Children at Work, Child Labor and Modern Slavery in India: An Overview.

There is a large child work force in India reported to be about 40 million. Child labor is being regarded as a form of modern slavery, as children are forced to work or have no choice to refuse work. Children are employed in a variety of occupations, many of which are hazardous. Exposure to machinery, pesticides, dust in agricultural work and fumes, chemicals, acids, cotton and wool fiber in other forms of work is detrimental to health. A large number are held in bonded servitude. In urban areas, children are employed as domestic helpers and engaged in eateries and auto-repair work. Trafficking and trading of children for work and sexual slavery are also major concerns. Poverty and illiteracy are root causes of child labor, but iniquitous societal attitudes are responsible for abuse and exploitation. Working children are deprived of proper health care and education, and lose their childhood and dignity. Several legal measures exist to prevent child labor and protect them from harm, but are thwarted by the distressing socioeconomic conditions. Although child labor would be difficult to abolish, exploitation can be prevented with concerted efforts of the government agencies, professional bodies and the civil society.

Modern-day Slavery in our Health Care System: An Advocacy Journey.

The following is the winning submission from the third annual Section on Pediatric Trainees essay competition. This year's competition was informed by the 2018-2019 Section on Pediatric Trainees Advocacy Campaign: Advocacy Adventure, which empowered trainees to find their areas of passion, acquire and polish new skills, and organize advocacy efforts collaboratively. We asked writers to share experiences as physician advocates and were impressed with the broad variety of important topics submitted by trainees from around the country. This essay by Drs Panda and Garg highlights a critical issue facing children, human trafficking, and shares their innovative and sustainable survivor-informed training for pediatric trainees. Along with the runner-up submission by Dr Ju, which also appears in this issue, this piece is a wonderfully inspiring reminder that we are all well positioned to advocate for children in our roles as trainees and pediatricians.

Human trafficking and labor exploitation: Toward identifying, implementing, and evaluating effective responses.

In an Editorial, Ligia Kiss and Cathy Zimmerman discuss the need for research on the prevention of human trafficking and mitigation of its effects.

Experience of violence among street prostitutes: a qualitative study in Shiraz, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Female Sex workers (FSWs) are a marginalized group. Although some studies have shown various types of violence against sex workers, it is a subject which needs more in-depth knowledge. METHODS: This is a conventional content study conducted on 18 street sex workers in Shiraz, Iran. RESULTS: The present study observed that sex workers had extensive experience in five forms of violence: physical, barbaric, psychological, sexual, deception and robbery. Moreover, violence was deep-rooted in their previous experiences prior to becoming a prostitute, leading to the formation of yet another type of violence, called hidden slavery with male or female pimps. CONCLUSIONS: To improve the general health of this group, it is recommended that they be supported by social institutions and be provided with psychological consultations.

Slavery in New Zealand: What is the role of the health sector?

Contemporary forms of slavery and associated adverse health effects are a serious, complex and often neglected issue within the New Zealand health sector. Slavery in New Zealand has most recently been associated with the fishing and horticulture industries. However, victims may be found in a number of other industry sectors, including the health and aged-care sectors, or outside of the labour market such as in forced, early (underage) and servile forms of marriage. Victims of slavery are at increased risk of acute and chronic health problems, injuries from dangerous working and living conditions, and physical and sexual abuse. These issues are compounded by restricted access to high-quality healthcare. Slavery is a violation of many human rights, including the right to health. New Zealand has obligations under international law to ensure that all victims of slavery have access to adequate physical and psychological care. The health sector has opportunities to identify, intervene and protect victims. This requires doctors and other health practitioners to demonstrate their leadership, knowledge and commitment towards addressing slavery and its health consequences in ways that are effective and do not cause further harm. Key recommendations for a safe approach towards identifying and managing people in situations of slavery include building rapport, and culturally competent practice with an empathetic non-judgmental approach. We also recommend that health organisations and regulatory and professional bodies develop culturally competent guidelines to respond safely to those identified in situations of slavery. These responses should be based on the respect, promotion and protection of human rights, and occur within a robust person-centric coordinated government response to addressing slavery in New Zealand.

Staff can help stop modern slavery.

Nurses are being urged to help join in the fight against so-called modern slavery in an NHS awareness-raising campaig.

TRABALHO ESCRAVO CONTEMPORÂNEO: A CONSTRUÇÃO SOCIAL DE UM PROBLEMA PÚBLICO NO NORTE FLUMINENSE / TRABAJO ESCLAVO CONTEMPORÁNEO: LA CONSTRUCCIÓN SOCIAL DE UN PROBLEMA PÚBLICO EN NORTE FLUMINENSE / CONTEMPORARY SLAVE LABOR: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF A PUBLIC PROBLEM IN NORTHERN RIO´S STATE

Este artigo analisa a construção social do problema do trabalho escravo, considerando seus sentidos e significados e as estratégias de erradicação no Norte Fluminense. Foi efetuada uma pesquisa qualitativa, referenciada pela Psicologia Social, especificamente pela concepção de Berger, Luckmann e Lenoir sobre a construção social da realidade. Foi feita uma ampla investigação bibliográfica (jornais da região, textos acadêmicos e documentos institucionais) e realizadas entrevistas com atores sociais locais (trabalhadores, movimentos sociais, órgãos públicos). Para o tratamento dos dados, foi utilizada a Análise Crítica do Discurso. Os resultados demonstraram as peculiaridades dos processos de enunciação, reconhecimento, legitimação e institucionalização do problema na região, mediante a reivindicação de trabalhadores, a formação e ações de um Comitê Popular e a atuação do Estado na fiscalização do problema. .(AU)

