Modelling the amount of inputs needed for methamphetamine manufacture in Afghanistan.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The use and manufacture of methamphetamine has increased in Afghanistan in recent years. Recent research and reports have pointed to the ephedra plant, which grows wildly, as a key source of ephedrine used in the manufacture of methamphetamine. This paper aimed to estimate the relative efficiencies and scale of inputs required to manufacture methamphetamine in Afghanistan. METHODS: Monte Carlo simulations model of the amount of ephedra or cold medications needed to render a pure kilogram of methamphetamine in Afghanistan, accounting for uncertainty in ranges of key parameters informed from the literature and elsewhere. Final estimates were extrapolated to recent seizure totals. RESULTS: For dried ephedra, the median estimate is 196.8 kg (25th-75th percentiles 119.3-346.6 kg) needed to produce 1 kg of methamphetamine compared with 27.9 kg (25th-75th percentiles 21.9-36.8 kg) for cold medications. Nearly 2.7 t of methamphetamine were seized in Afghanistan in 2021. Assuming a purity range of 50%-90%, some 266-478 t of dried ephedra or 38-68 t of cold medication would need to have been processed. CONCLUSION: Simulated estimates show that considerable amounts of either ephedra or cold medication are needed to produce 1 kg of methamphetamine in Afghanistan. This raises questions about the plausibility of ephedra as the dominant source of Afghanistan's methamphetamine.

Strategies to detect trace methamphetamine contamination on hard surfaces: Assessing realistic performance of commercially available presumptive tests and a laboratory-based LC-MS/MS method.

Recreational methamphetamine production and heavy use can result in dwelling contamination that is difficult to detect. First responders and public health officials may use commercially available trace methamphetamine detection (presumptive) test kits to understand apparent and hidden dangers in impacted dwellings. Here, we assessed the limit of detection (LOD) of several commercially available presumptive test kits using simulated contaminated hard surfaces. Pyrex petri dishes were spiked with aliquots of methanolic methamphetamine solutions to reach desired simulated contamination levels. Commercially available presumptive tests were conducted according to manufacturer instructions and using included sample preparation materials, when available. Additionally, a laboratory-based liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) trace methamphetamine quantification method was developed and validated using the EZSTATSG2 tool. For the LC-MS/MS method, samples were collected using 2-ply alcohol prep pads and methamphetamine was extracted using a 1:1 (v:v) methanol: water solution. Most presumptive tests considered were able to detect trace levels of methamphetamine extracted from hard surfaces, with LOD ranging from 0.10-15.00 µg/sample. Comparatively, the laboratory-based LC-MS/MS LOD was 0.05 µg/sample and limit of quantitation was 0.10 µg/sample. The LC-MS/MS method may be useful when the presence of dust or other contaminants interferes with presumptive test interpretation or reliability. Costs of presumptive tests varied from several dollars to tens of dollars, which is included alongside LOD results to aid stakeholders in identifying which test(s) are the best fit for purpose. Therefore, first responders, public health officials, and other stakeholders have several options for assessing trace methamphetamine contamination.

An improved Simon reaction method to discriminate between methamphetamine and false-positive substances.

The conventional methamphetamine (MA) detection method using the Simon reaction can be affected by false positives owing to compounds similar to aliphatic secondary amines. In this study, we examined the new Simon reaction to improve the qualitative accuracy of MA detection to discriminate substances that give false positives in a conventional Simon reaction. After the conventional Simon reaction for MA and false positives (N-isopropylbenzylamine (NIP-BA), N-methylbenzylamine (NMe-BA), L-proline (Pro), and L-hydroxyproline (HYP)), which are colored blue, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (t-Boc) reagent was added, and color tone changes were observed. When t-Boc was added to the false positives (NIP-BA, NMe-BA, Pro, and HYP), the colors of MA, Pro, and HYP changed to purple; NIP-BA changed to blue; and NMe-BA changed to light pink after 3 min. These results suggested that MA can be differentiated from NIP-BA and NMe-BA. Furthermore, the solid-phase chromogenic method was examined, and it was confirmed that MA could be differentiated from Pro and HYP. The method developed in this study should increase the accuracy of MA appraisal at crime scenes and contribute to the reduction of misclassifications arising from false-positive substances.

