Cocaine-associated Eustachian tube stenosis causing chronic 'glue ear': a rare cocaine-induced destructive lesion.

BACKGROUND: Cocaine is one of the most used recreational drugs. Whilst medical uses exist, chronic recreational nasal use of cocaine is associated with progressive destruction of the osseocartilaginous structures of the nose, sinuses and palate - termed cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old male with a history of chronic cocaine use, presented with conductive hearing loss and unilateral middle-ear effusion. Examination under anaesthesia revealed a completely stenosed left Eustachian tube orifice with intra-nasal adhesions. The adhesions were divided and the hearing loss was treated conservatively with hearing aids. Whilst intra-nasal cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions are a well-described condition, this is the first known report of Eustachian tube stenosis associated with cocaine use. CONCLUSION: This unique report highlights the importance of thorough history-taking, rhinological and otological examination, and audiometric testing when assessing patients with a history of chronic cocaine use. This paper demonstrates the complexity of managing hearing loss in such cases, with multiple conservative and surgical options available.

Complications and prognosis associated with intra-tympanic steroid injection to treat sudden sensorineural hearing impairment.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the incidence of complications in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) patients treated with intra-tympanic steroid injection (ITSI) and compare hearing recovery rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 123 patients with unilateral SSNHL receiving ITSIs were included in this study. Post-ITSI complications were documented including otalgia, dysgeusia, vertigo (duration>1 h), and persistent eardrum perforation. The pain intensity was evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS). Hearing was measured before ITSI and at 1 month after the final ITSI. We compared our patients' hearing threshold between presence and absence of different complications. RESULTS: 47.2% patients experienced post-injection otalgia with the average VAS score 3.2 (range 2-6). Five (4.1%) and six (4.9%) patients exhibited vertigo and persistent eardrum perforations, respectively. The patients were divided into three groups based on the absence of complications and the presence of vertigo and eardrum perforation. The hearing threshold improvements did not differ significantly among the three groups (p = 0.366). Although the difference was not significant (p = 0.664), the proportion of patients experiencing post-ITSI vertigo who were on contemporaneous oral steroids was lower than the proportion of non-vertigo patients on such steroids. CONCLUSION: The incidences of otalgia, vertigo, and persistent eardrum perforation in SSNHL patients treated with ITSI were 47.2%, 4.1% and 4.9%, respectively. We found no association between concurrent oral steroid use and the incidence of post-ITSI eardrum perforation or vertigo. Although statistical significance was lacking, patients who did not take contemporaneous oral steroids may have a higher rate of prolonged post-ITSI vertigo.

Production and Characterization of Chitooligosaccharides: Evaluation of Acute Toxicity, Healing, and Anti-Inflammatory Actions.

The search for promising biomolecules such as chitooligosaccharides (COS) has increased due to the need for healing products that act efficiently, avoiding complications resulting from exacerbated inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to produce COS in two stages of hydrolysis using chitosanases derived from Bacillus toyonensis. Additionally, this study aimed to structurally characterize the COS via mass spectrometry, to analyze their biocompatibility in acute toxicity models in vivo, to evaluate their healing action in a cell migration model in vitro, to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity in in vivo models of xylol-induced ear edema and zymosan-induced air pouch, and to assess the wound repair action in vivo. The structural characterization process pointed out the presence of hexamers. The in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of COS was reaffirmed. The COS stimulated the fibroblast migration. In the in vivo inflammatory assays, COS showed an antiedematogenic response and significant reductions in leukocyte migration, cytokine release, and protein exudate. The COS healing effect in vivo was confirmed by the significant wound reduction after seven days of the experiment. These results indicated that the presence of hexamers influences the COS biological properties, which have potential uses in the pharmaceutical field due to their healing and anti-inflammatory action.

Use of zebrafish larvae lateral line to study protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: A scoping review.

AIM: The present review aimed to consolidate and analyze the recent information about the use of zebrafish in studies concerning cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and otoprotection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databanks were searched using the following MESH terms: zebrafish, cisplatin, ototoxicity. The identified publications were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and the 26 qualifying manuscripts were included in the full-text analysis. The experimental protocols, including cisplatin concentrations, the exposure duration and the outcome measurements used in zebrafish larvae studies, were evaluated and the reported knowledge was summarized. RESULTS: Twenty-six substances protecting from cisplatin-induced toxicity were identified with the use of zebrafish larvae. These substances include quinine, salvianolic acid B, berbamine 6, benzamil, quercetin, dexmedetomidine, dexamethsanone, quinoxaline, edaravone, apocynin, dimethyl sulfoxide, KR-22335, SRT1720, ORC-13661, 3-MA, D-methionine, mdivi-1, FUT-175, rapamycin, Z-LLF-CHO, ATX, NAC, CYM-5478, CHCP1, CHCP2 and leupeptin. The otoprotective effects of compounds were attributed to their anti-ROS, anti-apoptotic and cisplatin uptake-blocking properties. The broadest range of protection was achieved when the experimental flow used preconditioning with an otoprotective compound and later a co-incubation with cisplatin. Protection against a high concentration of cisplatin was observed only in protocols using short exposure times (4 and 6 h). CONCLUSIONS: The data extracted from the selected papers confirm that despite the differences between the human and the zebra fish hearing thresholds (as affected by cisplatin), the sensory cells of zebrafish and larval zebrafish are a valuable tool which could be used: (i) for the discovery of novel otoprotective substances and compounds; (ii) to screen their side effects and (iii) to extend the knowledge on the mechanisms of cisplatin-induced inner ear damage. For future studies, the development of a consensus experimental protocol is highly recommended.

