Estenose mitral supravalvar em felino de dois anos / Supravalvar mitral stenosis in a two year-old cat / Estenosis mitral supravalvular en un felino de dos años

Estenose mitral valvar ou supravalvar (EMV ou EMSV) é uma cardiopatia congênita rara em felinos e caracterizada, respectivamente, por estreitamento do orifício valvar ou pela presença de anel supravalvar, causando obstrução ao fluxo mitral e dificuldade no esvaziamento atrial, com consequente aumento da pressão atrial esquerda e edema pulmonar. Pode causar dispneia, sinais de hipertensão pulmonar ou de tromboembolismo arterial, devido a estase sanguínea associada a dilatação atrial esquerda. Relata-se o caso de um felino de dois anos com sinais de tromboembolismo aórtico, cujo ecocardiograma evidenciou pequena excursão diastólica dos folhetos da valva mitral com presença de anel supravalvar, além de fluxo diastólico turbulento transmitral, confirmando o diagnóstico de EMSV. Ressalta-se a importância da inclusão da EMV no diagnóstico diferencial das causas de aumento atrial esquerdo e tromboembolismo aórtico em felinos.

Mitral valvular stenosis or supravalvular Mitral stenosis (SVMS) is a congenital heart disease rarely diagnosed in cats. It is characterized by narrowing of the valve orifice or by presence of a supravalvular ring causing obstruction to mitral inflow and impaired atrial emptying, leading to increased left atrial pressure and pulmonary edema. Clinical signs include dyspnea, pulmonary hypertension, and arterial thromboembolism due to blood stasis associated with left atrial enlargement. We report the case of a 2-year-old feline with signs of aortic thromboembolism. The patient's echocardiogram showed a small diastolic excursion of the mitral leaflets, presence of supravalvular ring, and turbulent transmitral diastolic flow, confirming the diagnosis of SVMS. The importance of the inclusion of Mitral stenosis in the differential diagnosis of left atrial enlargement and aortic thromboembolism in felines is highlighted.

La estenosis mitral valvular o supravalvular (EMV o EMSV) es una cardiopatía congénita rara en felinos caracterizada por un estrechamiento del orificio valvular o bien por la presencia de un anillo valvular, respectivamente, que lleva a una obstrucción en el flujo mitral, dificultad para el vaciado atrial, y aumento consecuente de la presión atrial izquierda y edema pulmonar. Puede presentarse disnea, signos de hipertensión pulmonar o tromboembolismo arterial debido a la estasis sanguinea provocada por la dilatación atrial. El presente trabajo relata el caso de un felino de dos años con signos de tromboembolismo aórtico. El electrocardiograma presentó una pequeña excursión diastólica en los folletos de la válvula mitral, con presencia de un anillo supravalvular y un flujo diastólico turbulento transmitral, confirmando el diagnóstico de EMSV. Resaltamos la importancia de incluir la estenosis mitral valvular en el diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades que llevan a un aumento del atrio izquierdo y tromboembolismo aórtico en felinos.

Estenose mitral supravalvar em felino de dois anos / Supravalvar mitral stenosis in a two year-old cat / Estenosis mitral supravalvular en un felino de dos años

Estenose mitral valvar ou supravalvar (EMV ou EMSV) é uma cardiopatia congênita rara em felinos e caracterizada, respectivamente, por estreitamento do orifício valvar ou pela presença de anel supravalvar, causando obstrução ao fluxo mitral e dificuldade no esvaziamento atrial, com consequente aumento da pressão atrial esquerda e edema pulmonar. Pode causar dispneia, sinais de hipertensão pulmonar ou de tromboembolismo arterial, devido a estase sanguínea associada a dilatação atrial esquerda. Relata-se o caso de um felino de dois anos com sinais de tromboembolismo aórtico, cujo ecocardiograma evidenciou pequena excursão diastólica dos folhetos da valva mitral com presença de anel supravalvar, além de fluxo diastólico turbulento transmitral, confirmando o diagnóstico de EMSV. Ressalta-se a importância da inclusão da EMV no diagnóstico diferencial das causas de aumento atrial esquerdo e tromboembolismo aórtico em felinos.(AU)

