Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for delayed tooth eruption associated with persistent primary tooth.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between 25(OH)D level and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) with the disturbance in the dental development and eruption. DESIGN: A total of 183 children from two datasets were evaluated. The first dataset was a case-control (15:15) designed to assess if persistent primary tooth (PPT) is associate with serum 25(OH)D level and with genetic polymorphisms in VDR. The second dataset of genomic DNA samples from 54 children with delayed tooth eruption (DTE) and 99 controls were analysed to verify if genetic polymorphisms in VDR (rs2228570 and rs739837) are associated with DTE. The 25(OH)D and the genotyping/allele distribution were analysed using the T-test and chi-square test, respectively. RESULTS: The level of 25(OH)D in the PPT group (24.9 ± 6.4 mg/mL) was significantly lower than the control (30.0 ± 7.0 mg/mL) (p=.047). Our data show that children with 25(OH)D deficiency are more likely to present PPT (OR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.51, 3.70). The rs739837 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were not associated with DTE (OR = 1.44; 95%CI: 0.87, 2.39 and OR = 0.80; 95%CI: 0.45, 1.44, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for PPT.

Lack of association between delayed tooth emergence and single nucleotide polymorphisms in estrogen receptors.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2, respectively) and delayed tooth emergence (DTE). This cross-sectional study was composed of biological unrelated children of both sexes, age ranging from 11 to 13 years old. DTE was defined when the successor primary tooth was still present in the oral cavity after its exfoliation time or the absence of the permanent tooth emergence into the oral cavity. Children were diagnosed with DTE when they had at least one delayed permanent tooth, according to age of exfoliation of each tooth proposed by The American Dental Association. Genomic DNA from saliva was used to evaluate the SNPs in ESR1 (rs9340799 and rs2234693) and ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938) using Real-Time PCR. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests and Logistic Regression adjusted by age and gender were performed. SNP-SNP interaction was accessed by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis also adjusted by gender and age. The established alpha of this study was 5%. Among 537 included children, 296 (55%) were in the "DTE" group and the 241 (45%) were in the "Control" group. Age and gender were not statistically different among the groups (p>0.05). Genotype distribution of the SNPs rs9340799, rs2234693, rs1256049 and rs4986938 were not associated with DTE (p> 0.05). The models elected by MDR were not statistically significant either. Conclusions: The studied SNPs in ESR1 and ESR2 were not associated with permanent DTE.

MT1-MMP expression in the odontogenic region of rat incisors undergoing interrupted eruption.

MT1-MMP (membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1) has been considered an important membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase involved in the remodeling process in tissue and organ development, including the processes of the tooth and root growth and dental eruption. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate MT1-MMP expression in the odontogenic region, as well as the eruption rate and morphology of the lower-left rat incisor, where the eruption process was interrupted for 14 days by a steel wire attached from the center of the incisor labial face and braced to the first molar. In the interrupted eruption group, the eruption rate was significantly reduced, producing drastic morphological alterations in the tooth germ and socket area. The MT1-MMP expression was widespread in the dental follicle, in both groups studied (normal and interrupted eruption groups); however a significant decrease in immunostaining was observed in the interrupted eruption group. Results indicate that MT1-MMP may have an important role in the process of dental eruption.

Erupción y retención del tercer molar en jóvenes entre 17 y 20 años: Antofagasta, Chile / Eruption and retention of third molars in young people between 17 and 20 years of age: Antofagasta, Chile

La retención intraósea y la erupción en malposición de 3Ms han sido muy estudiadas. Son causadas, probablemente, por disminución del tamaño de maxilares por cambios de hábitos alimentarios, reduciendo el espacio retromolar, lo que dificulta la erupción normal entre 15 y 25 años de edad, y produce patologías o molestias por comprometer estructuras orofaciales próximas. Lo anterior, ha promovido la exodoncia profiláctica u ortodóncica, incluso del germen dentario, con altos costos clínicos, hospitalarios, laborales, comprometiendo parte de los recursos destinados a financiar otros procedimientos quirúrgicos orales, además de riesgos durante cirugía, postoperatorio y lesiones iatrogénicas temporales o permanentes. La muestra consistió en 100 jóvenes de 17 a 20 años de edad (50 mujeres y 50 hombres) de la ciudad de Antofagasta, sanos, sin malformaciones general y maxilofacial, sin haber presentado enfermedades infecciosas que alteraran odontogénesis y períodos eruptivos, sin exodoncias de 3M ni tratamientos ortodóncicos previos al examen de la radiografía panorámica y clasificando erupción de 3Ms según tablas de Pell-Gregory y Winter. Se determina 49,1 por ciento de 3Ms retenidos con p<0,05 significativo respecto dientes erupcionados, predominando retención maxilar, especialmente en mujeres. En todos los casos y en mandíbula predominan 3Ms con impactación mesioangulada (p<0,05 significativa) y en maxilares la retención vertical (p<0,05 de significancia). Prevalecen 3Ms distoangulados en maxilares, posición que predispone a complicaciones operatorias y postoperatorias en exodoncias. La retención horizontal se aprecia en mandibula, siendo el segundo tipo de retención (21,5 por ciento en toda la muestra y 30 por ciento en hombres). Sin una decisión clínica que indique la cirugía, se sugiere postegar la exodoncia profiláctica de 3Ms, esperando posible erupción tardía (Hattab, 1997; Ventã et al. 1999, 2004 y Kruger et al.). Meta-análisis demuestra: mínima morbilidad...

