Epidemiology of Bartonella henselae infection in pet and stray cats in Croatia with risk factors analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cats are the primary reservoirs of the bacterium Bartonella henselae, the main cause of cat-scratch disease in humans. The main vector of the bacterium is the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. In southeastern Europe, data are lacking on the prevalence of B. henselae infection in cats, the strains of B. henselae involved and the risk factors associated with the infection. METHODS: Blood samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-containing tubes from 189 domestic cats (156 pet cats and 33 stray cats) from Zagreb, the capital city of Croatia, and 10 counties throughout Croatia were cultured for Bartonella spp. Following culture, bacterial isolates were genotyped at eight loci after using PCR to amplify 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region between the 16S and 23S rRNA sequences. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors for B. henselae infection in cats. RESULTS: Bartonella spp. was detected in 31 cats (16.4%), and subsequent genotyping at the eight loci revealed B. henselae in all cases. Thirty complete multilocus sequence typing profiles were obtained, and the strains were identified as four sequence types that had been previously reported, namely ST5 (56.7%), ST6 (23.3%), ST1 (13.3%) and ST24 (3.3%), as well as a novel sequence type, ST33 (3.3%). The univariate analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of B. henselae infection in cats residing in coastal areas of Croatia (odds ratio [OR] 2.592, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.150-5.838; P = 0.0191) and in cats with intestinal parasites (OR 3.207, 95% CI 1.088-9.457; P = 0.0279); a significantly lower risk was identified in cats aged > 1 year (OR 0.356, 95% CI 0.161-0.787; P = 0.0247) and in cats sampled between April and September (OR 0.325, 95% CI 0.147-0.715; P = 0.005). The multivariate analysis that controlled for age showed a positive association with the presence of intestinal parasites (OR 4.241, 95% CI 1.243-14.470; P = 0.0119) and coastal residence (OR 2.567, 95% CI 1.114-5.915; P = 0.0216) implying increased risk of infection, and a negative association with sampling between April and September (OR 0.379, 95% CI 0.169-0.848; P = 0.018) implying a decreased risk of infection. After controlling for the season, an increased risk of infection remained for the coastal region (OR 2.725, 95% CI 1.200-6.186; P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Bartonella henselae is prevalent throughout Croatia and is a public health threat. Environmental and host factors can significantly affect the risk of infection, and these should be explored in more detail. The presence of intestinal parasites highlights the need to eliminate the flea vector, Ctenocephalides felis, as the most effective approach to control infections in cats and humans.

Variantes en la presentación clínica de la enfermedad por arañazo de gato en niños del hospital Garrahan / Variants in the clinical presentation of cat scratch disease in children at Garrahan Hospital

La infección por Bartonella henselae (BH) adopta diversas formas de presentación clínica en pediatría. Según la bibliografía la forma de presentación más frecuente en pacientes inmunocompetentes es la linfadenopatía única asociada a fiebre. En el 85 % de los casos se compromete un solo ganglio siendo los axilares y los epitrocleares los más frecuentemente involucrados. Existen otras formas de presentación menos frecuentes que debemos tener en consideración, para poder realizar un diagnóstico precoz e indicar un tratamiento adecuado si así lo requiere. El diagnóstico requiere de la sospecha clínica del equipo de salud tratante, junto al antecedente epidemiológico, los hallazgos clínicos del examen físico y la realización de serologías que incluyan el dosaje de inmunoglobulina M y G. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron reconocer las manifestaciones clínicas típicas y atípicas de la EAG por Bartonella henselae, describir la epidemiología, características clínicas y evolución de esta enfermedad que se presentaron en nuestro hospital. Se estudiaron un total de 187 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 7.6 años (rango 1-14); siendo 53.5% de género masculino. Las formas de presentación más frecuentes en nuestro trabajo fueron la adenitis y la fiebre. La mayoría recibió diversos esquemas de tratamiento antibiótico, secundario al retraso en el diagnóstico. La tasa de hospitalización fue muy baja, remitió con tratamiento ambulatorio con antibióticos o sin ellos (AU)

