Lumbosacral transitional vertebra in spondylolisthesis: frequency, demographic findings, and clinical characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The association of LSTV with low back pain has been debated in the literature for nearly a century, but the relationship between LSTV and spondylolisthesis is still under discussion. There is currently no valid information about LSTV's prevalence in Iran. This study investigated the relationship between the presence of LSTV and lumbosacral spondylolisthesis regarding frequency, gender and age variation, grade and level of spondylolisthesis, and clinical signs and symptoms. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included spondylolisthesis patients admitted for surgery between March 2021 to December 2022. All patients underwent CT imaging. After evaluating medical records, the baseline data were collected. Patients were categorized into No LSTV, Sacralization, and Lumbarization groups. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the studied groups were compared using an independent T-test and Chi-Square. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the age and sex variations between groups. RESULTS: 219 patients with a mean age of 57.07 ± 11.04 were included. A significant relationship was observed between the presence of sacralization and gender diversity with female predominance (P = 0.01). The level of spondylolisthesis and the presence of motor deficits (paresis) significantly differed among study groups (P < 0.05). Sacralization group exhibited a greater prevalence of higher grades of listhesis compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: LSTV is frequently seen in spondylolisthesis patients. Sacralization is the common type of LSTV in spondylolisthesis patients, possibly leading to an increased risk for higher grades of vertebral slip and higher rates of motor deficit signs and symptoms. The presence of sacralization results in a significant increase in the incidence of higher levels of spondylolisthesis, especially the L4-L5*(sacralized L5) level. There is no relationship between age and the presence of LSTV in spondylolisthesis.

Return to flight duty (RTFD) after posterior lumbar spine surgery for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis (LIS) in Chinese military pilots.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis (LIS) present significant challenges for military pilots, which may result in grounding if not effectively managed. Surgical treatment for LDH and LIS may offer a pathway to return to flight duty (RTFD), but recent data on this crucial topic is lacking. This study seeks to address this gap by investigating the RTFD outcomes among Chinese military pilots who have undergone lumbar spine surgery for symptomatic LDH and LIS. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on active-duty military pilots who underwent isolated decompressive or fusion procedures at an authorized military medical center from March 1, 2007, to March 1, 2023. The analysis utilized descriptive statistics to examine demographic, occupational, surgical, and outcome data, with a particular focus on preoperative flight status, recommended clearance by spine surgeons, and actual RTFD outcomes and time. RESULTS: Among the identified cases of active-duty military pilots with LDH or LIS treated by lumbar surgery (n = 24), 70.8% (17 of 24) consistently maintained RTFD status without encountering surgical complications or medical issues during the follow-up period. Of the seven pilots who did not RTFD, one retired within a year of surgery, two had anterior cruciate ligament injuries, three had residual radicular symptoms, and one had chronic low back pain. Excluding pilots who retired and did not RTFD for reasons unrelated to their lumbar conditions, the RTFD rate stood at 81.0% (17 of 21). The median time for recommended clearance by spine surgeons was 143.0 days (inter-quartile range, 116.5-196.0), while the median duration for actual RTFD attainment was 221.0 days (inter-quartile range, 182.0-300.0). The median follow-up post-lumbar surgery was 1.7 years (inter-quartile range, 0.4-2.9). CONCLUSION: Most military pilots diagnosed with symptomatic LDH and LIS can continue their careers and regain active-duty flight status following lumbar spine surgery, as reflected by the high RTFD rate. Lumbar spine surgery can successfully alleviate the physical constraints associated with spinal conditions, facilitating the return of military pilots to their demanding profession.

Differences in imaging and clinical characteristics are associated with higher rates of decompression-fusion versus decompression-alone in women compared to men for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis.

