Evaluation of the enamel nano-topography influenced by different techniques of interproximal reduction: An atomic force microscopic study.

INTRODUCTION: Interproximal enamel reduction is a part of the orthodontic treatment as a method of space generation in addition to other vast indications. Some studies found that different techniques might impose changes to the enamel surface that alter its topography, which in turn might influence its integrity and susceptibility to caries. Polishing, however, after this procedure is thought to be helpful to reduce these adverse effects. AIM: To evaluate the nano-topography of the enamel surfaces after interproximal reduction (IPR) and determine its influence on enamel surface roughness and examine the need for polishing to minimise these influences, when combined with topical fluoride application. METHODS: A total of 60 proximal surfaces of 40 extracted maxillary premolars (10 premolars left unprepared as the control group) were reduced with different stripping instruments (discs, burs and manual strip system). The surface roughness of enamel was analysed with an atomic force microscope to determine the results quantitatively as well as qualitatively on the nanoscopic scale. One of each proximal surface was followed by polishing and fluoride varnish after the reduction. RESULTS: The results showed that surface roughness was increased in all groups without polishing. The greatest mean roughness was recorded for the disc group (212 ±125.7), followed by the bur group (172 ±93.1) and manual strips (153.8±106.7). The difference between the groups, however, was not significant for both mean roughness (P = 0.656) and height (P = 0.737). The parameters were decreased after polishing in all groups but the difference between methods was not significant for both parameters (P = 0.946 and P = 0.849); however, the mean height was reduced to nearly half the reading in the bur and manual strip method. The disc group only showed a statistically significant decrease in surface roughness with polishing (P < 0.05). All other results were not significant. CONCLUSION: All methods of interproximal reduction do not influence enamel surface nanotopography significantly with and without polishing. Polishing resulted in significant reduction of surface roughness only in the disc group.

Amelogenesis: Transformation of a protein-mineral matrix into tooth enamel.

During enamel formation, the organic enamel protein matrix interacts with calcium phosphate minerals to form elongated, parallel, and bundled enamel apatite crystals of extraordinary hardness and biomechanical resilience. The enamel protein matrix consists of unique enamel proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin, which are secreted by highly specialized cells called ameloblasts. The ameloblasts also facilitate calcium and phosphate ion transport toward the enamel layer. Within ameloblasts, enamel proteins are transported as a polygonal matrix with 5 nm subunits in secretory vesicles. Upon expulsion from the ameloblasts, the enamel protein matrix is re-organized into 20 nm subunit compartments. Enamel matrix subunit compartment assembly and expansion coincide with C-terminal cleavage by the MMP20 enamel protease and N-terminal amelogenin self-assembly. Upon enamel crystal precipitation, the enamel protein phase is reconfigured to surround the elongating enamel crystals and facilitate their elongation in C-axis direction. At this stage of development, and upon further amelogenin cleavage, central and polyproline-rich fragments of the amelogenin molecule associate with the growing mineral crystals through a process termed "shedding", while hexagonal apatite crystals fuse in longitudinal direction. Enamel protein sheath-coated enamel "dahlite" crystals continue to elongate until a dense bundle of parallel apatite crystals is formed, while the enamel matrix is continuously degraded by proteolytic enzymes. Together, these insights portrait enamel mineral nucleation and growth as a complex and dynamic set of interactions between enamel proteins and mineral ions that facilitate regularly seeded apatite growth and parallel enamel crystal elongation.

