First record of nasopharyngeal myiasis caused by Cephalopina titillator (Clark, 1816) in camel (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758) in Uzbekistan.

Nasopharyngeal myiasis caused by the camel nasal bot, Cephalopina titillator, is very common in old world camelids and is usually found at necropsy or during meat inspection. Herein we report massive infection with C. titillator in a 9 years old female one-humped camel slaughtered on February 18, 2024 in the village of Kizil Uy, Nukus District, Republic of Karakalpakstan, northwestern Uzbekistan. A total of 69 larvae: 20 first stage larva (28.9%), 31  second stage larva (44.9%), and 18 third stage larva (26.0%) were detected in the nasal passages and pharynx of the camel. Morphological and morphometrical characters of all larval stages are illustrated and detailed in this article. To our knowledge this is the first record of camel nasal bot infestation in Uzbekistan. Future epidemiological studies are needed to shed light on the prevalence, seasonal fluctuation, clinical impact and economic burden of nasopharyngeal myiasis in dromedary camels of the country.

A behavioral evaluation of the effects of ingestion of Linguatula serrata nymphs in rats.

Nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis known as Halzoun or Marrara syndrome occurs following ingestion of raw or undercooked viscera, including lymph nodes, liver and lung of infected animals. The present study was aimed to investigate the behavioral changes induced by ingestion of Linguatula serrata nymphs in rats. For this purpose, 24 rats were divided into four groups and orally ingested with 0 (control), 15, 30 and 60 L. serrata nymphs, respectively. Sneezing, mouth and tongue movements and mouth opening numbers were counted and the duration of mouth and nose grooming was measured at 10-min blocks for 30 min. Ingestion of 0 (normal saline) number of nymph produced negligible behaviors, whereas 15, 30 and 60 numbers of nymphs increased the above-mentioned behaviors when compared to normal saline (0 nymph) group. In this context, 60 number of nymphs produced more behavioral changes than 15 nymphs. We concluded that ingestion of L. serrata nymphs can produce behavioral changes in orofacial area in rats.

Morphological and molecular identification of nasopharyngeal bot fly larvae infesting red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Austria.

Nasopharyngeal myiases are caused by larvae of bot flies (Diptera: Oestridae), which have evolved a high specificity for their hosts. Bot flies (n = 916) were collected from 137 (57.6 %) out of 238 red deer (Cervus elaphus) hunted in Vorarlberg and Tyrol (Western Austria). After being stored in 75 % ethanol, larvae were identified to species level and developmental stage using morphological and morphometric keys. Larvae were also molecularly characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Morphological and molecular analysis allowed identification of larvae as Cephenemyia auribarbis and Pharyngomyia picta. Genetic variations were also examined within the specimens collected in both geographical locations.

[An Uncommon Cause of Epistaxis: Nasopharyngeal Hirudiniasis]. / Epistaksisin Nadir Bir Nedeni: Nazofarengeal Huridiniasis.

The leech that is taken by ingestion of contaminated water can settle on any location at upper respiratory tract from nose to larynx. It sucks blood by adhering to the mucosa and causes mucosal bleeding by secreting hirudin. If the leech goes forward to the larynx, this can be life threatening due to severe airway obstruction. We are presenting 23 year-old male patient who admitted to our hospital with anterior and posterior nose bleeding and dysphagia due to the leech located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. The treatment and differential diagnosis of epistaxis is discussed in this article.

Prevalence and pathology of camel nasal myiasis in eastern areas of Iran.