Bartonella henselae infection has different clinical presentations in pediatrics. According to the literature, the most common form of presentation in immunocompetent patients is single lymphadenopathy associated with fever. In 85 % of the cases a single lymph node is involved, with the axillary and epitrochlear nodes being the most commonly involved. There are other, less frequent, forms of presentation that should be taken into consideration in order to make an early diagnosis and indicate appropriate treatment if required. Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion by the treating healthcare team, together with the epidemiological history, clinical findings on physical examination, and serology including immunoglobulin M and G dosage. The objectives of this study were to identify both the typical and atypical clinical manifestations of Bartonella henselae cat scratch disease, to describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of cases presenting at our hospital. A total of 187 patients were studied. The mean age was 7.6 years (range 1-14); 53.5% were male. The most frequent forms of presentation in our study were adenitis and fever. Most of them received different antibiotic treatment regimens due to delayed diagnosis. The hospitalization rate was very low and the disease typically resolved with outpatient treatment, with or without antibiotics (AU)

Enfermedad por arañazo de gato: experiencia en unhospital pediátrico de tercer nivel / Cat-scratch disease: Experience in a tertiary care children's hospital

Introducción. Bartonella henselae es el agente etiológico de la enfermedad por arañazo de gato. Afecta a niños y a adultos jóvenes. El espectro clínico es amplio; la forma de presentación más frecuente es la linfadenopatía única. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar epidemiología, características clínicas y evolución de esta enfermedad en un hospital de alta complejidad de Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional realizado en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel, desde el 01 de enero de 2019 hasta el 30 de junio de 2021. Se incluyeron niños de 0 a 16 años con clínica compatible y serología positiva. Resultados. Se incluyeron 150 niños, con una media de edad de 7,9 años ± 3,68. El 68,7 % refirió tener contacto con gatos. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fueron las adenopatías únicas (84,7 %) localizadas en cabeza y cuello. El síndrome febril sin foco motivó la consulta en el 15,5 % de los casos, con ecografía abdominal patológica en el 85,7 %. Presentó IgM e IgG positivas el 88 %. Con el resultado de la serología positiva, el 44 % recibió tratamiento antibiótico. Las adenopatías prolongadas fueron la principal causa de su instauración; el más utilizado fue la azitromicina (42,4 %). El 14 % (n = 21) requirió internación. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico implica sospecha clínica, nexo epidemiológico y exámenes complementarios. Su forma típica son las adenomegalias únicas localizadas en cabeza y cuello. Debido a la alta frecuencia de compromiso hepatoesplénico, la realización de ecografía abdominal estaría indicada en niños con fiebre.

Introduction. Bartonella henselae is the etiologic agent in cat-scratch disease. It affects children and young adults. The clinical spectrum is wide; the most common clinical presentation is a solitary lymphadenopathy. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiology, clinical features, and course of this disease in a tertiary care hospital in Argentina. Population and methods. Retrospective, descriptive, and observational study conducted at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from January 1st, 2019 to June 30 th, 2021. Children aged 0 to 16 years with compatible clinical signs and symptoms and positive serology were included. Results. A total of 150 patients were included; their mean age was 7.9 years ± 3.68. Of them, 68.7% reported having contact with cats. The most common reason for consultation was the presence of solitary lymphadenopathies (84.7%) in the head and neck. Febrile syndrome without source was the reason for consultation in 15.5% of cases, with a pathological abdominal ultrasound scan in 85.7%. IgM and IgG were positive in 88%. With the result of a positive serology test, 44% received antibiotic treatment. Protracted lymphadenopathy was the main reason for antibiotic treatment; the agent most commonly used was azithromycin (42.4%). Fourteen percent (n = 21) required hospitalization. Conclusions. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, epidemiological history, and complementary testing. Its typical presentation is a solitary enlarged lymph node in the head and neck. Due to the high frequency of hepatosplenic involvement, an abdominal ultrasound scan would be indicated in children with fever.

Cat-scratch disease: Experience in a tertiary care children's hospital. / Enfermedad por arañazo de gato: experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel.