Influence of periodic milk or cream treatment on the anti-erosive potential of the acquired enamel pellicle.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to assess the anti-erosive potential of the acquired enamel pellicle formed in situ under the influence of periodic milk or cream treatment. METHODS: The pellicle was formed on bovine enamel specimens in the oral cavity at buccal and palatal sites of upper molars in 6 subjects, using removable acrylic splints. During 6-h of intraoral exposure, splints were removed from the oral cavity every 25 min, treated with milk or cream for 5 min, and subsequently re-inserted into the oral cavity. After 6 h, pellicle covered specimens were immersed in citric acid (0.1 or 1.0 %) for 1 min, and processed for measurement of surface microhardness, determination of calcium release by atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS. RESULTS: Statistical analysis did not indicate major differences between erosive surface alterations on enamel specimens covered by pellicles treated with cream or milk, and those covered by control pellicles. In addition, TEM analysis did not reveal any differences concerning the ultrastructure of the different pellicle treatments during acid exposure. All pellicles were dissolved in part after exposure to 0.1 % citric acid and were nearly completely removed after treatment with 1.0% citric acid. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that periodic treatment with milk or cream during pellicle formation in situ does not improve the protective potential of the acquired enamel pellicle against erosion. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Modification of the pellicle by consumption of milk or cream prior to an acidic challenge cannot sufficiently protect enamel from erosion.

A Chitosan-Agarose Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel for Biomimetic Remineralization of Dental Enamel.

Developing multifunctional systems for the biomimetic remineralization of human enamel is a challenging task, since hydroxyapatite (HAP) rod structures of tooth enamel are difficult to replicate artificially. The paper presents the first report on the simultaneous use of chitosan (CS) and agarose (A) in a biopolymer-based hydrogel for the biomimetic remineralization of an acid-etched native enamel surface during 4-10-day immersion in artificial saliva with or without (control group) fluoride. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and microhardness tests were applied to investigate the properties of the acid-etched and remineralized dental enamel layers under A and CS-A hydrogels. The results show that all biomimetic epitaxial reconstructed layers consist mostly of a similar hierarchical HAP structure to the native enamel from nano- to microscale. An analogous Ca/P ratio (1.64) to natural tooth enamel and microhardness recovery of 77.4% of the enamel-like layer are obtained by a 7-day remineralization process in artificial saliva under CS-A hydrogels. The CS component reduced carbonation and moderated the formation of HAP nanorods in addition to providing an extracellular matrix to support growing enamel-like structures. Such activity lacked in samples exposed to A-hydrogel only. These data suggest the potential of the CS-A hydrogel in guiding the formation of hard tissues as dental enamel.

El esmalte dental bovino como modelo experimental para la investigación en odontología: una revisión de la literatura / Bovine dental enamel as experimental model for research in dentistry. A literature review

El propósito de esta revisión bibliográfica es aportar información actualizada acerca de las características de los dientes bovinos en relación con su uso como sustitutos de dientes humanos en trabajos de investigación. De acuerdo con la información registrada, los dientes bovinos serían excelentes sustitutos de la dentición humana para la realización de ensayos de laboratorio con el esmalte dental como modelo experimental (AU)

The purpose of this bibliographic review is to provide updated information about the characteristics of bovine teeth to be used as substitutes for human teeth in dental research. According to the information recorded, bovine teeth appear to be excellent substitutes for human dentition for conducting laboratory tests, using dental enamel as an experimental model (AU)

Novel Approach to Tooth Chemistry. Quantification of the Dental-Enamel Junction.

The dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) is known for its special role in teeth. Several techniques were applied for the investigation of the DEJ in human sound molar teeth. The electron (EPMA) and proton (PIXE) microprobes gave consistent indications about the variability of elemental concentrations on this boundary. The locally increased and oscillating concentrations of Mg and Na were observed in the junction, in the layer adhering to the enamel and covering roughly half of the DEJ width. The chemical results were compared with the optical profiles of the junction. Our chemical and optical results were next compared with the micromechanical results (hardness, elastic modulus, friction coefficient) available in the world literature. A strong correlation of both result sets was proven, which testifies to the self-affinity of the junction structures for different locations and even for different kinds of teeth and techniques applied for studies. Energetic changes in tooth strictly connected with crystallographic transformations were calculated, and the minimum energetic status was discovered for DEJ zone. Modeling of both walls of the DEJ from optical data was demonstrated. Comparing the DEJ in human teeth with the same structure found in dinosaur, shark, and alligator teeth evidences the universality of dentin enamel junction in animal world. The paper makes a contribution to better understanding the joining of the different hard tissues.