Effect of Terpenoids and Flavonoids Isolated from Baccharis conferta Kunth on TPA-Induced Ear Edema in Mice.

In this study, we isolated from the aerial parts of Baccharis conferta Kunth (i) a new neoclerodane, denominated "bacchofertone"; (ii) four known terpenes: schensianol A, bacchofertin, kingidiol and oleanolic acid; and (iii) two flavonoids: cirsimaritin and hispidulin. All structures were identified by an exhaustive analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). Extracts from aerial parts were screened for anti-inflammatory activity in the mice ear edema model of 12-O-tetradecanoylforbol-13-acetate mice. Dichloromethane extract (BcD) exhibited 78.5 ± 0.72% inhibition of edema, followed by the BcD2 and BcD3 fractions of 71.4% and 82.9% respectively, at a dose of 1 mg/ear. Kingidiol and cirsimaritin were the most potent compounds identified, with a median effective dose of 0.12 and 0.16 mg/ear, respectively. A histological analysis showed that the topical application of TPA promoted intense cell infiltration, and this inflammatory parameter was reduced with the topical application of isolated compounds.

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of 3-Substituted Coumarin Derivatives as Anti-inflammatory Agents.

Coumarin moiety has garnered momentous attention especially in the design of compounds with significant biological activities. In this work, a series of 3-substituted coumarin derivatives 6a-6l were synthesized and fully characterized. Most of the compounds could obviously inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) at the concentration of 10 µM. Besides, 6h and 6l exhibited highest inhibitory effects against COX-2 with inhibition rates of 33.48 and 35.71%, respectively. Detailed structure-activity relationships (SARs) were also discussed. In vivo studies, 6b, 6i and 6l could remarkably repress the xylene-induced ear swelling in mice at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Especially, 6l seemed to be the most effective compound at the dose of 10 mg/kg, displaying favorable anti-inflammatory activity comparable to indomethacin. All of these findings suggested that 6l might be utilized as a candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Computational and Biological Comparisons of Plant Steroids as Modulators of Inflammation through Interacting with Glucocorticoid Receptor.

Despite the usefulness of glucocorticoids, they may cause hazardous side effects that limit their use. Searching for compounds that are as equally efficient as glucocorticoids, but with less side effects, the current study compared plant steroids, namely, glycyrrhetinic acid, guggulsterone, boswellic acid, withaferin A, and diosgenin with the classical glucocorticoid, fluticasone. This was approached both in silico using molecular docking against glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and in vivo in two different animal models. All tested compounds interacted with GR, but only boswellic acid and withaferin A showed docking results comparable to fluticasone, as well as similar in vivo anti-inflammatory effects, by significantly decreasing serum levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. In addition, both compounds significantly decreased the percent of change in ear weight in croton oil-induced ear edema in mice and the granuloma weight in cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats, to levels comparable to that of fluticasone. Both boswellic acid and withaferin A had no effect on adrenal index, but only withaferin A significantly increased the thymus index. In conclusion, boswellic acid may have comparable anti-inflammatory effects to fluticasone with fewer side effects.

Osteonecrosis of the External Auditory Canal Associated With Oral Sorafenib Therapy: Sorafenib and Temporal Bone Osteonecrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To present the first case of osteonecrosis of the external auditory canal associated with sorafenib treatment. PATIENT: 58-year-old patient with right-sided otorrhea and otalgia was treated for otitis externa for 1 month without improvement. Otoscopic examination revealed a large defect in the inferior wall of the tympanic bone filled with skin debris and bony fragments. Previous medical history included treatment with sorafenib for metastatic renal cell cancer; he had never been exposed to radiotherapy. Computed tomography of the temporal bone showed a large right external auditory canal bony erosion with involvement of the tympanic bone and bony sequestra extending to the mastoid cells and temporomandibular joint. Histologic examination revealed necrotic bone and inflammatory changes with no signs of malignancy. A diagnosis of osteonecrosis of external auditory canal was made. INTERVENTION: Right subtotal petrosectomy with obliteration of surgical cavity with abdominal fat was performed. RESULTS: Final histological report revealed avascular necrosis of the bone with perivascular lymphocitic infiltration of the soft tissues. Diagnosis of medication-related external auditory canal osteonecrosis was confirmed. CONCLUSION: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the temporal bone is not a well-known entity among otolaryngologists and could therefore be misclassified as another diagnosis. In patients with othorrea and earache following sorafenib treatment, temporal bone osteonecrosis should be suspected.