Mitral valvular stenosis or supravalvular Mitral stenosis (SVMS) is a congenital heart disease rarely diagnosed in cats. It is characterized by narrowing of the valve orifice or by presence of a supravalvular ring causing obstruction to mitral inflow and impaired atrial emptying, leading to increased left atrial pressure and pulmonary edema. Clinical signs include dyspnea, pulmonary hypertension, and arterial thromboembolism due to blood stasis associated with left atrial enlargement. We report the case of a 2-year-old feline with signs of aortic thromboembolism. The patient's echocardiogram showed a small diastolic excursion of the mitral leaflets, presence of supravalvular ring, and turbulent transmitral diastolic flow, confirming the diagnosis of SVMS. The importance of the inclusion of Mitral stenosis in the differential diagnosis of left atrial enlargement and aortic thromboembolism in felines is highlighted.(AU)

La estenosis mitral valvular o supravalvular (EMV o EMSV) es una cardiopatía congénita rara en felinos caracterizada por un estrechamiento del orificio valvular o bien por la presencia de un anillo valvular, respectivamente, que lleva a una obstrucción en el flujo mitral, dificultad para el vaciado atrial, y aumento consecuente de la presión atrial izquierda y edema pulmonar. Puede presentarse disnea, signos de hipertensión pulmonar o tromboembolismo arterial debido a la estasis sanguinea provocada por la dilatación atrial. El presente trabajo relata el caso de un felino de dos años con signos de tromboembolismo aórtico. El electrocardiograma presentó una pequeña excursión diastólica en los folletos de la válvula mitral, con presencia de un anillo supravalvular y un flujo diastólico turbulento transmitral, confirmando el diagnóstico de EMSV. Resaltamos la importancia de incluir la estenosis mitral valvular en el diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades que llevan a un aumento del atrio izquierdo y tromboembolismo aórtico en felinos.(AU)

Net atrioventricular compliance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular death in mitral stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: Rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) is a progressive disease, and risk of death may persist despite relief of the obstruction. Net atrioventricular compliance (Cn) modulates the overall haemodynamic burden of the MS and may be useful in predicting cardiovascular death after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV). METHODS: A total of 427 patients (mean age 50±16 years, 84% female) with severe MS undergoing PMV were enrolled. Doppler-derived Cn was estimated at baseline using a previously validated equation. The primary endpoint was late cardiovascular death, and the secondary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality, mitral valve (MV) replacement or repeat PMV over a median follow-up of 31 months (IQR: 7.8-49.2 months). RESULTS: At baseline, 209 patients (49%) were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV. During follow-up, 49 patients died (41 cardiovascular deaths), 50 underwent MV replacement and 12 required repeat PMV, with an overall incidence of cardiac mortality and adverse events of 4.1 deaths and 11.1 events per 100 patient-years, respectively. Low baseline Cn was a strong predictor of both cardiac death (adjusted HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.86) and composite endpoint (adjusted HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.91) after adjusting for clinical factors, baseline pulmonary artery pressure, tricuspid regurgitation severity, right ventricular function and immediate procedural haemodynamic data. The inclusion of Cn in a model with conventional parameters resulted in improvement in 5-year cardiovascular mortality risk prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline Cn is a strong predictor of cardiovascular death in patients with MS undergoing PMV, independent of other prognostic markers of decreased survival in MS, including baseline patient characteristics and postprocedural data. Cn assessment therefore has potential value in evaluation of cardiovascular mortality risk in the setting of MS.

Resultados a largo plazo de la valvuloplastía mitral con balón / Long term results of mitral balloon valvuloplasty

Background: Mitral balloon valvuloplasty (MBV) is the therapy of choice for the treatment of symptomatic mitral stenosis with suitable anatomy. Although its short and mid-term results are favorable, there is a paucity of information about long-term follow-up. Aim: To assess the late results of MBV. Material and Methods: A cohort of 225 patients aged 8 to 20 years who were subjected to a MBV from 1989 to 2001, was studied. All variables at the time of the procedure, short and long-term results and major events during follow-up (new mitral intervention and mortality) were recorded. Uni and multivariate analysis were used to assess prognosis. Results: The mean follow-up lapse was 13.5 years (range 8 to 20 years). During this period, 88 patients (39.1%) remained event-free and in acceptable functional capacity. Eight percent died, 8% required a second MBV and 43.5% required a surgical mitral valve replacement. A post-procedural area equal or greater to 1.9 cm² was associated with a greater likelihood of free-event survival (log rank test: p = 0.02/Cox proportional regression model: coefficient 0.54, p = 0.04). Conclusions: MBV is effective, although there is a high chance of new interventions in the long-term follow-up. A larger post-procedure mitral area is associated with a better prognosis.