Anti-demineralizing protective effects on enamel identified in experimental and commercial restorative materials with functional fillers.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether experimental and commercial dental restorative materials with functional fillers can exert a protective anti-demineralizing effect on enamel that is not immediately adjacent to the restoration. Four experimental resin composites with bioactive glass and three commercial restorative materials were investigated. Enamel blocks were incubated in a lactic acid solution (pH = 4.0) at a standardized distance (5 mm) from cured specimens of restorative materials. The lactic acid solution was replenished every 4 days up to a total of 32 days. Surfaces of enamel blocks were periodically evaluated by Knoop microhardness measurements and scanning electron microscopy. The protective effect of restorative materials against acid was identified as enamel microhardness remaining unchanged for a certain number of 4-day acid addition cycles. Additionally, the pH of the immersion medium was measured. While enamel microhardness in the control group was maintained for 1 acid addition cycle (4 days), restorative materials postponed enamel softening for 2-5 cycles (8-20 days). The materials capable of exerting a stronger alkalizing effect provided longer-lasting enamel protection. The protective and alkalizing effects of experimental composites improved with higher amounts of bioactive glass and were better for conventional bioactive glass 45S5 compared to a fluoride-containing bioactive glass. Scanning electron micrographs evidenced the protective effect of restorative materials by showing a delayed appearance of an etching pattern on the enamel surface. A remotely-acting anti-demineralizing protective effect on enamel was identified in experimental composites functionalized with two types of bioactive glass, as well as in three commercial ion-releasing restorative materials.

Enamel-like tissue regeneration by using biomimetic enamel matrix proteins.

Enamel regeneration currently -is limited by our inability to duplicate artificially its complicated and well-aligned hydroxyapatite structure. The initial formation of enamel occurs in enamel organs where the ameloblasts secret enamel extracellular matrix formed a unique gel-like microenvironment. The enamel extracellular matrix is mainly composed by amelogenin and non-amelogenin. In this study, an innovative strategy was proposed to regenerate enamel-like tissue by constructing a microenvironment using biomimetic enamel matrix proteins (biomimetic EMPs) composed of modified leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (mLRAP) and non-amelogenin analog (NAA). Impressively, the regenerated enamel in this biomimetic EMPs on etched enamel surface produced prismatic structures, and showed similar mechanical properties to natural enamel. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that regenerated crystal was hydroxyapatite. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis showed the binding energy between mLRAP and NAA were electrostatic forces and Van der Walls. These results introduced a promising strategy to induce crystal growth of enamel-like hydroxyapatite for biomimetic reproduction of materials with complicated hierarchical microstructures.

MMP20-generated amelogenin cleavage products prevent formation of fan-shaped enamel malformations.

Dental enamel forms extracellularly as thin ribbons of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) that initiate on dentin mineral in close proximity to the ameloblast distal membrane. Secreted proteins are critical for this process. Enam-/- and Ambn-/- mice fail to form enamel. We characterize enamel ribbon formation in wild-type (WT), Amelx-/- and Mmp20-/- mouse mandibular incisors using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) in inverted backscatter mode. In Amelx-/- mice, initial enamel mineral ribbons extending from dentin are similar in form to those of WT mice. As early enamel development progresses, the Amelx-/- mineral ribbons develop multiple branches, resembling the staves of a Japanese fan. These striking fan-shaped structures cease growing after attaining ~ 20 µm of enamel thickness (WT is ~ 120 µm). The initial enamel mineral ribbons in Mmp20-/- mice, like those of the Amelx-/- and WT, extend from the dentin surface to the ameloblast membrane, but appear to be fewer in number and coated on their sides with organic material. Remarkably, Mmp20-/- mineral ribbons also form fan-like structures that extend to ~ 20 µm from the dentin surface. However, these fans are subsequently capped with a hard, disorganized outer mineral layer. Amelogenin cleavage products are the only matrix components absent in both Amelx-/- and Mmp20-/- mice. We conclude that MMP20 and amelogenin are not critical for enamel mineral ribbon initiation, orientation, or initial shape. The pathological fan-like plates in these mice may form from the lack of amelogenin cleavage products, which appear necessary to form ordered hydroxyapatite.