Evaluation of amphetamines diffusion in hair after contact with amphetamines-containing blood.

Amphetamine-type stimulants are the third most widely consumed category of illicit drugs worldwide. Faced with the growing problem of amphetamine-type stimulants, numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques have been developed to detect amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MET), MDMA, MDEA or MDA in biological matrices, including hair. Hair analysis is widely used in forensic medicine, but one of its main drawbacks remains external contamination. In this study, we investigated the possibility of hair contamination through external exposure to blood containing AMP, MET MDMA, MDEA or MDA at 2 ng/mL; 20 ng/mL; 200 ng/mL or 2000 ng/mL after 6 h, 1, 3, 7 or 14 days of contact protected from light at room temperature (RT or 20 °C) or at 4 °C. Dried extracts of hair samples were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS after extensive washings in several baths of water, methanol and acetone before grounding. At the end of our study, contamination of hair was observed from 6 h of contact with all tested amphetamine-type stimulants. The concentrations found in hair ranged from 3 ± 1 to 1464 ± 10 pg/mg, 5 ± 1 to 5070 ± 160 pg/mg, 3 ± 1 to 1269 ± 60 pg/mg, 4 ± 1 to 1860 ± 113 pg/mg and from 8 ± 1 to 1041 ± 44 pg/mg for AMP, MET, MDMA, MDEA and MDA, respectively. Possibly due to its low polar surface area, MET was the most prone to contaminate. As anticipated, hair contamination was mainly dependent on the concentration of all molecules in the contaminating blood, reaching the SOHT cut-off of 200 pg/mg when amphetamine-type stimulants are at toxic or lethal concentrations in the blood. These observations call for caution in interpreting exposure to these substances in such forensic situations.

An overview of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in northeast Brazil: NMR-based identification and analysis of ecstasy tablets by GC-MS.

The actual illicit market for synthetic drugs is characterized by a wide variety of psychoactive substances of different chemical and pharmacological classes, such as amphetamine-type stimulants and new psychoactive substances. The knowledge about its chemical composition, as well as the nature and quantity of the active substances present, is important for emergency care in intoxication cases by these substances and to establish adequate chemical and toxicological analysis procedures in forensic laboratories. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of amphetamine-type stimulants and new psychoactive substances in the states of Bahia and Sergipe, in the northeast region of Brazil, involving samples of drugs seized by the local police forces from 2014 to 2019. In a total of 121 seized and analyzed samples, in which ecstasy tablets predominated (n = 101), nineteen substances were identified using GC-MS and 1D NMR techniques, comprising classical synthetic drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS). In order to determine the composition of ecstasy tablets, an analytical method based on GC-MS was applied after validation. Analyzes of 101 ecstasy tablets showed that MDMA was the main substance, being found in 57% of the samples, in amounts between 27.3 and 187.1 mg per tablet. In addition, mixtures of MDMA, MDA, synthetic cathinones and caffeine were observed in 34 samples. These results demonstrate that the variety of substances found and the composition of seized materials in northeast Brazil is similar to other studies carried out previously in other Brazilian regions.

Analysis of Stimulants in Sweat and Urine Using Disposable Pipette Extraction and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in the Context of Doping Control.

Urine is initially collected from athletes to screen for the presence of illicit drugs. Sweat is an alternative sample matrix that provides advantages over urine including reduced opportunity for sample adulteration, longer detection-time window and non-invasive collection. Sweat is suitable for analysis of the parent drug and metabolites. In this study, a method was developed and validated to determine the presence of 13 amphetamine- and cocaine-related substances and their metabolites in sweat and urine using disposable pipette extraction (DPX) by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The DPX extraction was performed using 0.1 M HCl and dichloromethane:isopropanol:ammonium hydroxide (78:20:2, v/v/v) followed by derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide at 90°C for 20 min. DPX extraction efficiencies ranged between 65.0% and 96.0% in urine and 68.0% and 101.0% in sweat. Method accuracy was from 90.0% to 104.0% in urine and from 89.0% to 105.0% in sweat. Intra-assay precision in urine and in sweat were <15.6% and <17.8%, respectively, and inter-assay precision ranged from 4.70% to 15.3% in urine and from 4.05% to 15.4% in sweat. Calibration curves presented a correlation coefficient -0.99 for all analytes in both matrices. The validated method was applied to urine and sweat samples collected from 40 professional athletes who knowingly took one or more of the target illicit drugs. Thirteen of 40 athletes were positive for at least one drug. All the drugs detected in the urine were also detected in sweat samples indicating that sweat is a viable matrix for screening or confirmatory drug testing.