[Long term results of mitral balloon valvuloplasty]. / Resultados a largo plazo de la valvuloplastía mitral con balón.

BACKGROUND: Mitral balloon valvuloplasty (MBV) is the therapy of choice for the treatment of symptomatic mitral stenosis with suitable anatomy. Although its short and mid-term results are favorable, there is a paucity of information about long-term follow-up. AIM: To assess the late results of MBV. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 225 patients aged 8 to 20 years who were subjected to a MBV from 1989 to 2001, was studied. All variables at the time of the procedure, short and long-term results and major events during follow-up (new mitral intervention and mortality) were recorded. Uni and multivariate analysis were used to assess prognosis. RESULTS: The mean follow-up lapse was 13.5 years (range 8 to 20 years). During this period, 88 patients (39.1%) remained event-free and in acceptable functional capacity. Eight percent died, 8% required a second MBV and 43.5% required a surgical mitral valve replacement. A post-procedural area equal or greater to 1.9 cm² was associated with a greater likelihood of free-event survival (log rank test: p = 0.02/Cox proportional regression model: coefficient 0.54, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: MBV is effective, although there is a high chance of new interventions in the long-term follow-up. A larger post-procedure mitral area is associated with a better prognosis.

Long-term evolution of mitral commissurotomy in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score.

INTRODUCTION: The good results of open mitral commissurotomy are well known and there is a hypothesis that it could provide better results in patients selected by echocardiographic score. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the late results with open mitral commissurotomy in patients selected by score and to identify variables influencing these results. METHODS: From January 1990 to August 1994, 50 patients were submitted to open mitral commissurotomy due to rheumatic mitral stenosis in Heart Institute of University of Sao Paulo Medical School. Patients with age < 60 years, in functional class II, III or IV (New York Heart Association) and echocardiographic score 9 were included. The mean age was 32.7 ± 8.3 years and 41 patients (82%) were female. The functional class was II in three patients (6%), III in 46 (92%) and IV in one (2%). Forty six patients (92%) were in sinus rhythm and four (8%) were in atrial fibrillation. The mean mitral valve area was 0.9 ± 0.2 cm². RESULTS: There was no hospital mortality. There were two late deaths, one related to valve disease. Actuarial survival was 95.5 ± 3.1 %, freedom from reoperation was 62.3 ± 11,8% and freedom from tromboembolism was 88,2 ± 5,0% in 18 years. There was no endocarditis. The grade of the echocardiographic score had no significant influence on the reoperations in late evolution. CONCLUSION: Open mitral commissurotomy presented excelent long term results in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score.

Evolução tardia da comissurotomia mitral em pacientes reumáticos com baixo escore ecocardiográfico / Long-term evolution of mitral commissurotomy in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score

INTRODUÇÃO: Os bons resultados da comissurotomia mitral a céu aberto são bem conhecidos e existe a hipótese de que se poderiam obter melhores resultados em pacientes selecionados pelo escore ecocardiográfico. OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados tardios da comissurotomia mitral em pacientes selecionados pelo escore ecocardiográfico e identificar variáveis com influência nesses resultados. MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 1990 a agosto de 1994, 50 pacientes com estenose mitral reumática foram submetidos à comissurotomia mitral a céu aberto no Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram incluídos pacientes com idade < 60 anos, classe funcional II, III ou IV (New York Heart Association) e escore ecocardiográfico 9. A idade média foi de 32,68 ± 8,29 anos, sendo 41 (82%) pacientes do sexo feminino. Três (6%) pacientes estavam em classe funcional II, 46 (92%) em III e um (2%) em IV. Quarenta e seis (92%) pacientes apresentavam ritmo sinusal e quatro (8%), fibrilação atrial. A área valvar mitral média foi de 0,9 ± 0,2 cm². RESULTADOS: Não houve mortalidade hospitalar. Ocorreram dois óbitos tardios, um relacionado à valvopatia. A sobrevida actuarial foi de 95,5 ± 3,1%, sobrevida livre de reoperação, 62,3 ± 11,8%, e sobrevida livre de tromboembolismo, 88,2 ± 5,0% em 18 anos. Não houve endocardite. O escore ecocardiográfico não teve influência significante em reoperações na evolução tardia. CONCLUSÃO: A comissurotomia mitral a céu aberto obteve resultados tardios excelentes nos pacientes com baixo escore ecocardiográfico.