Introduction. Bartonella henselae is the etiologic agent in cat-scratch disease. It affects children and young adults. The clinical spectrum is wide; the most common clinical presentation is a solitary lymphadenopathy. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiology, clinical features, and course of this disease in a tertiary care hospital in Argentina. Population and methods. Retrospective, descriptive, and observational study conducted at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from January 1st , 2019 to June 30th, 2021. Children aged 0 to 16 years with compatible clinical signs and symptoms and positive serology were included. Results. A total of 150 patients were included; their mean age was 7.9 years ± 3.68. Of them, 68.7% reported having contact with cats. The most common reason for consultation was the presence of solitary lymphadenopathies (84.7%) in the head and neck. Febrile syndrome without source was the reason for consultation in 15.5% of cases, with a pathological abdominal ultrasound scan in 85.7%. IgM and IgG were positive in 88%. With the result of a positive serology test, 44% received antibiotic treatment. Protracted lymphadenopathy was the main reason for antibiotic treatment; the agent most commonly used was azithromycin (42.4%). Fourteen percent (n = 21) required hospitalization. Conclusions. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, epidemiological history, and complementary testing. Its typical presentation is a solitary enlarged lymph node in the head and neck. Due to the high frequency of hepatosplenic involvement, an abdominal ultrasound scan would be indicated in children with fever.

Introducción. Bartonella henselae es el agente etiológico de la enfermedad por arañazo de gato. Afecta a niños y a adultos jóvenes. El espectro clínico es amplio; la forma de presentación más frecuente es la linfadenopatía única. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar epidemiología, características clínicas y evolución de esta enfermedad en un hospital de alta complejidad de Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional realizado en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel, desde el 01 de enero de 2019 hasta el 30 de junio de 2021. Se incluyeron niños de 0 a 16 años con clínica compatible y serología positiva. Resultados. Se incluyeron 150 niños, con una media de edad de 7,9 años ± 3,68. El 68,7 % refirió tener contacto con gatos. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fueron las adenopatías únicas (84,7 %) localizadas en cabeza y cuello. El síndrome febril sin foco motivó la consulta en el 15,5 % de los casos, con ecografía abdominal patológica en el 85,7 %. Presentó IgM e IgG positivas el 88 %. Con el resultado de la serología positiva, el 44 % recibió tratamiento antibiótico. Las adenopatías prolongadas fueron la principal causa de su instauración; el más utilizado fue la azitromicina (42,4 %). El 14 % (n = 21) requirió internación. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico implica sospecha clínica, nexo epidemiológico y exámenes complementarios. Su forma típica son las adenomegalias únicas localizadas en cabeza y cuello. Debido a la alta frecuencia de compromiso hepatoesplénico, la realización de ecografía abdominal estaría indicada en niños con fiebre.

Serologic study of Bartonella sp. infection among human population of Southern Spain.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Bartonella sp. in a randomly selected sample from the population of the patients of North Sanitary District of Jaén. METHODS: We used a commercially available immunofluorescent test (Focus-Technology IFA Bartonella quintana and B. henselae test). RESULTS: Six hundred five healthy individuals were divided by sex into three age groups. We detected that 13.55% and 11.07% subjects were IgG seropositive to B. henselae and B. quintana, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the prevalence of both Bartonella species in Andalusia (Southern Spain) is relatively high. No statistical difference in the seropositivity was observed among these groups. In both cases, the IgG antibody titers ranged from 1/128 to 1/512.

Exploring the seasonal and regional features of cat-scratch disease on the basis of anti-Bartonella henselae IgM/IgG positive rates in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the seasonal and regional features of cat-scratch disease (CSD) based on 15-years of test results for anti-Bartonella henselae IgG and IgM by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) performed as a laboratory specialized in diagnostic testing of CSD in Japan. A literature search was performed to put our findings in perspective. METHODS: A total of 956 sera from patients suspected of CSD were submitted to our laboratory from nationwide. Seasonal changes in the monthly positive rates of IgG/IgM antibodies and regional distribution of the test specimens were analyzed. RESULTS: The monthly positive rates of anti-B. henselae IFA of IgG and IgM were both significantly high between September and January and low between March and July. The seasonal pattern observed in this study was similar to the ones reported from US and France, which were analyzed from a clinical database (monthly incidence of CSD diagnosis) or from monthly positive rates of either B. henselae PCR or anti-B. henselae IFA. However, fluctuations in the IFA monthly positive rates in this study were more pronounced than other reports. Regarding regionality, the test specimens submitted to us for IFA were prominently more from southwestern areas than from northern/middle-northern areas of Japan. The distribution coincided well with the regional distribution of CSD case reports and with a known regional prevalence of Bartonella-species bacteremia among pet cats in Japan. CONCLUSION: These epidemiological features in Japan are of relevance in the clinical diagnoses of CSD.