PURPOSE: The goals were to ascertain if differences in imaging/clinical characteristics between women and men were associated with differences in fusion for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. METHODS: Patients had preoperative standing radiographs, CT scans, and intraoperative fluoroscopic images. Symptoms and comorbidity were obtained from patients; procedure (fusion-surgery or decompression-alone) was obtained from intraoperative records. With fusion surgery as the dependent variable, men and women were compared in multivariable logistic regression models with clinical/imaging characteristics as independent variables. The sample was dichotomized, and analyses were repeated with separate models for men and women. RESULTS: For 380 patients (mean age 67, 61% women), women had greater translation, listhesis angle, lordosis, and pelvic incidence, and less diastasis and disc height (all p ≤ 0.03). The rate of fusion was higher for women (78% vs. 65%; OR 1.9, p = 0.008). Clinical/imaging variables were associated with fusion in separate models for men and women. Among women, in the final multivariable model, less comorbidity (OR 0.5, p = 0.05), greater diastasis (OR 1.6, p = 0.03), and less anterior disc height (OR 0.8, p = 0.0007) were associated with fusion. Among men, in the final multivariable model, opioid use (OR 4.1, p = 0.02), greater translation (OR 1.4, p = 0.0003), and greater diastasis (OR 2.4, p = 0.0002) were associated with fusion. CONCLUSIONS: There were differences in imaging characteristics between men and women, and women were more likely to undergo fusion. Differences in fusion within groups indicate that decisions for fusion were based on composite assessments of clinical and imaging characteristics that varied between men and women.

Progression to fusion after lumbar laminectomy for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: Rate and risk-factors. A national database study.

OBJECTIVE: Lumbar laminectomy is often utilized in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Risk factors that contribute to reoperation rates, in particular to progression to fusion, are poorly understood. We aimed to identify rate and risk factors of lumbar fusion surgery following lumbar laminectomy for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal spondylolisthesis. METHODS: Our sample was obtained from the national MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database. We reviewed patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy for stable degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (Grade-1) at one or two levels between January 2007 and December 2016. RESULTS: A total of 33,681 patients were included. By 2 years after the index operation, 2.48 % of patients had required lumbar fusion surgery. Female sex was associated with lower odds (OR 0.8, 95 %CI 0.7-0.9) of reoperation for fusion. Diabetes (OR 1.2, 95 %CI 1.1-1.4), rheumatoid arthritis (OR 1.5, 95 %CI 1.2-1.7) and clinical presentation with LBP (OR 2.1, 95 %CI 1.6-2.9), lower extremity weakness (OR 1.4, 95 %CI 1.1-1.5), as well as occurrence of a postoperative neurological complications (OR 2.0, 95 %CI 1.1-3.4) increased the odds ratio for requiring fusion surgery within two years after lumbar laminectomy. CONCLUSION: In this large cross-sectional sample of a national claims database consisting of lumbar laminectomy patients for the treatment of spondylolisthesis, approximately 2.5 % required subsequent lumbar fusion. Several modifiable risk factors for fusion progression were identified, which may guide clinicians in shared decision-making and to help identify patients with elevated post-operative risk providing potential leverage point for prevention.

Factors Predisposing to The Formation of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis-A Narrative Review.

The relationship between various factors predisposing to the formation of spondylolisthesis, including degenerative spondylolisthesis, has been analyzed by many authors. However, not all observations are consistent. In this review, we identified factors whose impact on the prevalence of spondylolisthesis was most often mentioned in the literature. These included gender, age, bone mineral density, ethnic origin, and oophorectomy. The results were inclusive in terms of physical activity, pregnancy status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. Associations between diabetes and smoking were very poorly marked. The literature so far has identified a number of factors significantly affecting the incidence of degenerative spondylolisthesis. These include age, gender, body weight, ethnic origin, bone mineral density, and hormonal balance. Radiological parameters, which include iliac crest, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and lumbar lordosis, may also be of great importance for assessing changes in the occurrence and progression. However, the authors do not agree on the real significance of individual factors. The aim of this review was to identify the factors predisposing to the formation of degenerative spondylolisthesis, the importance of which has been suggested in the current literature. The systematization of knowledge in this field can allow a more accurate adjustment of the treatment plan for each patient affected by this condition.

The Norwegian degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis (NORDSTEN) study: study overview, organization structure and study population.