The Efficiency of Fluoride Bioactive Glasses in Protecting Enamel Surrounding Orthodontic Bracket.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of using four different fluoride bioactive enamel sealers against an acidic erosion challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 50 freshly extracted sound upper premolars had their buccal surface bonded to 50 orthodontic brackets using Transbond PLUS color change adhesive; the first four groups had four compositions of fluoride bioactive glasses based on 37 mol% SiO2, 43.9-53.9 mol% CaO, 6.1 mol% P2O5 and CaF2, and 0-10 mol% of Na2O applied to their surfaces and the fifth group served as control (which was not treated by any bioactive sealer). All specimens were challenged by 1% citric acid for 18 minutes which was stirred by a magnetic stirrer. The enamel surfaces next to the orthodontic brackets were examined by SEM. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the area covered by the fluoride bioactive pastes before/after erosion (p < 0.05). Samples from the layer formed on top of the examined teeth were tested before/after erosion to be examined by the attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR). RESULTS: The FTIR/ATR test showed that fluoride bioactive pastes' applications resulted in the formation of a hydroxyapatite-rich layer; the SEM analysis showed that the aforementioned layer significantly resisted erosion challenge when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride bioactive pastes can efficiently protect the enamel surfaces next to orthodontic brackets from acidic erosion challenges.

Odontogenesis-associated phosphoprotein truncation blocks ameloblast transition into maturation in OdaphC41*/C41* mice.

Mutations of Odontogenesis-Associated Phosphoprotein (ODAPH, OMIM *614829) cause autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta, however, the function of ODAPH during amelogenesis is unknown. Here we characterized normal Odaph expression by in situ hybridization, generated Odaph truncation mice using CRISPR/Cas9 to replace the TGC codon encoding Cys41 into a TGA translation termination codon, and characterized and compared molar and incisor tooth formation in Odaph+/+, Odaph+/C41*, and OdaphC41*/C41* mice. We also searched genomes to determine when Odaph first appeared phylogenetically. We determined that tooth development in Odaph+/+ and Odaph+/C41* mice was indistinguishable in all respects, so the condition in mice is inherited in a recessive pattern, as it is in humans. Odaph is specifically expressed by ameloblasts starting with the onset of post-secretory transition and continues until mid-maturation. Based upon histological and ultrastructural analyses, we determined that the secretory stage of amelogenesis is not affected in OdaphC41*/C41* mice. The enamel layer achieves a normal shape and contour, normal thickness, and normal rod decussation. The fundamental problem in OdaphC41*/C41* mice starts during post-secretory transition, which fails to generate maturation stage ameloblasts. At the onset of what should be enamel maturation, a cyst forms that separates flattened ameloblasts from the enamel surface. The maturation stage fails completely.

Evaluation of bond strength of resin cement to Er:YAG laser-etched enamel and dentin after cementation of ceramic discs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of ceramic discs luted to differently etched enamel and dentin surfaces. Occlusal surfaces of 64 carious-free human molars and vestibule surfaces of 64 first maxillary incisors were ground to get flat superficial dentin and flattened enamel respectively. After generating 4 groups according to the surface etching method (37% orthophosphoric acid, Er:YAG laser-contact handpiece/scanning handpiece (1 or 2 times of scanning)), ceramic discs were luted to the surfaces with adhesive resin cement (Variolink N, Vivadent Ets., Schaan/Liechtenstein). After etching and cementation, thermocycling of 5000 cycles (Sd Mechatronik Gmbh, Feldkirchen-Westerham, Germany) and SBS test (Servopulser EHFFD1; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) were performed respectively. The surface morphologies of 2 specimens, etched enamel and dentin, prepared for each group were examined with SEM analysis. Failure modes were determined under a USB digital microscope. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). SBS values in dentin surfaces showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) among tested groups. The highest SBS among dentin groups was determined in the group which had 2 times etching by Er:YAG laser (11.42 MPa) by a scanning handpiece. No statistical differences were observed in the other dentin or enamel groups. Laser etching seems to be a viable alternative to acid etching on both enamel and dentin surfaces while double etching of dentin with a scanning handpiece can improve the adhesion.