Clinical profile and visual outcome of intraocular inflammation associated with cat-scratch disease in Japanese patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate intraocular inflammation in Japanese patients with cat-scratch disease (CSD). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical chart review. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The cases of 15 consecutive patients (19 affected eyes) in Kochi Prefecture, Japan who were serologically positive for Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana infection in association with intraocular inflammation were reviewed. The clinical manifestations, ocular complications, and treatment modalities were recorded. The clinical charts and photographic records were also reviewed for evidence of optic disc lesions, macular star, foci of chorioretinitis, and other findings. RESULTS: Thirteen patients reported fever before or at the time of the initial presentation. Ten of 11 patients with decreased visual acuity manifested neuroretinitis, and the remaining patient showed retinochoroiditis with macular involvement. One patient with a visual field defect manifested branch retinal artery occlusion. Three patients without visual disturbance presented with fever of unknown cause. Discrete white retinal or retinochoroidal lesions were the most common findings (84% of eyes, 87% of patients), followed by retinal hemorrhage (63% of eyes, 80% of patients), optic disc lesions (63% of eyes, 73% of patients), serous retinal detachment (53% of eyes, 67% of patients), and macular star (47% of eyes, 60% of patients). CONCLUSION: White retinal or retinochoroidal foci were the most common ocular posterior segment manifestations of CSD in this patient population. A diagnosis of CSD should be suspected in patients with fever and chorioretinal white spots, and the absence of neuroretinitis or macular star does not exclude the possibility of intraocular inflammation in CSD.

Epidemiological of cat scratch disease among inpatients in the Spanish health system (1997-2015).

Cat scratch disease, whose causative agent is Bartonella henselae, is an anthropozoonosis with a worldwide distribution that causes significant public health problems. Although it is an endemic disease in Spain, the available data are very limited. The aim of our study was to describe cat scratch disease inpatients in the National Health System (NHS) of Spain. This was a retrospective descriptive study using the minimum basic data set (CMBD in Spanish) in patients admitted to hospitals of the NHS between 1997 and 2015 with a diagnosis of cat scratch disease (ICD-9: 078.3). We found 781 hospitalized patients diagnosed with cat scratch disease. The mean age (± SD) was 30.7 ± 25.3 years old. The male/female ratio was 1.1:1. The incidence rate over the study period was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.86-0.99) cases per million person-years. The incidence rate in men was 0.98 cases per million person-years and that in women was 0.88 cases per million person-years. The cases were more frequent from September to January. A total of 652 (83.5%) cases were urgent hospital admissions. The average hospital stay was 8.4 ± 8.9 days. The overall lethality rate of the cohort was 1.3%. We have demonstrated that CSD causes a substantial burden of disease in Spain, affecting both adult and pediatric patients with a stable incidence rate. Our data suggest that CSD is benign and self-limited, with low mortality, and its incidence is possibly underestimated. Finally, there is a need for a common national strategy for data collection, monitoring, and reporting, which would facilitate a more accurate picture and the design of more strategic control measures. Hospital discharge records (HDRs) could be a good database for the epidemiological analysis of the hospital management of CSD.

Disseminated Cat Scratch Disease in Pediatric Patients in Hawai'i.

Cat scratch disease is known to be a generally benign, self-resolving illness associated with non-specific symptoms, including lymphadenopathy, fever, fatigue, anorexia, and headaches. However, it can also cause disseminated disease with a wide range of manifestations, including liver and spleen microabscesses, osteomyelitis, encephalitis, and uveitis. Eighteen pediatric cases of disseminated cat scratch disease at a single center in Hawai'i are described. This case series emphasizes the importance of disease recognition and use of appropriate diagnostic tools and disease management. The disease burden of pediatric patients with disseminated cat scratch disease in the state of Hawai'i has a high incidence and should be considered in pediatric patients with prolonged febrile illnesses.