PURPOSE: To provide an overview of the The Norwegian Degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis (NORDSTEN)-study and the organizational structure, and to evaluate the study population. METHODS: The NORDSTEN is a multicentre study with 10 year follow-up, conducted at 18 public hospitals. NORDSTEN includes three studies: (1) The randomized spinal stenosis trial comparing the impact of three different decompression techniques; (2) the randomized degenerative spondylolisthesis trial investigating whether decompression surgery alone is as good as decompression with instrumented fusion; (3) the observational cohort tracking the natural course of LSS in patients without planned surgical treatment. A range of clinical and radiological data are collected at defined time points. To administer, guide, monitor and assist the surgical units and the researchers involved, the NORDSTEN national project organization was established. Corresponding clinical data from the Norwegian Registry for Spine Surgery (NORspine) were used to assess if the randomized NORDSTEN-population at baseline was representative for LSS patients treated in routine surgical practice. RESULTS: A total of 988 LSS patients with or without spondylolistheses were included from 2014 to 2018. The clinical trials did not find any difference in the efficacy of the surgical methods evaluated. The NORDSTEN patients were similar to those being consecutively operated at the same hospitals and reported to the NORspine during the same time period. CONCLUSION: The NORDSTEN study provides opportunity to investigate clinical course of LSS with or without surgical interventions. The NORDSTEN-study population were similar to LSS patients treated in routine surgical practice, supporting the external validity of previously published results. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02007083 10/12/2013, NCT02051374 31/01/2014 and NCT03562936 20/06/2018.

Age, pelvic incidence, facet joint angle and pedicle-facet angle as correlative factors for isthmic spondylolisthesis: a retrospective case control study.

BACKGROUND: Isthmic spondylolisthesis (IS) is a common clinical disease with a high incidence rate. However, most current researches explain the clear pathogenesis from a single perspective. The aim of our study was to explore the relationships between multiple parameters in patients and find the potential risk factors of this disease. METHODS: Our study retrospectively included 115 patients who were diagnosed with isthmic spondylolisthesis and the same number of individuals without spondylolisthesis. The following parameters were measured or collected: age, pelvic incidence (PI), facet joint angle (FJA) and pedicle-facet angle (P-F angle). The radiographic files were imported into Mimics Medical 20.0 and all collected data were analyzed using SPSS, version 26.0, statistical software. RESULTS: The age was higher in IS group than in control group. PI was also higher in the IS group (50.99 ± 7.67) than in the control group (43.77 ± 9.30) significantly (P = 0.009). There was significant difference in cranial and average FJA tropism in L3-L4 level (P = 0.002, P = 0.006, respectively) and in L4-L5 level (P < 0.001). P-F angle of L4-L5 level showed significantly larger in IS group than in control group (P = 0.007).The logistic regression analysis showed a larger age, a greater L3-L4 cranial FJA tropism, and a greater L4-L5 cranial FJA tropism were potential predictors of IS, with an OR of 1.07, 1.28, and 1.39 respectively. The thresholds of the predictors were 60 years, 5.67°, and 8.97° according to the ROC curve. The linear regression equation was established: degree of slippage (%) = 0.220*age - 0.327* L3-4 cranial FJA tropism - 0.346* L4-5 average FJA tropism (F = 3.460, P = 0.011, r = 0.659). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that isthmic spondylolisthesis may be related to multiple factors rather than a single factor. Age, PI, PJA and P-F angle are potentially associated with spondylolisthesis.

TLIF is Associated With Lower Rates of Adjacent Segment Disease and Complications Compared to ALIF: A Matched-Cohort Analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of adjacent segment disease (ASD) in patients undergoing anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for the treatment of degenerative stenosis and spondylolisthesis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: ALIF and TLIF are frequently used to treat Lumbar stenosis and spondylolisthesis. While both approaches have distinct advantages, it is unclear whether there are any differences in rates of ASD and postoperative complications. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent index 1-3 levels ALIF or TLIF between 2010 and 2022, using the PearlDiver Mariner Database, an all-claims insurance database (120 million patients). Patients with a history of prior lumbar surgery and those undergoing surgery for cancer, trauma, or infection were excluded. Exact 1:1 matching was performed using demographic factors, medical comorbidities, and surgical factors found to be significantly associated with ASD in a linear regression model. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of ASD within 36 months of index surgery, and secondary outcomes were all-cause medical and surgical complications. RESULTS: Exact 1:1 matching resulted in 2 equal groups of 106,451 patients undergoing TLIF and ALIF. The TLIF approach was associated with a lower risk of ASD (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.56-0.59, P < 0.001) and all-cause medical complications (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.98, P =0.002). All-cause surgical complications were not significantly different between both groups. CONCLUSION: After 1:1 exact matching to control for confounding variables, this study suggests that for patients with symptomatic degenerative stenosis and spondylolisthesis, a TLIF procedure (compared to ALIF) is associated with a decreased risk of developing ASD within 36 months of index surgery. Future prospective studies are needed to corroborate these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level-3.