Development of analytical method for the determination of methylphenidate, the analog ethylphenidate and their metabolite ritalinic acid in oral fluid samples by micro-QuEChERS and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative method for the analysis of methylphenidate, the analog ethylphenidate and their metabolite ritalinic acid in oral fluid, using micro-QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Oral fluid samples were collected with Quantisal™ device, extracted by micro-QuEChERS technique and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The developed method met the validation criteria of Academy Standards Board (ASB) Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology (Standard 036, 2019) with limits of detection and quantification of 0.5 ng/mL and calibration curve from 0.5 to 50 ng/mL. Within-run imprecision was greater than 18.7% while between-run imprecision was greater than 17.0 % for all analytes. Bias did not vary more than 7.7 %. No evidence of carryover was found. Stability studies presented satisfactory results for 24 h on autosampler (10 °C), after 3 cycles of freeze/thaw, 7 days on freezer (-20 °C) and until 7 days on refrigerator (4 °C) for methylphenidate. The validated method was further successfully applied to the analysis of 5 authentic oral fluid samples collected from volunteers at parties and music festivals from different cities in Brazil. Four samples had positive results for methylphenidate and ritalinic acid, and only one sample was positive for methylphenidate. Ethylphenidate was not detected in the samples. The method showed acceptable analytical performance and is environmentally friendly, requiring reduced use of solvents and reagents, with potential to be applied to clinical and forensic analyses.

Análisis médico legal de la toxicomanía por MDMA: reporte de caso / Medical-legal relationship of MDMA drug addiction: case report

Resumen El análisis por toxicomanía representa un proceso común solicitado por la Autoridad Judicial para determinar si un usuario presenta hallazgos compatibles con el uso de una droga a nivel clínico, componentes histológicos, patológicos y toxicológicos que puedan generar su uso. Es necesario destacar las limitaciones del ambiente clínico donde se pueden generar múltiples hallazgos, y de la toxicología forense donde a pesar de la especificidad a la que se asocia; también se encuentra limitada por la capacidad de sus equipos tecnológicos. La resonancia magnética nuclear cuantitativa de hidrógeno representa grandes ventajas al demostrar la presencia de una droga ilegal, así como la posibilidad de disminuir costos y tiempo laboral. El uso del MDMA como tratamiento con una reciente aprobación para un estudio de fase III por la FDA, también requiere que se valore el motivo de su uso, por lo que para realizar un análisis médico legal se contemplaron diversos elementos de juicio a fin de satisfacer la evaluación sobre la toxicomanía por MDMA en un usuario que presentó un tejido granular blanco tipo polvo en la sección distal del tabique nasal y negó el consumo de metanfetaminas.

Abstract The analysis for drug addiction represents a common process requested by the Judicial Authority to determine if a user presents findings compatible with the use of a drug at a clinical level, histological, pathological and toxicological components that may generate its use. It is necessary to highlight the limitations of the clinical environment where multiple findings can be generated, and of forensic toxicology where despite the specificity to which it is associated; it is also limited by the capacity of its technological equipment. Quantitative hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance represents great advantages when demonstrating the presence of an illegal drug, as well as the possibility of reducing costs and labor time. The use of MDMA as a treatment with a recent approval for a phase III study by the FDA, also requires that the reason for its use be assessed, therefore, in order to carry out a legal medical analysis, various elements of judgment were considered in order to satisfy evaluation of MDMA drug addiction in a user who presented with white powder-like granular tissue in the distal section of the nasal septum and denied the use of methamphetamine.

Impurity profiling of methamphetamine synthesised from α-phenylacetoacetonitrile (APAAN).