Atypical Manifestations of Cat-Scratch Disease, United States, 2005-2014.

Atypical manifestations that can be severe and difficult to diagnosis develop in 5%-20% of patients with cat-scratch disease. To clarify the epidemiology of atypical cat-scratch disease in the United States, we analyzed data from the 2005-2014 MarketScan national health insurance claims databases by using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, codes for cat-scratch disease and selected atypical manifestations: retinitis/neuroretinitis, conjunctivitis, neuritis, encephalitis, hepatosplenic disease, osteomyelitis, erythema nodosum, and endocarditis. Atypical cat-scratch disease accounted for 1.5% of all cases, resulting in an average annual incidence of 0.7 cases/100,000 population. Atypical cat-scratch disease was associated with increased risk for hospitalization (risk ratios 8.77, 95% CI 6.56-11.72) and occurred most often in female patients 10-14 years of age. Ocular (48.7%), hepatosplenic (24.6%), and neurologic (13.8%) manifestations were most common among patients. A more comprehensive understanding of atypical cat-scratch disease can improve patient diagnosis and potentially elucidate pathophysiology of the disease.

Infectious and Autoimmune Causes of Encephalitis in Children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Encephalitis can result in neurologic morbidity and mortality in children. Newly recognized infectious and noninfectious causes of encephalitis have become increasingly important over the past decade. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records from pediatric patients in Houston diagnosed with encephalitis in both an urban and rural catchment area between 2010 and 2017. We conducted an investigation to understand the etiology, clinical characteristics, and diagnostic testing practices in this population. RESULTS: We evaluated 231 patients who met the case definition of encephalitis, among which 42% had no recognized etiology. Among those with an identified etiology, the most common were infectious (73; 31%), including viral (n = 51; 22%), with the most frequent being West Nile virus (WNV; n = 12), and bacterial (n = 19; 8%), with the most frequent being Bartonella henselae (n = 7). Among cases of autoimmune encephalitis (n = 60; 26%), the most frequent cause was anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (n = 31). Autoimmune causes were seen more commonly in female (P < .01) patients. Testing for herpes simplex virus and enterovirus was nearly universal; testing for anti-NMDAR encephalitis, WNV, and Bartonella was less common. CONCLUSIONS: WNV was the most common infectious cause of encephalitis in our pediatric population despite lower testing frequency for WNV than herpes simplex virus or enterovirus. Increasing testing for anti-NMDAR encephalitis resulted in frequent identification of cases. Increased awareness and testing for WNV and Bartonella would likely result in more identified causes of pediatric encephalitis. Earlier etiologic diagnosis of encephalitides may lead to improve clinical outcomes.

Cat-scratch Disease in the Pediatric Population: 6 Years of Evaluation and Follow-up in a Public Hospital in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Bartonella henselae is the etiologic agent of cat-scratch disease, which affects the entire world population. Due to how poorly characterized the child population is, the objective was to describe the clinical behavior of this disease in children younger than 16 years of age. METHODS: This was a descriptive study with prospective follow-up of all children younger than 16 years with clinical and serologic diagnoses between 2013 and 2018. RESULTS: There were 142 patients; of these, 55.6% had localized disease, 34.5% disseminated with hepatosplenic involvement and 9.8% had atypical disease. The cases of atypical disease were prolonged febrile illness, Parinaud syndrome, subacute bacterial endocarditis/glomerulonephritis and aseptic meningitis. Cervical lymphadenopathy was the most frequent, followed by inguinal adenopathy. There were no differences between the type of manifestation and laboratory values except for a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate tendency in patients with disseminated and/or atypical disease. The serologic titers throughout were distributed as follows: titer of 1/1024, 71.7%; titer of 1/512, 10.4% and titer of 1/256, 17.9%. CONCLUSIONS: This is, to our knowledge, the largest series of cat-scratch disease published. We demonstrate that in our environment, the inguinal location is suggestive of this disease, the disseminated presentation, frequent, and that the titers are probably much higher than in other populations, which perhaps indicates the need to re-examine the cut-off point for positivity.