Camel botfly, Cephalopina titillator, causes severe economic losses to the camel industry in many camel-producing areas of the world. A total of 1328 camels, of different age groups and of both sexes, slaughtered at Mashhad Slaughterhouse, Khorasan Razavi Province, eastern Iran were inspected for infestation with larvae of C. titillator. After slaughtering, the head was dissected and grossly inspected for presence of C. titillator larvae and other gross abnormalities. Seven hundred and seventy one camels (58.1%) were infested with this larvae and the rate of infestation was significantly greater in the colder months (69.8%) compared to those of warmer ones (36.2%) and in males (65.0%) compared to those of the female camels (45.60%). The prevalence rate was lower in camels younger than 2 years old (39.8%) compared to those of 2-6 (61.5%) and over 6 years old (62.8%). Proper tissue sections from nasal cavity, pharynx, turbinates and frontal sinuses of 30 infested and 10 uninfested camels processed routinely for histopathological studies. The mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and frontal sinuses of the heavily infested camels were congested, swollen, edematous, occasionally haemorrhagic and infrequently occupied by copious amounts of muco-fibrinous exudates. Dark brown or black nodules were seen in the mucous membrane of these structures. The main histopathologic changes were desquamation, hydropic degeneration and hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium with focal or diffused infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophils and fibroblasts in the mucosa and submucosal layers. Hyperemia of the blood vessels of the nasopharyngeal wall, goblet cell hyperplasia and cystic dilatation of submucosal secretory glands were also present in the heavily infested animals. This investigation was designed to record the prevalence together with gross and histopathological changes observed due to C. titillator in camels in eastern provinces of Iran.

Cutaneous rhinosporidiosis.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of the mucocutaneous tissue, which clinically presents as polypoidal growths. Cutaneous lesions are infrequent and are generally associated with mucosal lesions. We present a case of cutaneous rhinosporidiosis in association with recurrent nasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis in a 65-year-old male patient. He presented with dysphagia for solid foods and skin growth on the left side of jaw of 2 years duration. Histopathology of cutaneous and nasopharyngeal lesions revealed numerous thick walled sporangia in a vascular connective tissue along with a granulomatous inflammation confirming the diagnosis of cutaneous and nasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis. Endoscopic removal of nasopharyngeal polyp was done and he was started on dapsone therapy.

Long-term epidemiology, effect on body condition and interspecific interactions of concomitant infection by nasopharyngeal bot fly larvae (Cephenemyia auribarbis and Pharyngomyia picta, Oestridae) in a population of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus).

We studied the pattern of infection and the inter-annual variation and individual factors affecting the infection of 2 species of nasopharyngeal bot flies, Cephenemyia auribarbis and Pharyngomyia picta (Diptera: Oestridae), in a population of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) from south central Spain (10 annual periods between 1990 and 2003). Mean prevalence+/-S.E.95%CI of infection was 35.19+/-4.24% (n=486). The frequency distribution of the parasites was markedly aggregated (K: 0.213, mean abundance+/-S.D.: 5.49+/-12.12). Parasite load of Oestridae peaked at calf and subadult age groups and declined thereafter, which suggests that acquired immunity may be acting. In common with other host-parasite relationships, male hosts were found to have higher prevalence and abundance levels than females. The prevalence of P. picta was positively affected by the presence of C. auribarbis whereas the intensity of infection of P. picta was negatively affected by the presence of C. auribarbis. Intensity of P. picta in concomitant infections with C. auribarbis was lower than in pure P. picta infections, whilst the intensity of C. auribarbis infections did not change. This provides good evidence of interspecific competence, which could be dealt with by parasites by means of asynchronous life-cycles and different maturation periods. Weather also affects the dynamics and transmission rates of these parasites. Previous annual rainfalls positively affected the level of infection with oestrids. Yearly autumn rainfalls affected positively P. picta, possibly due to an effect on the pupal stage survival. Infection of Oestridae affected body condition in calves and subadults, suggesting that oestrids could have sublethal effects on Iberian red deer. Future research is needed to investigate the effect of parasites on the dynamics of the Iberian red deer.

Oestrosis in red deer from Spain.

A survey of naso-pharyngeal myiasis affecting red deer (Cervus elaphus) in southern Spain was conducted. The parasites involved were the larvae of Pharyngomyia picta and Cephenemyia auribarbis (Diptera:Oestridae), which coexist sympatrically within this host. Males and older animals had higher prevalences and intensities of fly larvae. Differences in behaviour and habitat use by male and female deer, and the increase of head size in older males are possibly responsible for this. There were low densities of C. auribarbis while P. picta was the species most frequently observed, although both oestrids were located in the same host cavities. The earlier larviposition by C. auribarbis, and its faster larval development may reflect asynchronous life-cycles of both oestrids; this may decrease inter-specific competition between these sympatric species.

Localization and migration route of Cephalopina titillator (Diptera: Oestridae) larvae in the head of infested camels (Camelus dromedarius).