INTRODUCTION: The good results of open mitral commissurotomy are well known and there is a hypothesis that it could provide better results in patients selected by echocardiographic score. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the late results with open mitral commissurotomy in patients selected by score and to identify variables influencing these results. METHODS: From January 1990 to August 1994, 50 patients were submitted to open mitral commissurotomy due to rheumatic mitral stenosis in Heart Institute of University of Sao Paulo Medical School. Patients with age < 60 years, in functional class II, III or IV (New York Heart Association) and echocardiographic score 9 were included. The mean age was 32.7 ± 8.3 years and 41 patients (82%) were female. The functional class was II in three patients (6%), III in 46 (92%) and IV in one (2%). Forty six patients (92%) were in sinus rhythm and four (8%) were in atrial fibrillation. The mean mitral valve area was 0.9 ± 0.2 cm². RESULTS: There was no hospital mortality. There were two late deaths, one related to valve disease. Actuarial survival was 95.5 ± 3.1 %, freedom from reoperation was 62.3 ± 11,8% and freedom from tromboembolism was 88,2 ± 5,0% in 18 years. There was no endocarditis. The grade of the echocardiographic score had no significant influence on the reoperations in late evolution. CONCLUSION: Open mitral commissurotomy presented excelent long term results in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score.

Valvuloplastía mitral percutánea: experiencia del Hospital San Juan de Dios / Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty: the San Juan de Dios Hospital experience

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados alejados de la valvuloplastía mitral percutánea (VMP), y analizar los factores asociados con eventos y reestenosis tardía. Métodos y resultados: De 252 VPM realizadas entre diciembre de 1987 y diciembre de 2006, 245 pacientes tuvieron un mínimo de 6 meses de seguimiento y evaluación ecocardiográfica antes y después del procedimiento (97 por ciento). La edad media fue de 46,3 +/- 11,37 años, las mujeres fueron 83,6 por ciento. La media de seguimiento fue de 35,25 +/- 28,84 meses, rango 6-132. La muerte cardiovascular, y el reemplazo de la válvula mitral o una segunda VMP fueron considerados como marcadores de peor resultado. El área de la válvula mitral aumentó de 1,0 +/- 0,17 cm2 a 1,71 +/- 0,31 cm2 (p <0,0001) después del procedimiento. Durante el seguimiento, 53 pacientes (21,6 por ciento) presentaron reestenosis, que fue predicha por un Score de Wilkins > 8 (p = 0,03). Cinco pacientes fallecieron (2,04 por ciento), 22 (8,9 por ciento) requirieron reemplazo de la válvula mitral y 11 (4,5 por ciento) una segunda VMP. No encontramos variables clínicas o ecocardiográficas capaces de predecir estos eventos. Conclusiones La VMP tuvo una tasa aceptable de complicaciones atribuibles al procedimiento. Las características ecocardiográficas de la válvula mitral se correlacionaron con la reestenosis. La incidencia de eventos tardíos es baja.