Cat Scratch Disease Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin Is a Unique Clinical Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a rare manifestation of cat scratch disease (CSD). Data regarding CSD-associated FUO (CSD-FUO), particularly in adults, are limited. We aimed to study disease manifestations and long-term clinical outcome. METHODS: A national CSD surveillance study has been conducted in Israel since 1991. Data are obtained using questionnaires, review of medical records, and telephone interviews. FUO was defined as fever of ≥14 days without an identifiable cause. CSD-FUO patients were identified in the 2004-2017 CSD national registry. Follow-up included outpatient clinic visits and telephone/e-mail surveys. RESULTS: The study included 66 CSD-FUO patients. Median age was 35.5 years (range, 3-88). Median fever duration was 4 weeks (range, 2-9). Relapsing fever pattern was reported in 52% of patients, weight loss in 57%, and night sweats in 48%. Involvement of ≥1 organs occurred in 59% of patients; hepatosplenic space-occupying lesions (35%), abdominal/mediastinal lymphadenopathy (20%), ocular disease (18%), and multifocal osteomyelitis (6%) were the most common. Malignancy, particularly lymphoma, was the initial radiological interpretation in 21% of patients; 32% underwent invasive diagnostic procedures. Of the 59 patients available for follow-up (median duration, 31 weeks; range, 4-445), 95% had complete recovery; 3 patients remained with ocular sequelae. CONCLUSION: This is the first attempt to characterize CSD-FUO as a unique syndrome that may be severe and debilitating and often mimics malignancy. Relapsing fever is a common clinical phenotype. Multiorgan involvement is common. Recovery was complete in all patients except in those with ocular disease.

Pediatric neck masses: how clinical and radiological features can drive diagnosis.

Pediatric neck masses are a common occurrence and often represent a diagnostic challenge. The primary aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological features of neck masses in children and how they can drive diagnosis. The secondary aim was to create a diagnostic algorithm based on clinical features. We evaluated 190 children with neck masses who needed hospitalization. Clinical data and imaging findings were collected. The patients were divided into six groups: congenital/developmental lesions, tumors, acute and subacute lymphadenopathies, chronic nonspecific lymphadenopathies, cat-scratch disease, and mycobacteriosis. Reactive lymphadenopathies were observed in the majority of cases (65.8%). Congenital/developmental cysts were present in 28.9%, while 5.3% had a tumor. A lower mean age was observed for acute/subacute lymphadenopathies and mycobacteriosis. Fever and a painful mass were typical of acute/subacute lymphadenopaties and cat-scratch disease. A hard and fixed mass was not only typical of tumors. Concerning imaging findings, multiple lymph nodes at the same level was mainly observed in mycobacteriosis, while bilateral lymph node enlargement and colliquation were present in lymphadenopathies.Conclusion:A complete and adequate clinical assessment should be the basis for every diagnostic and therapeutic choice in children with neck masses. What is Known: • Pediatric neck masses are a common occurrence and often represent a diagnostic challenge. • Clinical features, serological exams and imaging findings should drive the physician to an appropriate diagnostic hypothesis. What is New: • A lower mean age was observed for acute/subacute lymphadenopathies and mycobacteriosis. • A hard and fixed mass was not only typical of tumors. • Multiple lymph nodes at the same level were mainly observed in mycobacteriosis, while bilateral lymph node enlargement and colliquation were present in nonspecific lymphadenopathies.