The rise in popularity of 'designer' precursor compounds for the synthesis of amphetamine-type stimulants poses a significant challenge to law enforcement agencies. One such precursor is α-phenylacetoacetonitrile (APAAN). APAAN emerged in Europe in 2010 and quickly became one of the most popular precursors for amphetamine synthesis in that region. Previous literature has identified four APAAN-specific impurities formed in the synthesis of amphetamine; however, there is currently no research on the use of APAAN in the synthesis of methamphetamine, which is more likely to be employed in a non-European market. In this study methamphetamine was synthesised via three common clandestine methods: the Leuckart method and two reductive amination methods. We report the identification of five new impurities and two previously identified impurities characteristic for the use of APAAN in the synthesis of methamphetamine. The newly identified impurities were characterised by MS and NMR and determined to be (E)-3-(methylamino)-2-phenylbut-2-enenitrile, 3-(methylamino)-2-phenylbutanenitrile, 3-methyl-2,4-diphenylpentanedinitrile, 2-phenylbutyronitrile and 3-hydroxy-2-phenylbutanenitrile.

Prevalence and concentrations of new designer stimulants, synthetic opioids, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens in postmortem hair samples: A 13-year retrospective study.

Hair samples are frequently analyzed in order to characterize consumption patterns of drugs. However, the interpretation of new psychoactive substance (NPS) findings in hair remains difficult because of lacking data for comparison. In this study, selected postmortem hair samples (n = 1203) from 2008 to 2020 were reanalyzed for synthetic cathinones, piperazines, phenethylamines, hallucinogens, benzodiazepines and opioids to evaluate prevalence data and concentration ranges. Hair samples were extracted using a two-step extraction procedure and analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Overall NPSs were detected in 381 cases (31.6%). Many cases were tested positive for more than one NPS in the same time span. A variety of NPS with a large range of concentrations was observed. For better comparability and interpretation of positive cases in routine work, quantitation data for 13 NPS were calculated as percentiles. The most frequently detected NPS in this study were N-ethylamphetamine, α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, mephedrone, benzedrone, metamfepramone, and 4-fluoroamphetamine. In conclusion, a high prevalence of these drugs was observed from postmortem hair samples. The results show a growing use of many different NPSs by mainly young drug-using adults. Consequently, NPS screening procedures should be included in forensic toxicology. Our quantitative data may support other toxicologists in their assessment of NPS hair concentrations.

Dopant for detection of methamphetamine in the presence of nicotine with ion mobility spectrometry.

Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive and illegal psychostimulant drug and is currently one of the most commonly abused illicit drugs in the world. The on-site rapid detection of trace amounts of MA and screening illicit drugs in clandestine laboratories is important for drug enforcement agencies and the forensic community in general. However, detecting methamphetamine in the presence of nicotine and cigarette smoke by ion mobility spectrometry faces difficulty due to the overlapped spectral peaks of methamphetamine and nicotine. In this work, a new method was developed to detect MA using pyridine as a dopant in the presence of nicotine by a homemade ion mobility spectrometry. The reduced mobilities of MA and nicotine were measured under the temperatures of the drift tube from 40 to 120 °C and doping with pyridine. The result shows that the temperature of 100 °C is beneficial to resolve the two substances. The concentration of doped pyridine is optimized to be 18 ppm. In this doped experiment, the reaction rate of nicotine is higher than that of MA by measuring the instrumental responses of MA and nicotine. No matter how high the nicotine content is, the interference of nicotine can be eliminated in the detection of MA doped with pyridine. This method is also successfully applied for the determination of MA and nicotine simultaneously in real saliva samples. The limit of detection of MA was measured to be about 0.5 ng/µL. The promising results in this work provide an effective method for on-site detection of MA.