Intraoseous retention and anomalous eruption position of 3Ms had been widely studied. They are probably produced by reducing the size of jaws by changes in eating habits, reducing the retro molar space, making it difficult normal eruption between 15 and 25 years old, producing pathologies or discomfort by compromising nearly orofacial structures. The above, has promoted the extraction or prophylactic orthodontic, even from the dental germ, with expensives clinical cost, hospital surgery, compromising part of the resources to finance other surgical oral procedures, in addition to risks during surgery, postoperative and iatrogenic injuries temporary or permanent. The sample consisted in 100 young people aged 17 to 20 years of age (50 women and 50 men) of the city of Antofagasta, healthy, without general and maxillofacial malformation, without having submitted infectious diseases that distort odontogenesis and periods of eruption, without extractions of 3M nor orthodontic treatments prior to the examination of the x-ray overview and classifying eruption of 3Ms as tables of Pell-Gregory and Winter. It was determined that 49.1 percent of 3Ms were retained, with p<0.05 significant with regard to erupted teeth, predominate maxillary retention, especially in women. In all cases and in maxilla predominate 3Ms with mesiangular position (p<0.05 of significance) and in maxillary vertical retention (p<0.05 of significance). Prevailing 3Ms maxilla with distoangular position, a position that predisposes surgical complications and postoperative extractions. The horizontal retention is apparent only in mandible, being the second type of retention (21.5 percent in all cases and 30 percent in men). Without a clinic decision to indicate surgery, we suggest to postpone the prophylactic extraction of 3Ms, awaiting possible late eruption (Hattab, 1997; Ventã et al., 1999, 2004; Kruger et al., 2001). Meta-analyzes show minimum morbidity in 3Ms extractions in...

Case reports of a new syndrome associating gingival fibromatosis and dental abnormalities in a consanguineous family.

BACKGROUND: Gingival fibromatosis (GF) is characterized by fibrotic enlargement of the gingiva that can be inherited as an isolated trait (named hereditary gingival fibromatosis) or as a component of a syndrome. This article reports one kindred affected by a syndrome characterized by GF associated with dental abnormalities (DA) including generalized thin hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). METHODS: To characterize the pattern of inheritance and the clinical features, 70 family members were examined. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were performed to identify the alterations on gingiva, teeth, and dental follicles. RESULTS: Examination of the family pedigree demonstrated multiple consanguineous first-cousin marriages and an autosomal recessive trait of inheritance. Four members demonstrated mild GF in association with DA, including generalized thin hypoplastic AI, intrapulpal calcifications, delay of tooth eruption, and pericoronal radiolucencies involving unerupted teeth. One of those four patients also had mental retardation (MR). MR as an isolated feature was observed in six members, whereas isolated GF was found in one individual. A combination of gingivectomy and gingivoplasty followed by regular dental procedures were performed in these patients. Histologic examination of the gingival enlargement revealed a dense connective tissue containing myofibroblasts, islands of odontogenic epithelium, and calcified psammomatous deposits, which resembled cementicle-like structures by SEM. Pericoronal lesions also showed calcified psammomatous deposits in association with islands of odontogenic epithelium. Enamel ultrastructure analysis revealed normal surface alternating with irregular and porous areas. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, these cases represent a new syndrome within the spectrum of those including GF.

Case report of a rare syndrome associating amelogenesis imperfecta and nephrocalcinosis in a consanguineous family.

A rare syndrome associating amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) with nephrocalcinosis has been reported. The purpose of this study is to characterise the phenotype of a consanguineous family presenting amelogenesis imperfecta, delayed permanent teeth eruption and nephrocalcinosis. Six family members were examined. Ground sections of the case index deciduous teeth and biopsies of enlarged dental follicles were analysed. The patients's parents were first cousins. The case index had yellow discoloration and altered teeth shapes, retention of deciduous teeth, and delayed eruption. Panoramic radiographs revealed multiple enlarged pericoronal follicles in unerupted teeth and generalised intrapulpal calcifications. Renal ultrasound showed the presence of nephrocalcinosis. No other family members presented enamel defects or nephrocalcinosis. Histologically, the enamel appeared hypoplastic, and dental follicles indicated pericoronal hamartoma. The consanguineous marriage suggests an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Further studies are necessary to clarify the genetic defect behind this syndrome that associates AI, nephrocalcinosis and impaired tooth eruption.

Enfermedades genéticas que afectan la cavidad bucal: revisión de la literatura / Genetic diseases affecting the oral cavity: review of the literature

En el presente artículo se hace referencia a síndromes y enfermedades sistémicas involucradas en la cronología de la erupcion dentaria, afeccion de los maxilares y en general con manifestaciones a nivel de la cavidad bucal. La lista es excesiva, y por lo tanto no se pueden mencionar todos los isndromes y enfermedades sistémicas comprometidas, motivo por el cual nos limitaremos a algunas de las entidades más representativas del probelma como son: querubismo, displasia cleidocraneal, disostosis craneofacial, Síndrome de teacher Collins, Síndrome de Pierre Robin, Síndrome de Hollermann Streiff, osteopetrosis, osteogénesis imperfecta, Síndrome de Albright, Síndrome de Ellis - Van Creveld, Síndrome de Down, Síndrome de múltiples carcinomas basocelulares nevoides y quistes de los maxilares, Síndrome de Marfan. Para este estudio nos hemos basado en la clasificación de las enfermedades bucodentales de origen genético que hace la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades aplicadas a la odontología y estomatología (CIE -AO), Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 1985. El conocimiento de la existencia de estas patologías reviste gran importancia pues requieren de varios cuidados y remisión a especialistas adecuados. Con este artículo se pretende hacer un aporte en el reconocimiento de enfermedades que aunque no están relacionadas directamente con el odontólogo, éste debe conocer para su correcto manejo