Enhancing autophagy by down-regulating GSK-3ß alleviates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in vivo and in vitro.

Previous study reported that either selective GSK-3ß inhibitor or up-regulating autophagy can alleviate cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Other studies indicate that the activity of GSK-3ß is closely associated with the autophagy level. The purpose of this study is to primarily explore the role of autophagy in the alleviation effect of GSK-3ß inhibition on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in vivo and in vitro. We observed the autophagy changes induced by GSK-3ß inhibitor in outer hair cells (OHCs) in a cisplatin-induced ototoxicity rat model. In addition, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA was used in vitro experiments to observe the influence of autophagy inhibition on the cell protection effect due to GSK-3ß inactivation. The relationship among autophagy, GSK-3ß and cell damage were inferred. Negative regulation of GSK-3ß significantly enhanced autophagy and alleviated cisplatin-induced hearing loss, OHC death in vivo and apoptosis in vitro. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA inverted the protective effect of negative regulation of GSK-3ß. These results indicated that enhancing autophagy may be a key downstream effect of GSK-3ß inhibition in the alleviation of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity both in vivo and in vitro.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cold Thermal Therapy on Allergic Skin Inflammation Induced by Trimellitic Anhydride in BALB/c Mice.

Cold and hot thermal therapies are widely used as a traditional therapy in many cultures and are often prescribed in the treatment of various musculoskeletal and neurological conditions which present themselves to primary care physicians. However, there are no reports that investigated either the effects of cold and hot thermal therapies on the skin inflammation of trimellitic anhydride- (TMA-) induced dermatitis-like contact hypersensitivity (CHS) mouse model, or the mechanism of thermal therapy on allergic skin inflammation. Therefore, in this study, to reveal the anti-inflammatory effect of thermal therapy and its mechanism on TMA-induced CHS, we analyzed ear-swelling response (ear edema), vascular permeability, serum IgE levels, histological examination, and histamine and Th2 cytokine levels. Cold thermal therapy reduced the ear-swelling response, the vascular permeability, the serum IgE levels, and the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells as well as the mast cell degranulation. To determine the mechanism by which cold thermal therapy inhibits allergic skin inflammation, detailed studies were carried out revealing that cold thermal therapy suppressed IL-4 and IL-5 secretion and mast cell activation. These results indicated that cold thermal therapy cures skin inflammation of TMA-induced CHS by decreasing Th2 cytokine release, especially IL-4 and IL-5, and mast cell activation. These data suggest that new insight into the mechanism of robust therapeutic effects of cold thermal therapy against allergic dermatitis, and cold thermal therapy may prove to be a useful therapeutic modality on allergic inflammatory diseases as traditional use as well as Th2- or mast cell-mediated allergic responses.

Synthesis of budesonide conjugates and their anti-inflammatory effects: a preliminary study.

PURPOSE: Budesonide (Bud) is a nonhalogenated glucocorticoid with high anti-inflammatory potency and low systemic side effects. However, the poor water solubility of Bud affects its dissolution and release behavior, thus influencing its anti-inflammatory effect. This study was aimed at synthesizing and evaluating novel conjugates of Bud, hoping to increase the anti-inflammatory activity of Bud by improving its water solubility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven novel Bud conjugates (3a-3g) were designed and synthesized in this study. Besides, the equilibrium solubility, cell viability, in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, and the hydrolysis behavior of the conjugates in different pH solutions, rat and human plasma, and rat lung homogenate were studied in detail. RESULTS: As compared to Bud, the equilibrium solubility of 3a, 3c, and 3e was significantly increased; 3a, 3b, and 3c significantly inhibited the interleukin-6 production in lipopolysaccharide-induced A549 cells; 3a and 3e could significantly decrease the xylene-induced ear edema; and 3a and 3c were gradually and slowly hydrolyzed into Bud in the alveolar fluid and lung homogenate and broken down quickly in plasma. CONCLUSION: The amino acid ester compounds budesonide-21-glycine ester (3a) and budesonide-21-alanine ester (3c) were selected as potential conjugates of Bud. This study would provide a theoretical and an experimental basis for the in vivo process of glucocorticoids and the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Does intratympanic xylitol administration have ototoxic effects in a mouse ear model?