Nine prohibited stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: deterenol, phenpromethamine (Vonedrine), oxilofrine, octodrine, beta-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA) and higenamine.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss and sports supplements containing deterenol have been associated with serious adverse events including cardiac arrest. OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence and quantity of experimental stimulants in dietary supplements labeled as containing deterenol sold in the United States. METHODS: Dietary supplements available for sale in the US and labeled as containing deterenol or one of its synonyms (e.g., isopropylnorsynephrine and isopropyloctopamine) were purchased online. For each brand, one container or subsample was analyzed by NSF International (Ann Arbor, MI) and one container or subsample by the Netherland's National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands). When differences existed between the two containers or subsamples of the same brand, both products were reanalyzed by Sciensano (Brussels, Belgium). NSF International carried out qualitative and quantitative analyses using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RIVM performed qualitative and quantitative analysis using UHPLC quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Sciensano carried out qualitative analysis using UHPLC quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Seventeen brands of supplements were analyzed. Many brands included more than one prohibited stimulant in the same product: 4 brands (24%, 4/17) included 2 stimulants, 2 (12%, 2/17) combined 3 stimulants, and 2 (12%, 2/17) combined 4 stimulants. The range of quantities per recommended serving size of the 9 stimulants detected were 2.7 mg to 17 mg of deterenol; 1.3 mg to 20 mg of phenpromethamine (Vonedrine); 5.7 mg to 92 mg of beta-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA); 18 mg to 73 mg of octodrine; 18 mg to 55 mg of oxilofrine; 48 mg of higenamine; 17 mg of 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA); 1.8 mg to 6.6 mg of 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA); and 5.3 mg of 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA). CONCLUSION: Weight loss and sports supplements listing deterenol as an ingredient contained 9 prohibited stimulants and 8 different mixtures of stimulants, with as many as 4 experimental stimulants per product. These cocktails of stimulants have never been tested in humans and their safety is unknown.

Methamphetamine-related postmortem cases in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

A more than 500% increase in the number of deaths involving methamphetamine occurred between 2016 and 2018 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. As such, this report employed a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify methamphetamine and its metabolites in bodily fluids from 47 postmortem cases in which methamphetamine was involved. The mean age of the deceased was 33 years old (median: 30, range: 16-63), and 94% were male. Methamphetamine was co-ingested with another drug in 32 of the cases (68%); however, the deaths were only due to the combined toxicity of methamphetamine and another drug in 15 of the cases (32%). Of note, 13 of these deaths (28% of all deaths) involved heroin. When methamphetamine was the sole cause of death (32% of the studied cases), the median concentrations of methamphetamine and amphetamine were 527 and 128 ng/mL. When methamphetamine was combined toxicity with another drug, the median concentrations of methamphetamine and amphetamine decreased to 161 and 53 ng/mL. When deaths were unrelated to methamphetamine, the median concentrations of methamphetamine and amphetamine were 130 and 44 ng/mL, respectively. The highest median methamphetamine concentration was found in urine (5281 ng/mL), followed by stomach contents (878 ng/mL), bile (762 ng/mL), vitreous humor (3 ng/mL), and blood (208 ng/mL). Almost 40% of the studied cases involved violence, 61% were accidental, 21% were suicides, 17% were homicides, and 2% were natural deaths. Methamphetamine is highly addictive. Increases in deaths have been seen in various countries. More awareness, education and treatment programs are required to reduce the likelihood of addiction, crimes, suicide, and other fatalities resulting from methamphetamine abuse.

A sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method for the detection, resolution and quantitation of cathinone enantiomers in horse blood plasma and urine.

Resolution of cathinone enantiomers in equine anti-doping analysis is becoming more important to distinguish the inadvertent ingestion of plant-based products from those of deliberate administration of designer synthetic analogs. With this in mind, a rapid and sensitive method was developed and validated for the detection, resolution and quantitative determination of cathinone enantiomers in horse blood plasma and urine. The analytes were recovered from the blood plasma and urine matrices by using a liquid-liquid extraction after adjusting the pH to 9. The recovered analytes were derivatized with Nα-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-L-valinamide, a chiral derivatizing agent analogous to Marfey's reagent. The resulting diastereoisomers were baseline resolved under a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic condition. Derivatization of the analytes not only allowed the separation of the enantiomers using cost-effective traditional liquid chromatography conditions and reversed-phase columns but also increased the sensitivity, at least to an order of magnitude, when tandem mass spectrometry is used for the detection. A limit of detection of 0.05 ng/mL was achieved for cathinone enantiomers for both matrices. Acceptable intraday and interday precision and accuracy along with satisfactory dilution accuracy and precision were observed during the method validation. The method suitability was tested using the post administration urine samples collected after single doses of cathinone and ephedrine as single-enantiomeric form and methcathinone as racemic form. Finally, a proof of concept of the isomeric ratio in urine samples to distinguish the presence of cathinone as a result of accidental ingestion of plant-based product from that of an illicit use of a designer product is demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such work where cathinone enantiomers were resolved and quantified in horse blood plasma and urine at sub nanogram levels.

A Wearable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor for Label-Free Molecular Detection.