Spondylolysis among Patients Without Low Back Pain in a Diagnostic Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Spondylolysis can either be asymptomatic or can cause significant low back pain. It is sometimes associated with the translation of one vertebra over another and is termed spondylolisthesis. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of spondylolysis among patients without low back pain in a diagnostic centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a referral diagnostic centre from 15 December 2018 to 14 December 2021 . Ethical approval was obtained from the Nepal Health Research Council (Reference number: 2903). Images of a computed tomography scan of the abdomen performed for other abdominal causes and without low back pain were reconstructed in the sagittal and coronal plane and evaluated for the presence of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the lumbar spine. Demographic data were taken from the hospital records. Convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 768 patients without low back pain, spondylolysis was found in 59 (7.68%) (5.80-9.56, 95% Confidence Interval). Spondylolisthesis was found in only 16 (27.1%) individuals with spondylolysis. The majority of spondylolysis cases were encountered in L5 level in 54 (91.53%). The mean age of patients with spondylolysis was 41.9±14.46 years. Male to female ratio was 1:1.18. Conclusions: The prevalence of spondylolysis in our study was found to be similar to other studies done in similar settings. Keywords: low back pain; spondylolisthesis; spondylolysis.

Providing environmental enrichments can reduce subclinical spondylolisthesis prevalence without affecting performance in broiler chickens.

Environmental enrichment can increase the occurrence of natural behavior and improve leg health and other animal welfare outcomes in broiler chickens. This study aimed to assess the effects of three environmental enrichments, specifically hay bales, step platforms, and laser lights, on subclinical spondylolisthesis prevalence, productivity, behavior, and gait of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Twenty-four hundred day-old male Ross® AP95 chicks from a commercial hatchery were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicate pens per treatment. Pens contained either a Control (C) treatment, an environment similar to a commercial broiler chicken system without environmental enrichments, or an environment with either additional hay bales (HB), additional step platforms (SP), or additional laser lights (LL). Performance, yield, behavior (frequencies), gait score, and subclinical spondylolisthesis prevalences were assessed. When raised with SP or LL access, fewer chickens had subclinical spondylolisthesis than chickens without enrichments (C) or with HB access. Chickens with access to SP exhibited higher wing yield and less abdominal fat than animals from the C group. Chickens from the LL and HB treatments explored more and rested less frequently than animals from the C and SP treatments. As chickens aged, they became less active, exploring less and increasing resting and comfort behaviors. Treatments did not affect gait. Gait was not associated with subclinical spondylolisthesis prevalence. Environmental enrichments benefitted chicken health (subclinical spondylolisthesis) and behavior (exploration) without negative consequences for performance and yield.

Spondylolisthesis and mismatch deformity affect outcomes after total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Little published data currently exist regarding the potential relationships between spondylolisthesis, mismatch deformity, and clinical outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We hypothesize that preexisting spondylolisthesis will result in decreased functional outcomes after TKA. METHODS: This retrospective cohort comparison of 933 TKAs was performed between January 2017 and 2020. TKAs were excluded if they were not performed for primary osteoarthritis (OA) or if preoperative lumbar radiographs were unavailable/inadequate to measure the degree of spondylolisthesis. Ninety-five TKAs were subsequently available for inclusion and divided into two groups: those with spondylolisthesis and those without. Within the spondylolisthesis cohort, pelvic incidence (PI) and lumbar lordosis (LL) were calculated on lateral radiographs to determine the difference (PI-LL). Radiographs with PI-LL > 10° were then categorized as having mismatch deformity (MD). The following clinical outcomes were compared between the groups: need for manipulation under anesthesia (MUA), total postoperative arc of motion (AOM) both pre-MUA or post-MUA/revision, incidence of flexion contracture, and a need for later revision. RESULTS: Forty-nine TKAs met the spondylolisthesis criteria, while 44 did not have spondylolisthesis. There were no significant differences in gender, body mass index, preoperative knee range of motion (ROM), preoperative AOM, or opiate use between the groups. TKAs with spondylolisthesis and concomitant MD were more likely to have MUA (p = 0.016), ROM < 0-120 (p < 0.014), and a decreased AOM (p < 0.02) without interventions. CONCLUSION: Preexisting spondylolisthesis by itself may not have adverse effect clinical results following TKA. However, spondylolisthesis increases the likelihood of developing MD. In those with both spondylolisthesis and concomitant mismatch deformities, patients had statistically and clinically significantly decreased in postoperative ROM/AOM and increased need for MUA. Surgeons should consider clinical/radiographic assessments of patients with chronic back pain who present for total joint arthroplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.