En este artículo se analiza la construcción social del problema del trabajo esclavo, teniendose en cuenta sus sentidos y significados y las estrategias de erradicación en el Norte Fluminense. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, referenciada por la Psicología Social, específicamente por la concepción de Berger, Luckmann y Lenoir sobre la construcción social de la realidad. Fue realizada una extensa búsqueda en la literatura (periódicos regionales, textos académicos y documentos institucionales) y se llevaron a cabo entrevistas con los actores sociales locales (trabajadores, movimientos sociales, organismos públicos). Para el tratamiento de los datos se utilizó el Análisis Crítico del Discurso. Los resultados demostraron las peculiaridades del proceso de expresión, reconocimiento, legitimación e institucionalización del problema en la región, mediante la reivindicación de los trabajadores, la formación y las acciones de un Comité Popular y el papel del Estado en la fiscalización del problema.(AU)

This paper examines the social construction of contemporary slave problem in Northern Rio´s state, considering its senses and meanings and eradication strategies. A qualitative research referenced by Social Psychology, specifically Berger, Luckmann Lenoir concept about social construction of reality, was performed. An extensive literature search (regional newspapers, academic texts and institutional documents) has taken and we did interviews with local social actors (workers, social movements, public agencies). To data treatment it was used Critical Discourse Analysis. The results demonstrated peculiarities in utterance, recognition, legitimization and institutionalization processes of the problem in that region, through worker´s claim, the formation and actions of a Popular Committee and State performance in monitoring the problem.(AU)

Trabalho escrav contemporâneo: a construção soial de um problema público no nnorte fluminense / Trabajo esclavo contemporáneo: la construcción social de un problma público en nnorte fluminense / Contemporary slave labor: the social construction of a public problem in northern rio´ state

Este artigo analisa a construção social do problema do trabalho escravo, considerando seus sentidos e significados e as estratégias de erradicação no Norte Fluminense. Foi efetuada uma pesquisa qualitativa, referenciada pela Psicologia Social, especificamente pela concepção de Berger, Luckmann e Lenoir sobre a construção social da realidade. Foi feita uma ampla investigação bibliográfica (jornais da região, textos acadêmicos e documentos institucionais) e realizadas entrevistas com atores sociais locais (trabalhadores, movimentos sociais, órgãos públicos). Para o tratamento dos dados, foi utilizada a Análise Crítica do Discurso. Os resultados demonstraram as peculiaridades dos processos de enunciação, reconhecimento, legitimação e institucionalização do problema na região, mediante a reivindicação de trabalhadores, a formação e ações de um Comitê Popular e a atuação do Estado na fiscalização do problema...

En este artículo se analiza la construcción social del problema del trabajo esclavo, teniendose en cuenta sus sentidos y significados y las estrategias de erradicación en el Norte Fluminense. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, referenciada por la Psicología Social, específicamente por la concepción de Berger, Luckmann y Lenoir sobre la construcción social de la realidad. Fue realizada una extensa búsqueda en la literatura (periódicos regionales, textos académicos y documentos institucionales) y se llevaron a cabo entrevistas con los actores sociales locales (trabajadores, movimientos sociales, organismos públicos). Para el tratamiento de los datos se utilizó el Análisis Crítico del Discurso. Los resultados demostraron las peculiaridades del proceso de expresión, reconocimiento, legitimación e institucionalización del problema en la región, mediante la reivindicación de los trabajadores, la formación y las acciones de un Comité Popular y el papel del Estado en la fiscalización del problema...

This paper examines the social construction of contemporary slave problem in Northern Rio´s state, considering its senses and meanings and eradication strategies. A qualitative research referenced by Social Psychology, specifically Berger, Luckmann Lenoir concept about social construction of reality, was performed. An extensive literature search (regional newspapers, academic texts and institutional documents) has taken and we did interviews with local social actors (workers, social movements, public agencies). To data treatment it was used Critical Discourse Analysis. The results demonstrated peculiarities in utterance, recognition, legitimization and institutionalization processes of the problem in that region, through worker´s claim, the formation and actions of a Popular Committee and State performance in monitoring the problem...

Combating trafficking in persons: a call to action for global health professionals.

Health care professionals can help identify victims of human trafficking, who commonly come into contact with providers during captivity. Providers can also help restore the physical and mental health of trafficking survivors. Training should focus on recognizing trafficking signs, interviewing techniques, and recommended responses when a victim is identified.

Utilizing DNA analysis to combat the world wide plague of present day slavery--trafficking in persons.

A study was conducted to determine if modern forensic DNA typing methods can be properly employed throughout the world with a final goal of increasing arrests, prosecutions, and convictions of perpetrators of modern day trafficking in persons while concurrently reducing the burden of victim testimony in legal proceedings. Without interruption of investigations, collection of samples containing DNA was conducted in a variety of settings. Evidentiary samples were analyzed on the ANDE Rapid DNA system. Many of the collected swabs yielded informative short tandem repeat profiles with Rapid DNA technology.