OBJECTIVE: To research the ototoxicity of xylitol after intratympanic injection in mice ear model. METHODS: 24 female mice Balb/c mice (48 ears) included in the study. The mice were divided into 4 groups as 6 mice were found (12 ears) in each group. Solutions of 0.9% NaCl solution (Group A), 155 mg/ml (Group B), 310 mg/ml (Group C) and 620 mg/ml (Group D) xylitol, were applied into the middle ear cavity. Microscopic ear examination and auditory brainstem response test were done for each mouse before application of xylitol and on the 1st, 3rd and 10th day of injection. RESULTS: There are some statistically significant alterations found in the threshold values at 8000, 12000, 16000, 24000 Hz frequencies when each group were compared in itself on day 0, 1,3 and 10, which were independent from the increasing dosage. CONCLUSION: According to our findings intratympanic xylitol injection does not have any ototoxic effect in the inner ear. To evaluate the effects of xylitol more clinical studies are need to carried out.

Reporting and Description for Congenital Middle Ear Malformations to Facilitate Surgical Management.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to report and describe the different types of congenital middle ear malformations in order to guide surgical treatment approaches and improve outcomes for affected patients. METHODS: The authors reviewed patients with congenital middle ear malformations who received surgical treatment between September 2010 and March 2017. Patient characteristics, middle ear deformities, and surgical procedures were documented. RESULTS: In this retrospective study, 35 patients were reviewed. A description of middle ear malformation was proposed that considers ear embryogenesis and focuses on stapes deformity, with the main purpose of facilitating surgical approach selection to reconstruct the ossicular chain. Patients were classified into 3 categories: type I (19 cases), mobile stapes footplate, which included type Ia with normal stapes suprastructure and type Ib with abnormal stapes suprastructure; type II (4 cases), fixed stapes footplate, which included type IIa with normal ossicular chain and type IIb with abnormal ossicular chain; and type III (12 cases), oval window bony atresia or aplasia, with or without round window atresia. Types II and III could have concomitant aberrant facial nerve. Different surgical approaches are described. CONCLUSIONS: The authors describe the different types of congenital middle ear malformations. This category description considers ear embryogenesis and is focused on stapes deformity. It may provide better understanding of disease development and guide modern hearing reconstructive surgery.

Protective roles of fenofibrate against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by the rescue of peroxisomal and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Cisplatin is an alkylating agent that interferes with DNA replication and kills proliferating carcinogenic cells. Several studies have been conducted to attenuate the side effects of cisplatin; one such side effect in cancer patients undergoing cisplatin chemotherapy is ototoxicity. However, owing to a lack of understanding of the precise mechanism underlying cisplatin-induced side effects, management of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity remains unsolved. We investigated the protective effects of fenofibrate, a PPAR-α activator, on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Fenofibrate prevented cisplatin-induced loss of hair cells and improved cell viability; moreover, fenofibrate significantly attenuated the threshold of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in cisplatin-injected mice. Fenofibrate significantly increased PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and PGC-1α expression, which consequently resulted in increased number and functional enzyme levels of peroxisomes and mitochondria, and markedly decreased phospho-p53 (S15), activated caspase-3, cleaved-PARP, and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, which reduced NADPH oxidase isoform (NOX3 and NOX4) expression, thereby decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cisplatin-treated tissues ex vivo. Taken together, these results indicate that fenofibrate rescues cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by maintaining peroxisome and mitochondria number and function, reducing inflammation, and decreasing ROS levels. Our findings suggest that fenofibrate administration might serve as an effective therapeutic agent against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

Krazy Glue® in the ear: A case report of child abuse.

Krazy Glue® or cyanoacrylate glue is an acrylic resin that polymerizes in less than a minute when in contact with moisture or water. We present a case of a one month old referred to our tertiary pediatric otolaryngology clinic from an outside emergency department with a history of application of cyanoacrylate glue in the external ear canals. This report presents the management of this case along with the medical and legal outcomes surrounding this case of child abuse.

Forskolin protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and ROS production.

Cisplatin is widely used in the treatment of various types of cancer. However, it could cause severe side effects such as ototoxicity, which greatly limit the clinical application of cisplatin. Forskolin (FSK) is a diterpene derived from the plant Coleus forskohlii, and has been proven an effective drug for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and asthma because of its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Here, we investigated the effects of FSK in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, and we found that FSK could significantly protect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in both cell line and isolated mouse cochlear. Pretreatment of FSK attenuated cisplatin-induced hearing loss especially at high frequency regions. FSK inhibited the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, we identified PKA and MAPK signaling pathway which may be connected with the protective effect of FSK. Our study provided the first evidence that FSK may be used as a drug to weaken the ototoxicity induced by cisplatin.