Robotic assistance in lumbar fusion surgery: trends and patterns from 2016-2019.

PURPOSE: Robotic-assisted spine surgery is an emerging field that is growing in utilization. Intraoperative robotic surgical units cost upwards of $600,000 for medical facilities to purchase. Despite significant cost barriers, these devices are highly marketable for hospitals and physicians. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2019 was reviewed. Inclusion criteria were patients over 18 years of age who underwent elective lumbar spinal fusion. Trends of robotic-assisted lumbar fusion were examined over time, as well as stratified based on patient and surgical characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 176,377 patients met the inclusion criteria. The overall rate of robotic-assisted lumbar fusion was 1.2% (2,131/174,246). Patients with private insurance were more likely to receive robotic-assisted lumbar fusion (40.3% vs. 37.5%; p < 0.05). Stratifying by race, whites were more likely to receive robotic-assisted lumbar fusion (84.1% vs. 79.5%; p < 0.05). Patients who underwent robotic-assisted lumbar fusion were significantly more likely to have a diagnosis of spondylolisthesis compared to those that underwent non-robotic-assisted lumbar fusion (25.9% vs. 22.0%; p < 0.05). Patients with lumbar fusion done via the anterior approach were more likely to have robotic-assisted surgery compared to other approaches (25.2% vs. 21.3; p < 0.05). Overall, there was a steady increase in its use over time, with patients who underwent lumbar fusion procedures four times more likely to receive robotic assistance in 2019 compared to 2016 (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 3.5-4.6; p < 0.0001). Robotic-assisted lumbar fusion was associated with higher inpatient costs ($170,036.40 vs. $139,026.10; p < 0.0001) despite having equivalent length of stay (3.31 ± 2.6 vs.3.37 ± 2.6; p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Robotic-assisted lumbar fusion is on the rise. Patients who had private insurance, were diagnosed with spondylolisthesis, and who had lumbar fusion via the anterior approach were more likely to undergo lumbar fusion using robotic assistance.

Factors associated with an increased risk of developing postoperative symptomatic lumbar spondylolisthesis after decompression surgery: an explorative two-centre international cohort study.

PURPOSE: Symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis can be treated with decompression surgery. A recent review reported that, after decompression surgery, 1.6-32.0% of patients develop postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis and may therefore be indicated for lumbar fusion surgery. The latter can be more challenging due to the altered anatomy and scar tissue. It remains unclear why some patients get recurrent neurological complaints due to postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis, though some associations have been suggested. This study explores the association between key demographic, biological and radiological factors and postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis after lumbar decompression. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients who had undergone lumbar spinal decompression surgery between January 2014 and December 2016 at one of two Spine Centres in the Netherlands or Switzerland and had a follow-up of two years. Patient characteristics, details of the surgical procedure and recurrent neurological complaints were retrieved from patient files. Preoperative MRI scans and conventional radiograms (CRs) of the lumbar spine were evaluated for multiple morphological characteristics. Postoperative spondylolisthesis was evaluated on postoperative MRI scans. For variables assessed on a whole patient basis, patients with and without postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis were compared. For variables assessed on the basis of the operated segment(s), surgical levels that did or did not develop postoperative spondylolisthesis were compared. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify associations with postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis. RESULTS: Seven hundred and sixteen patients with 1094 surgical levels were included in the analyses. (In total, 300 patients had undergone multilevel surgery.) ICCs for intraobserver and interobserver reliability of CR and MRI variables ranged between 0.81 and 0.99 and 0.67 and 0.97, respectively. In total, 66 of 716 included patients suffered from postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis (9.2%). Multivariable regression analyses of patient-basis variables showed that being female [odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95%CI 1.07-3.09] was associated with postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis. Higher BMI (OR 0.93, 95%CI 0.88-0.99) was associated with a lower probability of having postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis. Multivariable regression analyses of surgical level-basis variables showed that levels with preoperative spondylolisthesis (OR 17.30, 95%CI 10.27-29.07) and the level of surgery, most importantly level L4L5 compared with levels L1L3 (OR 2.80, 95%CI 0.78-10.08), were associated with postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis; greater facet joint angles (i.e. less sagittal-oriented facets) were associated with a lower probability of postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis (OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.95-0.99). CONCLUSION: Being female was associated with a higher probability of having postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis, while having a higher BMI was associated with a lower probability. When looking at factors related to postoperative symptomatic spondylolisthesis at the surgical level, preoperative spondylolisthesis, more sagittal orientated facet angles and surgical level (most significantly level L4L5 compared to levels L1L3) showed significant associations. These associations could be used as a basis for devising patient selection criteria, stratifying patients or performing subgroup analyses in future studies regarding decompression surgery with or without fusion.