The localization and migration routes of Cephalopina titillator larvae were studied in the heads of 45 naturally infested camels. Larvae were located in the pharyngeal cavity (95.6%), the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone (71.1%), the turbinates (28.9%) and the lower nasal meatus (6.7%). Out of 261 first-instar larvae, 73.7% were found in the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone and 26.3% in the turbinates, while 88.9% of second-instar larvae were observed in the pharyngeal cavity and 11.1% in the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone. Most third-instar larvae (91.9%) were found in the pharyngeal cavity, with a few larvae in the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone (6.5%) and lower nasal meatus (1.6%). The first moult occurred in the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone. The second moult was observed in both the labyrinth of ethmoid bone and the pharyngeal cavity. The migration route of these larvae in the infested head was discussed.

[Nasopharyngeal myiasis during mechanical ventilation].

We report a case of myiasis caused by Phaenicia sericata during mechanical ventilation. An 86-year-old woman with bronchiectasis was admitted to our hospital with severe respiratory failure. Treatment with mechanical ventilation and sedatives was initiated. On the 10th day of hospitalization, about 20 white larvae were found in the patient's oral or nasal cavities. The larvae were removed and identified as Phaenicia sericata. No mucosal injury was found in the patient's oral or nasal cavity by endoscopic examination. The patient died of multiple organ failure caused by sepsis that had no association with myiasis. From the clinical course and the fly's life cycle, it is considered that the fly laid eggs in the patient's oral or nasal cavity while she was sedated during mechanical ventilation. Myiasis can occur even in a hospital.

[Imported infestations of nasopharyngeal parasites in dogs]. / Importierte Infestationen nasopharyngealer Parasiten beim Hund.

In this paper infestations of the nasal cavity with Myxobdella annandalei in a dog after a sojourn in Nepal and with Linguatula serrata in 2 stray dogs from Turkey, which were imported to Germany, are described.

Effects of Cephenemyia spp. (Diptera: Oestridae) on the nasopharynx of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus).

A study was conducted to determine gross and microscopic tissue changes in the nasopharynx of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) infected with nasal bot fly larvae (Cephenemyia spp.). Paired retropharyngeal recesses were the preferred sites for the growing second and third stage larvae of two species of Cephenemyia (C. apicata and C. jellisoni). Retropharyngeal recesses distended into "pouches" that harbored up to 30 larvae. Pouches were oriented caudal-laterally toward the basisphenoid bone of the cranium. Lateral support of the pouch mass was provided by the stylohyoid bone. The laryngeal orifice was never occluded by the enlarged recesses. The distal pouch wall was relatively thin and remained uniform in thickness as expansion progressed. Occasionally, aberrant larvae were found protruding through the distal wall of the pouch. Disruption of the epithelium and submucosa by larval mouth hooks and integumentary spines were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Histological examination of infected recesses revealed substantial loss of epithelium and mucous glands. Enlargement of recesses into pouches resulted from fibrosis. Healing occurred after larvae egressed from the pouches. Degenerating mucous glands, epithelial metaplasia, epithelial desquamation, and intense inflammation were found near larvae. An eosinophilic exudate with a mixture of macrophages and erythrocytes was present in the lumen of the pouch. The presence of larvae within the pouch inhibited secondary bacterial infection and suppuration. Infection by larvae caused severe local trauma and intense tissue response.

Nasal leech infestation of man.

We present a case in a male patient from Indonesia of nasal leech infestation by Dinobdella ferox that had gone unnoticed for at least three months. The possibility of leech endoparasitism should not be overlooked in people presenting with epistaxis or hemoptysis and a history of recent contact with fresh water lakes or streams in tropical regions.

Internal human myiasis

Data are presented on a case of internal myiasis which occurred in hospital. A patient, suffering from a cerebrovascular accident and presumed endometrial carcinoma with an offensive, purulent, copious blood-stained vaginal discharge, developed tachypnoea. A nasopharyngeal aspirate produced 40 fully developed screworm - Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) - larvae. The attraction of the gravid adult female fly to such a host and the significance of such cases are discussed.(AU)

Nasal hirudiniasis in Kumaon Hills, India.

Fourteen cases of nasal hirudiniasis, seen during a period of less than a year in Kumaon Hills of Northern India are reported. Unilateral epistaxis was the main symptom. Diagnosis was made by history and clinical examination. The leeches were removed by using locally a weak solution of chloroform and turpentine oil.