Bartonella henselae in Italy: a rare seasonal infection.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic Bartonella henselae infection is considered rare in Europe. Cat fleas transmit the microorganism between cats, but their role in transmission of B. henselae to humans has not been defined. The aim of our study was to perform a retrospective study of detected cases at our Hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data of all children showing lymphadenopathy and a 4-fold increase in specific IgM for B. henselae over the period from June 2010 to May 2015. We therefore examined clinical data, laboratory exams in order to achieve a description of the expression of Bartonella infection in our series: age, geographical area of origin, symptoms, laboratory exams, the seat of the swelling lymph nodes with ultrasound description, and data on biopsy of lymph node when performed. RESULTS: We could identify a total of 7 patients (4 females, range of age: mean age 8.75±2.87 SD): three cases in 2011 and 1 case per year in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 with an average distance between one case and the sequent of 246.16±214.54 days. All patients came from small towns with no preference between the inland and coastal areas. The infection was characterized only by lymphadenopathy with nonspecific alterations at blood tests and with no history of cat scratch. CONCLUSIONS: By our experience, Bartonella infection presents as a seasonal disease with increased incidence in autumn, with peaks in October, and a decrease after spring. In conclusion, infection with B. henselae is an issue to keep in consideration in all cases of lymphadenopathy, especially in children coming from small towns even without a declared cat scratch.

Neurological presentations of Bartonella henselae infection.

OBJECTIVE: Neurological symptoms in patients with cat-scratch disease (CSD) have been rarely reported. The aim of this study is to analyze the frequency of neurological CSD (NCSD) and describe the disease clinical presentation, management and outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively selected patients with a CSD syndrome and Bartonella IgG titers > 1:256. Data regarding epidemiological, clinical, management, and follow-up features were analyzed and discussed. A comparison between NCSD and non-neurological CSD (NNCSD) was established. RESULTS: Thirty-nine CSD patients were selected. NCSD frequency was 10.25%. No children were found affected in the NCSD group. A 65.7% of NNCSD and the entirety of the NCSD group had a history of cat exposure. Immunosuppression was only present in the NNCSD group (8.6%). NCSD presentations were as follows: isolated aseptic meningitis (25%), neuroretinitis (50%), and isolated optic neuritis (25%). A greater proportion of patients in the NCSD group had fever and raised levels of acute phase reactants and white blood cells. 85.7% of NNCSD had a complete recovery, whereas only 50% of the NCSD patients experienced a full recovery. CONCLUSION: NCSD may be a distinctive group compared to NNCSD due to its later age of presentation, the more intense systemic response, and the poorer outcome.

Bartonella henselae infection in diverse clinical conditions in a tertiary care hospital in north India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: : Bartonella henselae causes infections which closely resemble febrile illness and chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and haematological malignancies. There are not many studies on Bartonella infections from India. The present study was undertaken to diagnose B. henselae infection in diverse clinical conditions in a tertiary care hospital in north India. METHODS: A total of 145 patients including those with fever and lymphadenopathy, infective endocarditis and neuroretinitis were enrolled in the study. Whole blood, serum and lymph node aspirate and valvular vegetations if available, were obtained. Samples were plated on chocolate agar and brain-heart infusion agar containing five per cent fresh rabbit blood and were incubated at 35°C for at least four weeks in five per cent CO2with high humidity. Immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA) was done for the detection of IgM antibodies in the serum using a commercial kit. Whole blood was used to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the citrate synthase gene (gltA). RESULTS: IFA was positive in 11 of 140 (7.85%) patients and PCR was positive in 3 of 140 (2.14%) patients. Culture was negative in all the cases. A higher incidence of Bartonella infection was seen in patients with fever and lymphadenopathy (n=30), seven of whom were children. In ophthalmological conditions, four cases were IFA positive. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that the threat of Bartonella infection is a reality in India. It is also an important treatable cause of fever and lymphadenopathy in children. Serology and PCR are useful tests for its diagnosis. Clinicians should consider. BARTONELLA: infection in the differential diagnosis of febrile illnesses and chronic diseases.

Bartonella henselae and Rickettsia felis Detected in Cat Fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) Derived from Eastern Austrian Cats.

Cats and cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) are vectors of the zoonotic bacterial pathogens Bartonella henselae and Rickettsia felis, which are the causative agents of "cat scratch disease" and "cat flea typhus," respectively. In the surroundings of Vienna (Austria), we identified 11 (10.5%; n = 105) B. henselae-positive fleas originating from 8 cats (20.5%; n = 39). One flea was positive for R. felis. There should be high levels of awareness among veterinarians and animal keepers as to the handling of cats, especially if free roaming, stray, or feral.