). SUBJECTS: Adolescents aged 14-18 years (n 3673). RESULTS: Males without individual earnings had higher per capita household income than those with individual earnings. Household income was associated with all three food groups of the NOVA classification and seven of the eight groups of the traditional classification. However, only beans and snacks were consumed in significantly greater quantities by adolescents with individual earnings compared with those without earnings. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent individual earnings were not the main driver of food choices; however, per capita household income was associated with food choices. The consumption of both healthy and unhealthy items increased with increasing household income.

Custo da alimentação e densidade energética da dieta no Brasil, 2008-2009 / Cost and energy density of diet in Brazil, 2008-2009

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a relação entre o custo da alimentação e a densidade energética da dieta consumida nos domicílios brasileiros. Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF-2008/2009) para identificação dos alimentos com consumo mais relevante e seus preços. Tais alimentos foram agrupados, resultando em uma cesta de 67 produtos. Empregou-se a programação linear para composição de cestas isoenergéticas, minimizando o afastamento da dieta média encontrada nos domicílios. Foram impostos limites para quantidade de inclusão dos itens e contribuição energética dos grupos de alimentos; e uma redução no custo médio da dieta foi aplicada a intervalos de R$0,15 até o menor custo possível. Identificou-se associação inversa entre densidade energética e preço da dieta (p < 0,05), e, no menor custo possível, obteve-se o valor máximo de densidade energética. Verificou-se que restrições no custo da alimentação resultaram na seleção de dietas com maior densidade energética, indicando que o custo da alimentação pode conduzir à adoção de dietas inadequadas no Brasil.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the cost and energy density of diet consumed in Brazilian households. Data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF 2008/2009) were used to identify the main foods and their prices. Similar items were grouped, resulting in a basket of 67 products. Linear programming was applied for the composition of isoenergetic baskets, minimizing the deviation from the average household diet. Restrictions were imposed on the inclusion of items and the energy contribution of the various food groups. A reduction in average cost of diet was applied at intervals of R$0.15 to the lowest possible cost. We identified an inverse association between energy density and cost of diet (p < 0.05), and at the lowest possible cost we obtained the maximum value of energy density. Restrictions on the diet's cost resulted in the selection of diets with higher energy density, indicating that cost of diet may lead to the adoption of inadequate diets in Brazil.

[Cost and energy density of diet in Brazil, 2008-2009]. / Custo da alimentação e densidade energética da dieta no Brasil, 2008-2009.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the cost and energy density of diet consumed in Brazilian households. Data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF 2008/2009) were used to identify the main foods and their prices. Similar items were grouped, resulting in a basket of 67 products. Linear programming was applied for the composition of isoenergetic baskets, minimizing the deviation from the average household diet. Restrictions were imposed on the inclusion of items and the energy contribution of the various food groups. A reduction in average cost of diet was applied at intervals of R$0.15 to the lowest possible cost. We identified an inverse association between energy density and cost of diet (p < 0.05), and at the lowest possible cost we obtained the maximum value of energy density. Restrictions on the diet's cost resulted in the selection of diets with higher energy density, indicating that cost of diet may lead to the adoption of inadequate diets in Brazil.

Cambios en el consumo aparente de nutrientes en el Gran Santiago 1988-1997 en hogares según ingreso y su probable relación con patrón de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles / Changes in household food and nutrient consumption in Metropolitan Santiago 1988-97 by income

Background: The rise in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and cancer observed in Chile over the past decades may be related to changes in dietary patterns of the population. Aim: To report changes in household apparent food-nutrients consumption (HAFNC) for Metropolitan Santiago-Chile 1988-97. Material and Methods: The analysis is based on data from household expenditure surveys conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) on a representative sample of the population to define changes in food prices. Information on food and drink purchases were grouped by specific items and expen-ditures standardized across the two surveys. HAFNC was determined based on unit consumed at home and out of home by the total group and by income quintile using national food composition tables. Results: Apparent energy consumption increased over the study period by 25 percent, this was mainly explained by increased consumption of meat and dairy (rich in saturated fats of animal origin) and of processed foods (fat spreads, sweets and pastries) and foods rich in added sugars (sugary drinks and juices). Dietary fiber derived from whole grains, legumes and cereals decreased. The HAFNC of items protective against nutrition related chronic diseases, such as vegetables, fruits and other fiber rich foods remained stable or frankly decreased (legumes and non-starchy vegetables) Fish and other marine foods rich in omega- 3 fats remained low. Conclusions: The changes in apparent food consumption patterns can be characterized by an increase in energy dense, fat and sugar rich foods with a low consumption of fi sh, whole grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits.

[Changes in household food and nutrient consumption in Metropolitan Santiago 1988-97 by income]. / Cambios en el consumo aparente de nutrientes en el Gran Santiago 1988-1997 en hogares según ingreso y su probable relación con patrón de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

BACKGROUND: the rise in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and cancer observed in Chile over the past decades may be related to changes in dietary patterns of the population. AIM: to report changes in household apparent food-nutrients consumption (HAFNC) for Metropolitan Santiago-Chile 1988-97. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the analysis is based on data from household expenditure surveys conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) on a representative sample of the population to define changes in food prices. Information on food and drink purchases were grouped by specific items and expen-ditures standardized across the two surveys. HAFNC was determined based on unit consumed at home and out of home by the total group and by income quintile using national food composition tables. RESULTS: apparent energy consumption increased over the study period by 25%, this was mainly explained by increased consumption of meat and dairy (rich in saturated fats of animal origin) and of processed foods (fat spreads, sweets and pastries) and foods rich in added sugars (sugary drinks and juices). Dietary fiber derived from whole grains, legumes and cereals decreased. The HAFNC of items protective against nutrition related chronic diseases, such as vegetables, fruits and other fiber rich foods remained stable or frankly decreased (legumes and non-starchy vegetables) Fish and other marine foods rich in omega- 3 fats remained low. CONCLUSIONS: the changes in apparent food consumption patterns can be characterized by an increase in energy dense, fat and sugar rich foods with a low consumption of fi sh, whole grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits.