[Controversial issues of diagnosis and theoretical concepts of schizophrenia in childhood]. / Diskussionnye voprosy diagnostiki i teoreticheskie modeli shizofrenii v detskom vozraste.

The article presents modern approaches to classification, presents debatable diagnostic issues, including the differences between domestic approaches to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in childhood from foreign taxonomies. The modern hypothesis of the etiological continuum of schizophrenic and autistic spectrum disorders is discussed, as well as clinical models of manifest stages of schizophrenia in childhood, with an emphasis on the influence of the age factor on the clinic, dynamics and prognosis of diseases.

Identification and treatment of individuals with childhood-onset and early-onset schizophrenia.

Approximately 8 % of patients with schizophrenia are diagnosed before age 18, and 18 % experience their first symptoms before age 18. This narrative review explores the management of patients with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) and childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) from diagnosis to their transition to adult care settings. Early diagnosis of schizophrenia in children and adolescents is essential for improving outcomes, but delays are common due to overlapping of symptoms with developmental phenomena and other psychiatric conditions, including substance use, and lack of clinicians' awareness. Once diagnosed, antipsychotic treatment is key, with specific second-generation agents generally being preferred due to better tolerability and their broader efficacy evidence-base in youth. Dosing should be carefully individualized, considering age-related differences in drug metabolism and side effect liability. Clinicians must be vigilant in detecting early non-response and consider switching or dose escalation when appropriate. Since early age of illness onset is a consistent risk factor for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), clinicians need to be competent in diagnosing TRS and using clozapine. Since COS and EOS are associated with cognitive deficits and impaired functioning, psychosocial interventions should be considered to improve overall functioning and quality of life. Good long-term outcomes depend on continuous treatment engagement, and successful transitioning from pediatric to adult care requires careful planning, early preparation, and collaboration between pediatric and adult clinicians. Targeting functional outcomes and quality of life in addition to symptom remission can improve overall patient well-being. Comprehensive evaluations, age-specific assessments, and targeted interventions are needed to address the unique challenges of EOS and COS.

Comparison of clinical characteristics and treatment efficacy in childhood-onset schizophrenia and adolescent-onset schizophrenia in mainland China: A retrospective study.

AIM: The comparative study of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) is scarce. This study aimed to examine the differences in clinical presentations and treatment efficacy between COS and AOS and further analyse the factors affecting the efficacy of early-onset schizophrenia (EOS). METHODS: A total of 582 electronic medical records of inpatients with EOS (216 COS and 366 AOS inpatients) between 2012 and 2019 were retrospectively analysed. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was used to assess psychotic symptoms. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyse the predictors of efficacy. RESULTS: The mean age of onset of EOS was 12.87 ± 2.19 years. The importance of better diagnosing COS appeared in a longer illness course, more frequently insidious onset, less frequent delusions, more severe negative symptoms and bizarre behaviours than AOS. Besides, COS had more frequent visual hallucinations and impulsive behaviours than AOS. After hospitalization, the improvement rate of psychotic symptoms in COS and AOS were 38.3% and 47.8%, respectively. The difference of efficacy between the two groups was statistically significant. Days of hospitalization, age of onset, presence of flat affect, PANSS total and negative score at admission were predictors of treatment efficacy in EOS individuals. CONCLUSIONS: COS inpatients suffer more obvious negative symptoms, bizarre behaviours, visual hallucinations and impulsive behaviours and worse efficacy than AOS inpatients. The severity of negative symptoms and age of onset seem the most noteworthy predictors of efficacy. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and early intervention.

[A clinical case of continuous schizophrenia with onset in early childhood]. / Klinicheskii sluchai nepreryvnotekushchei shizofrenii s nachalom v rannem detskom vozraste.

Cases of very early-onset schizophrenia are poorly described in the modern literature due to the ambiguous attribution of these conditions to a number of schizophrenic disorders. The diagnosis is complicated by the atypical presentation of the disease in early childhood. This clinical case reflects the manifestation, dynamics and outcome of the disease, which is important for early diagnosis and initiation of adequate drug intervention and habilitation.

Sleep neurophysiology in childhood onset schizophrenia.

Altered sleep neurophysiology has consistently been reported in adult patients with schizophrenia. Converging evidence suggests that childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), a rare but severe form of schizophrenia, is continuous with adult onset schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to characterize sleep neurophysiology in COS. An overnight sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in 17 children and adolescents with COS (16 years ± 6.6) and 17 age and gender-matched controls. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep EEG power and coherence for the frequency bands delta (1.6-4.8 Hz), theta (5-8.4 Hz), alpha (8.6-11 Hz), beta 1 (16.4-20.2 Hz) and beta 2 (20.4-24.2 Hz) were compared between COS patients and controls. COS patients exhibited significant and widespread deficits in beta power during NREM and REM sleep. With regard to coherence, we found increases in COS patients across brain regions, frequency bands and sleep states. This study demonstrates the utility of the sleep EEG for studying vulnerable populations and its potential to aid diagnosis.

Association of family history of schizophrenia and history of obstetric complications at birth: relationship with age at onset and psychopathology dimensions in a Nigerian cohort.

BACKGROUND: The nature of the association between obstetric complications (OCs) at birth and the genetic aetiology of schizophrenia remains unclear, as some authors suggest that it is an independent risk factor while others support either interactionism or an epiphenomenon perspective. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of family history of schizophrenia (FHS) with history of OCs, with a view to assessing whether this relationship moderates clinical phenotypes such as symptom dimensions and age at onset of illness. METHODS: This study examined OCs among schizophrenia probands using the Obstetric Complications Scale. An inquiry into family history was performed using the Family history method. Psychopathological symptom dimensions were assessed using standard scales. Data were analyzed to examine the interaction of FHS and history of OCs with age at onset and symptom dimensions, using ANCOVA. RESULTS: FHS was significantly associated with the disorganized symptoms dimension (p=0.03). History of OCs was significantly associated with earlier age at onset (p=0.007). However, in ANCOVA, the effect of the interaction between FHS and history of OCs was not significant for age at onset and symptom dimensions (P = 0.059). CONCLUSION: FHS was significantly associated with disorganization syndrome, and OCs was significantly associated with age at onset.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia Autism Severity Scale (PAUSS) in young people with autism and schizophrenia / Escala PAUSS (escala de gravedad del autismo derivada de la PANSS - escala de síndrome positivo y negativo para la esquizofrenia) en una muestra de jóvenes con autismo y esquizofrenia

INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) share symptoms with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autistic phenotypic profiles in SSD may be associated with a poor prognosis. We aimed to assess the evidences for reliability and convergent validity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Autism Severity Scale (PAUSS) in a sample of young people with ASD and SSD, and to use the PAUSS to explore correlates of "autistic profiles" in the SSD sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ASD (n=33, age=13-27 years) and SSD subjects (n=26, age=16-35 years) underwent PANSS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G), Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) assessments. We derived PAUSS total/domain scores from the PANSS and applied these back-to-back with ADOS calibrated severity scores (CSS), ADI-R current behavior algorithm (CBA) scores, and SRS scores. RESULTS: Our results show evidence for an acceptable PAUSS score reliability and convergent validity both in the ASD and SSD samples. PAUSS total and socio-communication scores significantly correlated with ADOS Overall/Social Affect CSS, both in ASD and in SSD. SSD with higher PAUSS scores ("autistic-SSD") showed Overall/Social Affect CSS scores positioned in between ASD and "non-autistic SSD". The PAUSS total score was significantly associated with global functioning in SSD (adjusted R2=0.311). CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be evidence for the reliability and validity of PAUSS scores for quantifying autism symptom severity transdiagnostically and to identify "autistic phenotypes" in adolescents/young adults with SSD

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los trastornos del espectro de la esquizofrenia (TEE) comparten síntomas con los trastornos del espectro del autismo (TEA). En individuos con TEE, perfiles fenotípicos "autistas" parecen estar asociados con un peor pronóstico. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la evidencia de fiabilidad y validez convergente de la PAUSS (escala de gravedad del autismo derivada de la escala de síndrome positivo y negativo para la esquizofrenia [PANSS]) en una muestra de jóvenes con TEA y TEE, y utilizar la PAUSS para explorar correlatos de "perfiles autistas" en la muestra de TEE. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: En sujetos con TEA (n = 33, edad = 13-27 años) y TEE (n = 26, edad = 16-35 años) se llevaron a cabo las siguientes evaluaciones: la PANSS, la Escala de Observación para el Diagnóstico del Autismo - Genérica (ADOS-G), la Entrevista para el Diagnóstico del Autismo-Revisada (ADI-R), y la Escala de Sensibilidad Social (SRS). Se derivaron de la PANSS las puntuaciones totales/dominio de la PAUSS y se correlacionaron con las puntaciones CSS (gravedad total calibrada) del ADOS, con las puntuaciones del algoritmo de comportamiento actual (CBA) del ADI-R y con las puntuaciones de la SRS. RESULTADOS: Nuestros resultados muestran una evidencia de fiabilidad y validez convergente de la PAUSS aceptables tanto en la muestra TEA como en la TEE. Las puntuaciones totales y del dominio social-comunicación de la PAUSS correlacionaban positiva y significativamente con las puntuaciones CSS total y afectividad social, respectivamente, tanto en la muestra TEA como en la TEE. Los individuos TEE con puntuaciones PAUSS más elevadas ("TEE autistas") mostraban puntuaciones CSS total y afectividad social situadas entre las de los individuos TEA y los "TEE-no autistas". En individuos TEE, la puntuación total PAUSS mostraba una asociación significativa con el funcionamiento global (R2 ajustado = 0.311). CONCLUSIONES: Parece haber evidencia de fiabilidad y validez de las puntuaciones de la PAUSS para cuantificar la gravedad de sintomatología autista a nivel transdiagnóstico, así como para identificar "fenotipos autistas" en adolescentes / adultos jóvenes con TEE

Psychosis in a Patient with Davidoff-Dyke-Masson Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To report the finding of psychosis in a patient with Davidoff-Dyke-Masson Syndrome. METHOD: Case report. CONCLUSIONS: Right-sided hemiatrophy may be an addition to the list of neuro-developmental and structural cerebral anomalies associated with psychotic disorders including schizophrenia.

[Hallucinations: Etiological analysis of children admitted to a pediatric emergency department]. / Hallucinations : analyse étiologique chez des enfants admis en service d'accueil des urgences.

Children's hallucinations pose the dual challenge of diagnosing a possible medical emergency and a possible psychiatric disorder. PURPOSE: The main objective was to analyze the causes of such hallucinations in children presenting to a pediatric emergency department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a single-center, observational, retrospective study including all children aged less than 15 years experiencing hallucinations and admitted to our tertiary level pediatric emergency department between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2015. The data collected were demographic; medical: previous medical or psychiatric history, current medications, associated clinical or psychiatric symptoms, type and character of hallucinations, length and recurrence of hallucinatory phenomena; and other biological, radiological and neurological explorations. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients were included (29 boys). The mean age was 9.1±3 years (range, 2-14 years and 10 months; median, 9.2 years). Admissions were seasonal with a bimodal distribution (a peak during springtime and another one during fall). Hallucinations were mainly visual (90%), acute (77%) and complex (63%). Visual hallucinations were associated with other types of hallucinations: auditory (n=17), somatosensory (n=7). Fifteen children had a psychiatric history and had already experienced hallucinatory phenomena (93%). Among 47 patients (69%), these hallucinations were associated with other symptoms: agitation (41%), headaches (28%), hyperthermia (21%) and negative symptoms of the schizophrenia spectrum (15%). On admission, 20 patients (29%) had one or more treatments under way (34 drugs, 41% known for hallucinogenic adverse effects). Neurological explorations were undertaken in half of the cases. Toxicological analysis prescribed in 19 children was positive in five cases (26%). Fifty-three percent of patients were hospitalized and 51 children received a specialized follow-up (by a neurologist and/or a psychiatrist). A nonpsychiatric origin of these hallucinations was diagnosed in 29 patients (43%): neurological causes (n=10), infectious diseases (n=10), intoxications (n=5) and a medication side effect (n=4). CONCLUSION: Hallucinations with a suspected underlying psychiatric cause differed on several factors: chronic duration (p=0.02), an onset after 10 years of age (p=0.004), previous identical episodes (p=0.014) and a parental psychiatric history (p=0.036), auditory hallucinations (p=0.0009), absence of fever (p=0.005), headaches (p=0.036) and the presence of negative symptoms of the schizophrenic spectrum (p=0.02).

Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of Outcome of Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychosis in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum psychosis (EOS) is hampered by limited data on clinical presentation and illness course. We aimed to systematically review the clinical characteristics, diagnostic trajectories, and predictors of illness severity and outcomes of EOS. METHODS: We conducted a systematic PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase literature review including studies published from January 1, 1990 to August 8, 2014 of EOS patients with 1) ≥50% nonaffective psychosis cases; 2) mean age of subjects <19 years; 3) clinical samples recruited through mental health services; 4) cross-sectional or prospective design; 5) ≥20 participants at baseline; 6) standardized/validated diagnostic instruments; and 7) quantitative psychotic symptom frequency or severity data. Exploratory analyses assessed associations among relevant clinical variables. RESULTS: Across 35 studies covering 28 independent samples (n = 1506, age = 15.6 years, age at illness onset = 14.5 years, males = 62.3%, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders = 89.0%), the most frequent psychotic symptoms were auditory hallucinations (81.9%), delusions (77.5%; mainly persecutory [48.5%], referential [35.1%], and grandiose [25.5%]), thought disorder (65.5%), bizarre/disorganized behavior (52.8%), and flat or blunted affect/negative symptoms (52.3%/50.4%). Mean baseline Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)-total, positive, and negative symptom scores were 84.5 ± 10.9, 19.3 ± 4.4 and 20.8 ± 2.9. Mean baseline Clinical Global Impressions-Severity and Children's Global Assessment Scale/Global Assessment of Functioning (CGAS/GAF) scores were 5.0 ± 0.7 and 35.5 ± 9.1. Comorbidity was frequent, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (34.3%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity and/or disruptive behavior disorders (33.5%), and substance abuse/dependence (32.0%). Longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) predicted less CGAS/GAF improvement (p < 0.0001), and poor premorbid adjustment and a diagnosis of schizophrenia predicted less PANSS negative symptom improvement (p = 0.0048) at follow-up. Five studies directly comparing early-onset with adult-onset psychosis found longer DUP in EOP samples (18.7 ± 6.2 vs. 5.4 ± 3.1 months, p = 0.0027). CONCLUSIONS: EOS patients suffer substantial impairment from significant levels of positive and negative symptoms. Although symptoms and functioning improve significantly over time, pre-/and comorbid conditions are frequent, and longer DUP and poorer premorbid adjustment is associated with poorer illness outcome.

[The possibility of using immunological parameters for the evaluation of the clinical state of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia].

OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical and immunological parameters in children with schizophrenia and to analyze the possibility of using them in the assessment of the pathological process activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 62 patients, 39 boys and 23 girls, aged from 4 to 17 years, with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Mental state of the patients was assessed using a psychopathological method and with PANSS and CGI scales. The activity of leukocyte elastase (LE) and alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI) was measured by spectrophotometric method. ELISA was used to determine the level of autoantibodies to neuroantigenes to S-100B and basic myelin protein. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The activation of innate immunity assessed by the activity of LE and α1-PI and adaptive immunity (levels of autoantibodies to neuroantigenes to S-100B and basic myelin protein) was identified. Significant correlations of the level of immune system activation with the severity of patient's state on СGI-S (r=0.64, p=0.000001) as well as scores on the PANSS negative symptom subscale (r=0.34, p=0.0077) were found. The results suggest the possibility of using these immunological parameters for the objectification of clinical state of children with schizophrenia.

Strong Treatment Response and High Maintenance Rates of Clozapine in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare but severe form of the disorder, which is often treatment refractory. Short-term studies have indicated a greater differential efficacy, evident through effect sizes, favoring clozapine over other agents in alleviating negative symptoms in COS patients compared with adult-onset patients (AOS). There have been no data for COS patients on long-term compliance with clozapine treatment. Therefore, we wanted to know, over a span of up to 24 years, how many of our COS cohort had remained on clozapine for at least 2 years. We review short-term treatment data and present updated long-term data on compliance and functioning for our patients. METHODS: We present the results for long-term medication maintenance over a 24 year observation period for our cohort of 131 patients. Of this cohort, 91.6% (120) were available for follow-up information from either in-person or telephone contact with the patient and/or family members. We defined clozapine compliance as ≥2 years receiving this medication and doing well. RESULTS: We were able to contact 120 of the 131 patients. In spite of the additional cost and inconvenience of regular blood monitoring, 87 patients (72.5%, 87/120) adhered to long-term clozapine maintenance therapy with dosages ranging from 50 to 900 mg, and a median dosage of 500 mg. This rate exceeds the long-term clozapine maintenance rates reported for AOS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term data on differential efficacy and long-term maintenance data suggest a possibly greater efficacy of clozapine, relative to other antipsychotics, in COS than in AOS. Our overall findings indicate that very early-onset schizophrenic patients may be more responsive to clozapine. This extends other support for clozapine as an option in the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia.

Disrupted sensorimotor and social-cognitive networks underlie symptoms in childhood-onset schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is increasingly recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with altered connectivity among brain networks. In the current study we examined large-scale network interactions in childhood-onset schizophrenia, a severe form of the disease with salient genetic and neurobiological abnormalities. Using a data-driven analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging fluctuations, we characterized data from 19 patients with schizophrenia and 26 typically developing controls, group matched for age, sex, handedness, and magnitude of head motion during scanning. This approach identified 26 regions with decreased functional correlations in schizophrenia compared to controls. These regions were found to organize into two function-related networks, the first with regions associated with social and higher-level cognitive processing, and the second with regions involved in somatosensory and motor processing. Analyses of across- and within-network regional interactions revealed pronounced across-network decreases in functional connectivity in the schizophrenia group, as well as a set of across-network relationships with overall negative coupling indicating competitive or opponent network dynamics. Critically, across-network decreases in functional connectivity in schizophrenia predicted the severity of positive symptoms in the disorder, such as hallucinations and delusions. By contrast, decreases in functional connectivity within the social-cognitive network of regions predicted the severity of negative symptoms, such as impoverished speech and flattened affect. These results point toward the role that abnormal integration of sensorimotor and social-cognitive processing may play in the pathophysiology and symptomatology of schizophrenia.

Comorbilidad del trastorno del espectro autista y el déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Estudio de revisión / omorbidity of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit with hyperactivity. A review study

Introducción. La elevada presencia de trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) en el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) ha sido reconocida en el Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, quinta edición, permitiendo el diagnóstico de ambos trastornos. Objetivo. Revisar las investigaciones publicadas entre 2010 y 2014 sobre las características cognitivas y sociales de la coocurrencia del TEA y el TDAH. Desarrollo. La revisión de los 33 estudios identificados evidencia una prevalencia de síntomas de TDAH en niños con TEA del 33-37%. La condición comórbida presenta más déficit en el control inhibitorio, la atención y la memoria de trabajo. Asimismo, en cognición social, la sintomatología del TDAH incrementa las dificultades en los casos de TEA. Además, el perfil clínico de TEA + TDAH muestra mayor gravedad que el de TDAH o TEA puros, y el retraso en el lenguaje y la intensidad/ frecuencia de rabietas son síntomas que ayudan a la identificación en edades tempranas. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos sugieren una superposición ‘aditiva’, y el TEA + TDAH comparte algunos déficits de ambos trastornos, lo cual tiene implicaciones para la evaluación y el diseño de tratamientos efectivos (AU)

Introduction. The high presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been acknowledged in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, thus allowing the diagnosis of both disorders. Aims. The purpose of this study is to review the research published between 2010 and 2014 on the cognitive and social characteristics of the concurrence of ASD and ADHD. Development. A review of the 33 studies that were identified showed evidence that the prevalence of symptoms of ADHD in children with ASD was 33-37%. The comorbid condition presents a greater deficit in inhibitory control, attention and working memory. Likewise, in social cognition, the clinical features of ADHD increase the difficulties in cases of ASD. Moreover, the clinical profile of ASD + ADHD is seen to be more severe than that of pure ADHD or ASD, and delayed language development and the intensity/frequency of tantrums are symptoms that are a valuable aid in identification at early ages. Conclusions. Findings suggest an ‘additive’ overlapping and ASD + ADHD shares some of the deficits from both disorders, which has implications for the evaluation and design of effective treatments (AU)

Looking for childhood-onset schizophrenia: diagnostic algorithms for classifying children and adolescents with psychosis.

OBJECTIVE: Among children <13 years of age with persistent psychosis and contemporaneous decline in functioning, it is often difficult to determine if the diagnosis of childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) is warranted. Despite decades of experience, we have up to a 44% false positive screening diagnosis rate among patients identified as having probable or possible COS; final diagnoses are made following inpatient hospitalization and medication washout. Because our lengthy medication-free observation is not feasible in clinical practice, we constructed diagnostic classifiers using screening data to assist clinicians practicing in the community or academic centers. METHODS: We used cross-validation, logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and random forest to determine the best algorithm for classifying COS (n=85) versus histories of psychosis and impaired functioning in children and adolescents who, at screening, were considered likely to have COS, but who did not meet diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia after medication washout and inpatient observation (n=53). We used demographics, clinical history measures, intelligence quotient (IQ) and screening rating scales, and number of typical and atypical antipsychotic medications as our predictors. RESULTS: Logistic regression models using nine, four, and two predictors performed well with positive predictive values>90%, overall accuracy>77%, and areas under the curve (AUCs)>86%. CONCLUSIONS: COS can be distinguished from alternate disorders with psychosis in children and adolescents; greater levels of positive and negative symptoms and lower levels of depression combine to make COS more likely. We include a worksheet so that clinicians in the community and academic centers can predict the probability that a young patient may be schizophrenic, using only two ratings.

Brain network informed subject community detection in early-onset schizophrenia.

Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) offers a unique opportunity to study pathophysiological mechanisms and development of schizophrenia. Using 26 drug-naïve, first-episode EOS patients and 25 age- and gender-matched control subjects, we examined intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) deficits underlying EOS. Due to the emerging inconsistency between behavior-based psychiatric disease classification system and the underlying brain dysfunctions, we applied a fully data-driven approach to investigate whether the subjects can be grouped into highly homogeneous communities according to the characteristics of their ICNs. The resultant subject communities and the representative characteristics of ICNs were then associated with the clinical diagnosis and multivariate symptom patterns. A default mode ICN was statistically absent in EOS patients. Another frontotemporal ICN further distinguished EOS patients with predominantly negative symptoms. Connectivity patterns of this second network for the EOS patients with predominantly positive symptom were highly similar to typically developing controls. Our post-hoc functional connectivity modeling confirmed that connectivity strength in this frontotemporal circuit was significantly modulated by relative severity of positive and negative syndromes in EOS. This study presents a novel subtype discovery approach based on brain networks and proposes complex links between brain networks and symptom patterns in EOS.

[Variants of cognitive development in children and adolescents with different forms of schizophrenia].

OBJECTIVE: To explore cognitive disorders in children and adolescents with schizophrenia from the perspective of cognitive dysontogenesis concept, assess severity and specificity of cognitive deficits and identify variants of the dynamics and types of cognitive development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three diagnostic groups of patients were studied: 1) childhood onset schizophrenia, 2) schizotypal disorder, and 3) other types of schizophrenia. RESULTS AND СONCLUSION: There was a predomination of cognitive development types, named cognitive dysontogenesis, which structure was determined by a combination of the dynamics of cognitive development and severity of cognitive deficits. Severity and type of the dynamics of cognitive deficits were associated with the diagnosis and cognitive process.