The spatial distribution of focal stacks within the inner enamel layer of mandibular mouse incisors.

Focal stacks are an alternative spatial arrangement of enamel rods within the inner enamel of mandibular mouse incisors where short rows comprised of 2-45 enamel rods are nestled at the side of much longer rows, both sharing the same rod tilt directed mesially or laterally. The significance of focal stacks to enamel function is unknown, but their high frequency in transverse sections (30% of all rows) suggests that they serve some purpose beyond representing an oddity of enamel development. In this study, we characterized the spatial distribution of focal stacks in random transverse sections relative to different regions of the inner enamel and to different locations across enamel thickness. The curving dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) in transverse sections complicated spatial distribution analyses, and a technique was developed to "unbend" the curving DEJ allowing for more linear quantitative analyses to be carried out. The data indicated that on average there were 36 ± 7 focal stacks located variably within the inner enamel in any given transverse section. Consistent with area distributions, focal stacks were four times more frequent in the lateral region (53%) and twice as frequent in the mesial region (33%) compared to the central region (14%). Focal stacks were equally split by tilt (52% mesial vs. 48% lateral, not significant), but those having a mesial tilt were more frequently encountered in the lateral and central regions (2:1) and those having a lateral tilt were more numerous in the mesial region (1:3). Focal stacks having a mesial tilt were longer on average compared to those having a lateral tilt (7.5 ± 5.6 vs. 5.9 ± 4.0 rods per row, p < 0.01). There was no relationship between the length of a focal stack and its location within the inner enamel. All results were consistent with the notion that focal stacks travel from the DEJ to the outer enamel the same as the longer and decussating companion rows to which they are paired. The spatial distribution of focal stacks within the inner enamel was not spatially random but best fit a null model based on a heterogenous Poisson point process dependent on regional location within the transverse plane of the enamel layer.

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the potential effect of cigarette smoking on enamel of human smokers' teeth.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the potential changes in enamel surface of human smokers' teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty extracted permanent, human, noncarious anterior teeth were used in this study. Half of these teeth were obtained from heavy smokers, while the other half of teeth were collected from nonsmokers (control teeth). The teeth were then subjected for scanning electron microscopic examination together with energy dispersive X ray and micro-hardness analysis to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative effect of smoking respectively. RESULTS: SEM of smokers' teeth showed variable degrees of destruction from small areas of demineralization as holes and pits to destruction and deterioration of the organizational pattern of the rod substance. Moreover, areas of defective remineralization were detected. The microhardness, calcium and phosphorus weight % significantly decreased whereas the Ca/P ratio was significantly increased. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking adversely affected the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of enamel and even hindered the normal remineralization process thus cigarette smoking cessation should be promoted in the dental office daily practices.