Objective: To evalúate the long-term results of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV), and analyze the factors associated with restenosis and late events. Methods and results: Of 252 PMV performed between December 1987 and December 2006, 245 patients with a minimum of 6 months follow-up and echocardiographic evaluation before and after the procedure, were selected for long-term follow-up (97 percent). The mean age was 46.3 +/- 11.37 years old, 83.6 percent women. The mean follow-up was 35.25 +/- 28.84 months, range 6-132. Cardiovascular death, and mitral valve replacement or second PMV, were considered as markers of worst outcome. The mitral valve area increased from 1.0+/-0.17cm2 to 1.71 +/- 0.31 cm2 (p <0.0001) after the first procedure. During follow up, 53 patients (21.6 percent) developed restenosis, which was predicted by a Wilkins score > 8 (p = 0.03). Five (2.04 percent) patients died. Twenty-two (8.9 percent) required mitral valve replacement and 11(4.5 percent) a second PMV. We found that no clinical or echocardiographic variables were able to predict these events. Conclusions: PMV had an acceptable rate of complications attributable to the procedure. The echocardiographic characteristics of the mitral valve correlated with restenosis. The incidence of late events is low.

Immediate and long-term follow-up of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMV) can be performed during pregnancy without significant maternal risk or fetal morbidity or mortality. However, little is known about long-term follow-up results after PMV in populations of pregnant women. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine the immediate and long-term outcomes after PMV in a large cohort of pregnant patients with severe mitral stenosis. The patient population consisted of 71 consecutive pregnant women with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis admitted to the hospital with severe congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III and IV) for PMV. All patients underwent clinical and obstetric evaluations, electrocardiography, and 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. PMV was successful in all patients, resulting in a significant increase in mitral valve area from 0.9 0.2 to 2.0 0.3 cm2 (p <0.001). At the end of pregnancy, 98% of the patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. At a mean follow-up of 44 31 months, the total event-free survival rate was 54%. The mean gestational age at delivery time was 38 1 weeks. Preterm deliveries occurred in 9 patients (13%), including 2 twin pregnancies. The remaining 66 of 75 newborns (88%) had normal weight (mean 2.8 0.6 kg) at delivery. At long-term follow-up of 44 31 months after birth, the 66 children exhibited normal growth and development and did not show any clinical abnormalities. In conclusion, PMV is safe and effective, has a low morbidity and mortality rate for the mother and the fetus, and has favorable long-term results in pregnant women with rheumatic mitral stenosis in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV.

[Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Long-term outcome and assessment of risk factors for death and major events]. / Valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão. Evolução a longo prazo e análise dos fatores de risco para óbito e eventos maiores.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors that predict death and combined events, (death, new mitral balloon valvotomy, or mitral valve surgery) in long-term follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. METHODS: Follow-up was 49.0+/-31.0 (1 to 122) months. Techniques used were the single-balloon (84.4%), Inoue-balloon (13.8%), and double-balloon techniques (1.7%). RESULTS: Included in the study were 289 patients 38.0+/-12.6 years of age (range, 13 to 83). Before the procedure, 244 patients had echocardiographic score < or = 8, and 45 patients had score > 8. Females comprised 85%, and 84% patients were in sinus rhythm. During follow-up, survival of the total group was 95.5%, that of the group with < or = 8 was 98.0%, finally that of the group with scores > 8 was 82.2% (P < 0.0001), whereas combined event-free survival was 83.4%, 86.1%, and 68.9%, respectively (P < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, the factors that predicted long-term death were a preprocedure echocardiographic score > 8 and the presence of severe valvular mitral regurgitation during the procedure. The events that predicted combined events were a previous history of mitral valvular commissurotomy and atrial fibrillation and the presence of severe mitral valvular regurgitation during the procedure, and postprocedure mitral valvular area < 1.5 m2 (failure). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy is an effective procedure, and over 2/3 of the patients were event-free at the end of follow-up. Survival in the group was high, even higher in the group with lower echocardiographic scores.

Valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão: evolução a longo prazo e análise dos fatores de risco para óbito e eventos maiores / Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy: long-term outcome and assessment of risk factors for death and major events

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores, que predizem óbito e eventos combinados de óbito, nova valvoplastia mitral por balão ou cirurgia valvar mitral a longo prazo, nos pacientes submetidos à valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão. MÉTODOS: O período de seguimento foi de 49,0±31,0 (1 a 122) meses. Foram usadas as técnicas do balão único (84,4 por cento), do balão de Inoue (13,8 por cento) e do duplo balão (1,7 por cento). RESULTADOS: Acompanhados 289 pacientes com idade de 38,0±12,6 (13 a 83) anos, no pré-procedimento, 244 apresentavam escore ecocardiográfico < 8 e 45 escore > 8, 85 por cento eram do sexo feminino e 84 por cento estavam em ritmo sinusal. No seguimento, a sobrevida do grupo total, do grupo de escore < 8 e do grupo de escore > 8 foi de 95,5 por cento, 98,0 por cento e 82,2 por cento respectivamente (p<0,0001), enquanto que a sobrevida livre de eventos combinados foi respectivamente 83,4 por cento, 86,1 por cento e 68,9 por cento (p<0,0001). Na análise multivariada, os fatores, que predisseram óbito a longo prazo foram o escore ecocardiográfico > 8 pré-procedimento e a presença de insuficiência valvar mitral grave per-procedimento, e os que predisseram eventos combinados, foram a história prévia de comissurotomia valvar mitral e de fibrilação atrial e a presença de insuficiência valvar mitral grave per-procedimento e de área valvar mitral < 1,5 m² (insucesso) pós-procedimento. CONCLUSAO: A valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão é um procedimento efetivo, sendo que mais de dois terços dos pacientes estavam livres de eventos ao final do seguimento. A sobrevida no grupo total foi elevada, maior no grupo com menor escore ecocardiográfico.

Avulsion of the mitral valve leaflet during percutaneous commissurotomy.

Percutaneous mitral valve commissurotomy offers a safe alternative to treat mitral valve stenosis in a select group of patients, and has produced good results. Recently, a new metallic commissurotomy device was made available for clinical use. A rare, life-threatening complication associated with this new technique is described.

Risk factors associated with cardiac surgery during pregnancy

The patients were followed by our Cardiopathy and Pregnancy Group for an average of 78 months. One patient has been followed for 260 months. A retrospective analysis of our records was performed and was subjected to a statistical analysis in order to identify risk factors associated with maternal and fetal mortality. The statistical analysis of the qualitative variables was carried out by associating the variables two by two through either the 2 or Fisher’s exact test. For the quantitative variables, we used Student’s t test (mean difference test). The significance level was 0.05. The multivariate analysis for independent variables was performed. Results After surgery, most hearts resumed sinus rhythm (38 patients [65.5%]), with improvement in quality of life and significant improvement in functional class (50 patients [86.2%] in functional class I or II). During the late follow-up period, 19.6% of the patients underwent a new surgical procedure (commissurotomy or valvular replacement). The maternal mortality rate in this group was 8.6%. Analyzing the outcomes in different decades, there were no maternal deaths between 1972 and 1981 (2 patients). In the second decade (1982 to 1991), 34 patients were operated on and 3 died (8.8%); and in the last decade (1992 to 2002), there were two deaths out of 22 operated patients (9.09%). The deaths were as follow. Two patients had endocarditis preoperatively. They underwent surgery in unfavorable conditions in functional class IV. One had had a previous cerebral event...

Estenosis mitral y doble lesión aórtica no diagnosticadas, descompensación materna y muerte fetal: presentación de un caso / Mitral stenosis and double aortic lesion diagnosed, maternal decompensation and fetal death: case report

Se reporta el caso de una paciente embarazada con estenosis mitral severa asociada a doble lesión aórtica leve, erróneamente diagnosticada como asma bronquial. No se reconocieron los signos acústicos propios de las enfermedades valvular, lo que contribuyó a la descompensación de la madre y la muerte intrauterina del producto. La orientación diagnóstica fue dada por el empeoramiento con la administración de líquidos intravenosos con ocitocina y, la confirmación, por la ecocardiografía