Scoliosis in dysplastic spondylolisthesis: a clinical survey of 50 young patients.

BACKGROUND: Dysplastic spondylolisthesis is a rare spinal deformity that occurs mainly in young patients. Although its sagittal parameters had been well stated, coronal abnormalities in these patients were poorly studied. The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate the prevalence of scoliosis in dysplastic spondylolisthesis;(2) to assess scoliosis resolution or persistence after surgery; and (3) to propose a modified classification of scoliosis associated with dysplastic spondylolisthesis. METHODS: Fifty patients (average age 14.9 ± 5.6 years) diagnosed with dysplastic spondylolisthesis who underwent surgical treatment were followed up and their data were analyzed. Standing posteroanterior and lateral full spine radiographs were used to measure the coronal and sagittal parameters. Patients with scoliosis, which was defined as a coronal Cobb angle greater than 10°, were divided into three groups according to their curve characteristics: "independent" scoliosis (IS) group, spasm scoliosis (SS) group, and olisthetic scoliosis (OS) group. SS and OS were spondylolisthesis-induced scoliosis. The radiographic parameters and patient-reported outcomes were collected before and after surgery and compared between groups. RESULTS: The average slip percentage was 62.8% ± 23.1% and the average follow-up time was 51.5 ± 36.4 months (range 3-168 months). Twenty-eight of the 50 (56%) dysplastic spondylolisthesis patients showed scoliosis, of which 8 were IS (24.7° ± 15.2°), 11 were SS (13.9° ± 3.0°), and 9 were OS (12.9° ± 1.9°). By the last follow-up, no scoliosis resolution was observed in the IS group whereas all SS patients were relieved. Of the nine patients with OS, four (44.4%) had scoliosis resolution after surgery. CONCLUSION: Distinguishing different types of scoliosis in dysplastic spondylolisthesis patients may help surgeons to plan treatment and understand prognosis. For patients with significant scoliosis, whether "independent" or spondylolisthesis-induced, treatment of spondylolisthesis should be performed first and scoliosis should be observed for a period of time and treated according to the corresponding principles.

Frequency of Hypoplasia of the Vertebral Body at L5, and Its Relationship with Degeneration in Patients with Low Back Pain.