Surface properties and Streptococcus mutans - Streptococcus sanguinis adhesion of fluorotic enamel.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface properties of moderately to severely fluorotic enamel and the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis to enamel, exploring the relationship between dental fluorosis and dental caries from a microbiology perspective. METHODS: We examined the basic surface properties of moderately to severely fluorotic enamel by surface microhardness test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy. Then S. mutans single-species biofilms and S. mutans - S. sanguinis dual-species biofilms were cultured on fluorotic enamel surface. The morphology of biofilms, the volume of bacteria and expolysaccharides (EPS) and the number of bacteria were respectively tested by SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy and colony-forming units (CFU) counting. RESULTS: Fluorotic enamel displayed lower average microhardness and greater surface roughness than sound enamel, and it also showed structure defects like pores or pits. The biofilm thickness, volume of bacteria and EPS, and CFU counts of bacteria in both single-species and dual-species biofilms on fluorotic enamel were all significantly higher than those on sound enamel. The volume of bacteria and EPS in dual-species biofilms are both less than those of single-species biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: The higher surface roughness and the structure defects of teeth with moderate to severe dental fluorosis contributed to the adhesion of S. mutans and S. sanguinis, and the increased adhesion of S. mutans may increase the susceptibility of dental caries. However, S. sanguinis would play a role as a "designer bacteria" which reduce the cariogenicity of the biofilms on fluorotic enamel surface.

Fossil microbial shark tooth decay documents in situ metabolism of enameloid proteins as nutrition source in deep water environments.

Alteration of organic remains during the transition from the bio- to lithosphere is affected strongly by biotic processes of microbes influencing the potential of dead matter to become fossilized or vanish ultimately. If fossilized, bones, cartilage, and tooth dentine often display traces of bioerosion caused by destructive microbes. The causal agents, however, usually remain ambiguous. Here we present a new type of tissue alteration in fossil deep-sea shark teeth with in situ preservation of the responsible organisms embedded in a delicate filmy substance identified as extrapolymeric matter. The invading microorganisms are arranged in nest- or chain-like patterns between fluorapatite bundles of the superficial enameloid. Chemical analysis of the bacteriomorph structures indicates replacement by a phyllosilicate, which enabled in situ preservation. Our results imply that bacteria invaded the hypermineralized tissue for harvesting intra-crystalline bound organic matter, which provided nutrient supply in a nutrient depleted deep-marine environment they inhabited. We document here for the first time in situ bacteria preservation in tooth enameloid, one of the hardest mineralized tissues developed by animals. This unambiguously verifies that microbes also colonize highly mineralized dental capping tissues with only minor organic content when nutrients are scarce as in deep-marine environments.

Comparative scanning electron microscope analysis of the enamel of permanent human, bovine and porcine teeth.

BACKGROUND: Bovine and porcine teeth are often used in in vitro experiments as substitutes of human teeth. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to perform a comparative analysis of enamel morphology of permanent human, bovine and porcine teeth under the scanning electron microscope. METHODS: As many as 10 human, 10 bovine, and 10 porcine teeth were studied. All the teeth were sectioned and the halves were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the examined tissue (vestibular enamel at the mid-height of the dental crown and in the cervical area). Human and bovine enamel was etched for 15 sec and porcine enamel for 30 sec. The scanning electron microscope analysis was performed. The length and width of enamel prisms were determined with the "Met-Ilo" 1.1 computer program. RESULTS: All enamel samples revealed the same etching pattern-Silverstone's type 2. Bovine enamel showed a similar porosity and the amount of interprismatic enamel compared to human enamel while the amount and width of interprismatic enamel bands in porcine enamel were evidently greater. The shape of the porcine prisms was visually similar to human prisms, although dimensions were significantly different. However, bovine prisms differed in form and appeared to be distinctly elongated. CONCLUSIONS: Reported findings indicate that the results of experimental studies carried out on bovine and porcine enamel should not be compared with the results obtained on human enamel.

Gingival epithelium attachment to well- or partially cured resin composites.