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy: six-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous mitral valvotomy (PMV) is an alternative to the surgical treatment of mitral stenosis. Results obtained with PMV appear to depend on the echocardiographical characteristics of the valvular apparatus. The purpose of this study was to report the immediate and late-term results with PMV. The incidence of late events (restenosis, mitral valve replacement and death), and their correlation with echocardiographic score (Wilkin's score) are also discussed. METHODS: Between December 1987 and August 1999, a total of 160 PMVs were performed at our institution. Ninety-six patients with a minimum of 6 months follow-up and echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve (Wilkin's score) before and after the procedure were selected for this study. Follow-up was available for 99% of the patients, with a mean follow-up of 33 +/- 22 months (range, 6 months to 11 years). Hazard ratio (HR) and Cox's regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: PMV was successfully performed in 97% of the cases; in 84%, the result was considered optimal. The incidence of complications related to the procedure was 10%; no mortality was observed due to PMV. Severe mitral regurgitation was observed in 7% of the patients, but only 3% of the total group developed ventricular dysfunction or worsened their New York Heart Association functional class. Eight-four percent of the patients were free of late events at the end of the follow-up period. A restenosis rate of 34% was observed during follow-up; this rate did not correlate with age, functional class or atrial fibrillation. Restenosis was associated with pulmonary hypertension (HR 2.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.68-11.80). Also, Wilkin's score was not useful to predict the development of restenosis or clinical events in the mid- to long-term. CONCLUSION: In our series, PMV had a high immediate success rate and a low incidence of complications due to the procedure. Incidence of late events was also low and was unrelated to the Wilkin's score; however, recurrence of stenosis was observed in one-third. Pulmonary hypertension should be considered to be an important clinical predictor of restenosis.

Valve repair in children with congenital mitral lesions: late clinical results.

Mitral valve repair may be performed without ring support with advantages related to results and complications. The objective of this study was to analyze the long-term clinical results following surgical repair and reconstruction without the use of rings in cases of congenital mitral lesions in children less than 12 years of age. Twenty-one patients who had undergone surgery during the period from 1975 to 1998 were evaluated. The mean age was 4.6 +/- 3.4 years. Females represented 47.6% of the total. Mitral regurgitation was present in 57.1% (12 patients), stenosis in 28.6% (6 patients), and the mixed lesion group represented 14.3% (3 patients). Perfusion time was 43.1 +/- 9.5 minutes and ischemic time 29.4 +/- 10.5 minutes. Follow-up time was 41.5 +/- 53.6 months for the regurgitation group, 46.3 +/- 32.0 months for the stenosis group, and 39.41 +/- 37.51 months for the mixed lesion group. Echocardiographical follow-up time was 37.17 +/- 39.51 months for the regurgitation group, 42.61 +/- 30.59 months for the stenosis group, and 39.41 +/- 37.51 months for the mixed lesion group. Operative mortality was 9.5% (two cases). There were no late deaths. In the regurgitation group, 10 patients (83.3%) were asymptomatic (p = 0.004). In the echocardiographical follow-up, most of the patients had minimal regurgitation. In the clinical follow-up of the stenosis group all patients were in functional class I (NYHA). The mean transvalvular gradient measured by echocardiography was from 8 to 12 mmHg with a mean gradient of 10.7 mmHg. In the mixed lesion group there was one reoperation at postoperative month 43. There were no cases of endocarditis or thromboembolism. Mitral valve repair in congenital lesions is associated with good late results. The majority of cases in the regurgitation group remain asymptomatic and do not require reoperation. Rings or annular support are not necessary in such cases. Satisfactory repair is more difficult to achieve in cases of mitral stenosis due to valvular abnormalities and the seriousness of the associated lesions.

Indicaçäo cirúrgica nas valvulopatias crônicas mitrais e aórticas / Surgical indication in chronic valvular heart disease

A indicaçäo cirúrgica nas valvulopatias crônicas é, ainda, tema polêmico, já que as repercussöes clínicas e hemodinâmicas das várias enfermidades dependem näo apenas da gravidade da lesäo anatômica das diferentes válvulas, mas, também, de condiçöes dinâmicas individuais associadas, além da presença de fatorees de risco aleatório, capazes de alterar importantemente o quadro clínico preexistente e de atuar como fatores preditivos de complicaçöes de alta morbidade e mortalidade. Alie-se a isto as necessidades físicas e psicológicas de cada paciente e a sua sensibilidade individual, as quais repercutem sobre a existência ou näo de sintomas, elemento subjetivo avaliado pelo próprio paciente. Como regra, a cirurgia valvular deve ser reservada aos pacientes sintomáticos com lesäo mecânica severa, beneficiados pelo uso pleno de terapêutica medicamentosa no controle dos fenômenos dinâmicos, conscientes dos riscos e benefícios da operaçäo e aptos para atenderem as demandas acarretadas pela cirurgia. Em qualquer condiçäo mórbida, a presença de fatores de risco aleatório deve ter peso importante na decisäo de indicar a cirurgia. A crescente possibilidade de procedimentos conservadores deve ampliar progressivamente o espectro da indicaçäo cirúrgica, seja nas lesöes estenóticas, seja nas valvulopatias crônicas com sobrecarga de volume.

[Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty with the Inoue balloon. The initial experience and 3-year clinical follow-up at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez]. / Valvuloplastía mitral percutánea con balón de Inoue. Experiencia inicial y seguimiento clínico a 3 años en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez".

In 113 patients with mitral stenosis a balloon mitral valvuloplasty (VMPB) was performed. There were 97 female and 16 male patients. Mean age was 40 +/- 11 with range of 18 and 70 years. 95 patients had sinus rhythm and 18 were on atrial fibrillation. Previous mitral commissurotomy was reported in 13 patients and 5 were pregnant at the moment of the procedure. Patients were carefully selected using both clinical and echocardiographic studies as well as the Wilkins score (SW). Transesophageal echocardiography (ETE) was performed when transthoracic echocardiography was not satisfactory. After right and left catheterization, VMPB was performed. In 106 patients (93.8%) a significant increase of the area mitral valve (AVM) was obtained. Echocardiographic results showed an AVM increase from 0.95 +/- 0.19 to 1.61 +/- 0.34 cm2 (p < 0.0001). Mean mitral gradient (GTM) decreased from 16.18 +/- 4.69 to 9.14 +/- 3.2 mmHg (p < 0.0001). Functional class improved in all patients in the long term. As complications there was severe mitral regurgitation (IM) reported in 6 patients who subsequently underwent mitral valve exchange, 2 of then died during surgery (one of them by bleeding and the other by non reparable rags on the atrium). A patient had cerebrovascular event (EVC) one week after the VMPB. In 3 of them non-significant interatrial communication (CIA) was produced. One patient died two months after the procedure due to bacterial endocarditis (EBSA). VMPB can be considered as a safe and effective treatment to patients with mitral stenosis.

Mitral valvuloplasty with a new prosthetic ring. Analysis of the first 105 cases.

From October 1987 to March 1993, 105 patients were studied who have undergone valvuloplasty with an open ring. They ranged from 5 to 79 years (mean 30); 33 (31.4%) were under 16. All patients had mitral insufficiency, alone in 62 (59.0%) and associated with mitral stenosis (double mitral lesion) in 43 (41.0%). In the majority of the cases, the aetiology was rheumatic (78.1%); active in 10 (9.5%) patients. Three patients (2.9%) were in class II, 42 (40.0%) in class III, 57 (54.3%) in class IV and 3 (2.9%) in class V. Ten patients (9.5%) had isolated ring implantation while the remaining underwent associated procedures on the leaflets, chordae and papillary muscles. There were two (1.9%) hospital deaths, and six patients (5.7%) had to be reoperated. On the 30th (mean) postoperative day, 75 (71.4%) patients were reevaluated by catheterization, echo Doppler or both to confirm the effectiveness of the techniques employed. The mitral valve was functioning normally or with mitral regurgitation + in 63 (84.0%) patients, mitral regurgitation + + in 2 (2.7%), mitral regurgitation + + + in 5 (6.7%), mitral stenosis + in 4 (5.3%), and mitral stenosis + + in 1 (1.3%) patient. The results were therefore considered excellent in 63 (84.0%) patients with either normal mitral valve or mitral regurgitation +, good in 6 (8.0%) patients with mitral regurgitation + + and/or mitral stenosis +, and poor in 6 (8.0%) patients with mitral regurgitation + + + and/or mitral stenosis + +. Two deaths (1.9%) occurred within the first 7 months of follow-up. Patients were evaluated clinically 1-67 months postoperatively (mean 27):90 (85.7%) were in class I, 4 (3.8%) in class II, 4 (3.8%) in class III and 1 (1.0%) in class IV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)