AIM: To explain the association between vertebral body hypoplasia and degenerative changes in the discovertebral complex and facet joints, and to assess the incidence of hypoplasia of the vertebral body at the L5 level. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made of 3,100 patients aged 20?50 years who underwent lumbar MRI with a complaint of back pain, of which 55 were identified with vertebral body hypoplasia. Intervertebral disc degeneration was evaluated in the study using the Pfirrmann and Modified Pfirrmann classification systems, while degenerative changes in the vertebrae endplate were assessed using the Modic classification system. Osteoarthritis of the facet joint was graded at the L4-5 level, and spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis rates were compared between the control group and the hypoplasic group. RESULTS: The incidence of hypoplasia of the vertebral body at the L5 level was found to be 1.8% in the population with back pain in the 20?50-year age group. In the hypoplasia group, disc degeneration was detected at a higher rate than in the control group (p < 0.001). The distribution of Modic signal changes in the superior and inferior endplates of the vertebrae differed significantly between the hypoplasia and control groups (p < 0.001).The rate of spondylolysis was 7.7% in the control group and 65.5% in the hypoplasia group (p < 0.001), and spondylolisthesis was significantly more common in the hypoplasia group (18.4%, p < 0.001). In addition, facet joint degeneration was identified more frequently in the hypoplasia group. Degenerative findings were detected in 74.5% of the right posterior intervertebral joints, and in 70.9% of the left posterior intervertebral joints in the hypoplasia group. CONCLUSION: Vertebral body hypoplasia is a predisposing factor for disc degeneration, facet osteoarthritis and degeneration in the vertebral endplates, and has also been associated with spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.

Risk factors for early-onset radiographical adjacent segment disease in patients with spondylolytic spondylolisthesis after single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The risk factors for radiographical adjacent segment disease (ASD) in patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis have been previously reported. However, there are only few reports on patients with spondylolytic spondylolisthesis who underwent single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). PURPOSE: The study aimed to investigate the risk factors for radiographical ASD in patients with L5-S1 spondylolytic spondylolisthesis who underwent single-level PLIF. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A retrospective study PATIENT SAMPLE: This study retrospectively reviewed 135 consecutive patients (91 men and 44 women) with symptomatic L5-S1 spondylolytic spondylolisthesis who underwent single-level PLIF. OUTCOME MEASURES: The pre- and postoperative (at the final follow-up) spinopelvic parameters, % slip, sacral slope, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence (PI), PI minus LL (PI - LL), lumbosacral angle, C7 sagittal vertical axis, and thoracic kyphosis were measured using standing radiographs. METHODS: Radiographical ASD was defined as disc height loss (>3 mm), increase of posterior angulation (>5°), or progression of spondylolisthesis (>3 mm) between the pre- and postoperative radiographs. Pfirrmann's classification was used to evaluate disc degeneration. The radiographical parameters and changes between the pre- and postoperative values were evaluated and compared for the non-ASD and ASD groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the adjusted associations between each potential explanatory variable and ASD development. RESULTS: The radiographical ASD incidence was 11%. Additionally, 60% of the patients with ASD had radiographical ASD at 1 year and all cases of radiographical ASD in this follow-up period occurred within 3 years after the initial surgery. The mean period of ASD occurrence after initial surgery was 21.7 ± 12.6 months. No patients required reoperation for radiographical ASD. Multivariate analysis revealed that a preoperative (odds ratio [OR], 5.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-28.9; p=.03) and a postoperative (OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.2-34.5; p=.03) PI - LL of ≥15° were risk factors for radiographical ASD. CONCLUSIONS: Pre- and postoperative PI - LL value mismatch was identified as significant independent risk factors for radiographical ASD in patients with L5-S1 spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Obtaining larger lordosis at L5-S1 may be the key to preventing radiographical ASD.

Predictors of Lumbar Spine Degeneration and Low Back Pain in the Community: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and worsening of lumbar spine structure and low back pain (LBP) and whether they are predicted by demographic characteristics or clinical characteristics or appendicular joint osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Paired baseline (2003-2004) and follow-up (2006-2010) lumbar spine radiographs from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project were graded for osteophytes (OST), disc space narrowing (DSN), spondylolisthesis, and presence of facet joint OA (FOA). Spine OA was defined as at least mild OST and mild DSN at the same level for any level of the lumbar spine. LBP, comorbidities, and back injury were self-reported. Weibull models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of spine phenotypes accounting for potential predictors including demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, obesity, and appendicular OA. RESULTS: Obesity was a consistent and strong predictor of incidence of DSN (HR 1.80 [95% CI 1.09-2.98]), spine OA (HR 1.56 [95% CI 1.01-2.41]), FOA (HR 4.99 [95% CI 1.46-17.10]), spondylolisthesis (HR 1.87 [95% CI 1.02-3.43]), and LBP (HR 1.75 [95% CI 1.19-2.56]), and worsening of DSN (HR 1.51 [95% CI 1.09-2.09]) and LBP (HR 1.51 [95% CI 1.12-2.06]). Knee OA was a predictor of incident FOA (HR 4.18 [95% CI 1.44-12.2]). Spine OA (HR 1.80 [95% CI 1.24-2.63]) and OST (HR 1.85 [95% CI 1.02-3.36]) were predictors of incidence of LBP. Hip OA (HR 1.39 [95% CI 1.04-1.85]) and OST (HR 1.58 [95% CI 1.00-2.49]) were predictors of LBP worsening. CONCLUSION: Among the multiple predictors of spine phenotypes, obesity was a common predictor for both incidence and worsening of lumbar spine degeneration and LBP.