Ideal restoration material for caries would allow attachment of gingival epithelia. The attachment of epithelial cells to specimens of the 4 most commercially used well- or partially-cured resin composites, with and without TEGDMA, was assessed. Effects of resin composite on the Ca9-22 gingival epithelial cell-line were assessed by measuring the cytotoxicity, viability and gene expression for attachment, apoptosis, ROS-production, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. As controls, cells on tissue culture plastic or bovine tooth enamel specimens were used. Significantly less cell attachment was measured on freshly made resin-composite specimens. Concomitantly, significantly higher cytotoxicity was measured in the presence of freshly made resin-composite specimens. However, after 8 d of leakage, the cell attachment to and cytotoxicity of the resin composite was comparable to bovine tooth enamel. Significantly higher expressions of IL6, MMP2, BCL6 and ITGA4 were measured in cells attached to resin-composite surfaces than controls. There were no significant differences between the results using different conditions of resin composite, with or without TEGDMA and well or partially cured. Less cell attachment and presence of more inflammatory markers were observed on all freshly-made resin-composite surfaces. However, after a leakage period attachment of cells to the resin composite improved to the level of natural tooth materials such as enamel. This indicated that the negative effects of resin composites on epithelial cells might be transient.

Using tooth enamel microstructure to identify mammalian fossils at an Eocene Arctic forest.

Lower Eocene (Wasatchian-aged) sediments of the Margaret Formation on Ellesmere Island in Canada's High Arctic preserve evidence of a rainforest inhabited by alligators, turtles, and a diverse mammalian fauna. The mammalian fossils are fragmentary and often poorly preserved. Here, we offer an alternative method for their identification. Among the best preserved and extensive of the Eocene Arctic forests is the Strathcona Fiord Fossil Forest, which contains permineralized in situ tree stumps protruding from a prominent coal seam, but a paucity of vertebrate fossils. In 2010 and 2018, we recovered mammalian tooth fragments at the fossil forest, but they are so incomplete as to be undiagnostic by using their external morphology. We used a combination of light microscopy and SEM analysis to study the enamel microstructure of two tooth fragments from the fossil forest-NUFV2092B and 2092E. The results of our analysis indicate that NUFV2092B and 2092E have Coryphodon-enamel, which is characterized by vertical bodies that manifest as bands of nested chevrons or treelike structures visible in the tangential section under light microscopy. This enamel type is not found in other mammals known from the Arctic. Additionally, when studied under SEM, the enamel of NUFV2092B and 2092E has rounded prisms that open to one side and are surrounded by interprismatic matrix that is nearly parallel to the prisms, which also occurs in Coryphodon enamel, based on prior studies. The tooth fragments reported here, along with some poorly preserved bone fragments, thus far are the only documented vertebrate fossils from the Strathcona Fiord Fossil Forest. However, fossils of Coryphodon occur elsewhere in the Margaret Formation, so its presence at the fossil forest is not surprising. What is novel in our study is the way in which we identified the fossils using their enamel microstructure.

Combined effects of a topical fluoride treatment and 445 nm laser irradiation of enamel against a demineralization challenge: A light and electron microscopic ex vivo study.

This study investigated the caries-preventive effect of 445 nm laser radiation in combination with fluoride on the prevention of white spot lesions. Previously, several studies have indicated the ability of 488 nm argon ion laser irradiation to reduce early enamel demineralization. A diode laser (445 nm) could be an alternative technology for possible caries-preventive potential. Each sample of a group of seventeen caries-free bovine teeth was treated in four different ways on four different zones of the labial surface: control/no treatment (C), laser irradiation only (L) (0.3 W, 60 s and applied dose of 90 J/cm2), amine fluoride application only (10,000 ppm and pH 3.9) (F), and amine fluoride application followed by laser irradiation (FL). After treatment, the teeth were subjected to a demineralization solution (pH 4.3 for 48 h at 37 °C) to induce subsurface lesions. After sectioning, the teeth were examined by light microscopy. Three teeth were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The depths of the subsurface lesions in the C, L, F, and FL groups were 103.01 (± 13.04), 96.99 (± 14.51), 42.59 (± 17.13), and 24.35 (± 11.38) µm, respectively. The pairwise group comparison showed the following results: p < 0.001 for FL versus C, FL versus L, F versus C, and F versus L, p = 0.019 for FL versus F and p = 0.930 for L versus C. The SEM micrographs support the light-microscopic examination. The results of the current study have shown that using relatively low irradiation settings of 445 nm laser on fluoridated enamel may be effective for prevention of white spot lesions.