Incidence of and risk factors for spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, and vertebral fracture in rheumatoid arthritis.

INTRODUCTION: Although lumbar lesions such as spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, and vertebral fracture are not specific to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the prevalence is high in RA patients. However, no longitudinal study has evaluated lumbar lesions in RA. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for lumbar lesions in RA by a prospective longitudinal cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study cohort comprised 110 patients with RA from the 'analysis of factors for RA spinal disorders (AFFORD)' study who completed the secondary survey at a single orthopaedic outpatient RA clinic. Radiological examination included standing radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine. New development of spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, and vertebral fracture were assessed between baseline and secondary survey. RESULTS: The incidences of spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, and vertebral fracture were 42%, 16%, and 12%, respectively, during a mean follow-up of 7 years. The independent risk factor for de novo scoliosis was poor control of RA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.81, p = 0.011), while the independent risk factors for new vertebral fracture was use of glucocorticoid at secondary survey (aOR 14.87, p = 0.012). Patients with de novo scoliosis exhibited more severe low back pain and lower quality of life than those without. CONCLUSION: The incidence of scoliosis was related in patients with poor control of RA, while new vertebral fracture was more common in patients with use of glucocorticoid. Control of disease activity might be important in preventing radiological lumbar disorders in RA.

Understanding the Pathophysiology of L5-S1 Loss of Lordosis and Retrolisthesis: An EOS Study of Lumbopelvic Movement Between Standing and Slump Sitting Postures.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the pathophysiology of L5-S1 loss of lordosis and retrolisthesis by comparing 2 commonly assumed physiological weight-bearing postures. METHODS: This was a prospective comparative study of whole-body standing and slump sitting EOS radiographs in clinic patients presenting with back pain or lower limb radicular pain. Patients with prior spinal intervention, malignancy, trauma, inflammatory diseases, transitional lumbosacral vertebra, pregnancy, and L5-S1 retrolisthesis or spondylolisthesis from nondegenerative causes were excluded. C7 sagittal vertical axis, global cervical angle, global thoracic angle, global lumbar angle, thoracolumbar angle, T1-slope, pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, sacral slope, L5-S1 angle, L5-S1 vertebral translation, L5-S1 disc height, and presence of L4-5 vertebral translation were measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of L5-S1 lordosis loss and retrolisthesis. RESULTS: L5-S1 loss of lumbar lordosis (7.02 ± 9.90°, P < 0.001), retrolisthesis (0.07 ± 0.411 cm, P < 0.001), and loss of disc height (0.10 ± 0.23 cm, P < 0.001) occurred when changing from standing to slump sitting along with other sagittal profile changes (P < 0.001). Taller L5-S1 disc height (odds ratio [OR] 2.57, P = 0.04), larger lumbar range-of-motion change (OR 3.82, P = 0.012), lower sacral slope on sitting (OR 2.50, P = 0.043), and presence of L4-5 spondylolisthesis (OR 2.75, P = 0.032) were predictive of larger L5-S1 lordosis loss (>7°) on multivariate analysis, while larger lumbar range-of-motion change (OR 2.21, P = 0.050) and presence of L4-5 spondylolisthesis (OR 3.08, P = 0.023) were predictive of greater L5-S1 retrolisthesis (>0.07 cm). CONCLUSIONS: Degenerative L5-S1 loss of lordosis and retrolisthesis likely result from long-standing lower lumbar spine bending forces against the posterior ligamentous complex with slump sitting, predisposed by a negatively sloped sacrum and increased lumbar flexibility.