A wearable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor has been developed as a patch type to utilize as a molecular sweat sensor. Here, the SERS patch sensor is designed to comprise a sweat-absorbing layer, which is an interface to the human skin, an SERS active layer, and a dermal protecting layer that prevents damage and contaminations. A silk fibroin protein film (SFF) is a basement layer that absorbs aqueous solutions and filtrates molecules larger than the nanopores created in the ß-sheet matrix of the SFF. On the SFF layer, a plasmonic silver nanowire (AgNW) layer is formed to enhance the Raman signal of the molecules that penetrated through the SERS patch in a label-free method. A transparent dermal protecting layer (DP) allows laser penetration to the AgNW layer enabling Raman measurement through the SERS patch without its detachment from the surface. The molecular detection capability and time-dependent absorption properties of the SERS patch are investigated, and then, the feasibility of its use as a wearable drug detection sweat sensor is demonstrated using 2-fluoro-methamphetamine (2-FMA) on the human cadaver skin. It is believed that the developed SERS patch can be utilized as various flexible and wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring.

Fatal 4-MEC Intoxication: Case Report and Review of Literature.

ABSTRACT: Synthetic cathinones are one of the major pharmacological families of new psychoactive substances and 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) has emerged in recent years as a recreational psychostimulant. We report a case of a 35-year-old man found dead and naked at home by his friend. Although no anatomic cause of death was observed at autopsy, toxicological analysis identified 4-MEC and hydroxyzine at therapeutic level (160 ng/mL). 4-Methylethcathinone was quantified in autopsy samples by a validated method consisting in liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry: peripheral blood, 14.6 µg/mL; cardiac blood, 43.4 µg/mL; urine, 619 µg/mL; vitreous humor, right 2.9 µg/mL and left 4.4 µg/mL; bile, 43.5 µg/mL; and gastric content, 28.2 µg/mL. The cause of death was 4-MEC intoxication and the manner of death could be either accidental or suicidal. The literature concerning 4-MEC was reviewed, focusing on distribution in classical postmortem matrices and 4-MEC metabolism and postmortem redistribution and stability.

Comparison of commercial surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates for the analysis of cocaine.

The use of illicit drugs across the world causes issues for users, healthcare workers and the public. Therefore, rapid and reliable onsite testing methods to detect these drugs are required. In this study, seven commercial surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates A-G were compared for the analysis of cocaine. These substrates were compared using scanning electron microscopy to study the surface structure and Raman spectroscopy and to determine if there was any enhancement of the cocaine bands. Substrate B provided the best enhancement of known cocaine vibrational bands, allowing the detection down to concentrations of 1 ng/mL in standards and 10 ng/mL extracted from the oral fluid. The results showed that SERS is an ideal method for future rapid onsite analysis of illicit drugs in oral fluid. Commercial SERS substrates were compared for the analysis of cocaine. Substrate B provided the best result and was further tested with lower concentrations and extracts from the oral fluid. The application to oral fluid testing could prove useful for future onsite analysis.

Increase in drugs-of-abuse findings in post-mortem toxicology due to COVID-19 restrictions-First observations in Finland.

A lot has been published on the anticipated effects of the current COVID-19 pandemic on users of illegal drugs. In this study, we present evidence-based data on such effects, namely, the increased number of drug findings in post-mortem investigations. All post-mortem toxicology cases positive for at least one of the following: buprenorphine, amphetamine or cannabis, were investigated in the first 8 months of the year 2020, and the monthly numbers were compared to those in the previous 5 years from 2015 to 2019. These substances served as indicator analytes that could reveal changes in the drug using population. Right after the government restrictions came into force in March 2020, the numbers of buprenorphine, amphetamine and cannabis findings increased. The increase was most noticeable for amphetamine and was evident in all age groups. Our findings indicate that the assumptions on the increased risk of drug-related harm (including death) have become reality. Reduced access to harm-reduction services seems to have increased the mortality among individuals that use buprenorphine, amphetamine or cannabis. Significant and prompt actions need to be taken in order to find new ways in helping this vulnerable group of people.

Performance evaluation of handheld Raman spectroscopy for cocaine detection in forensic case samples.

Handheld Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique for rapid on-site detection of drugs of abuse. Most devices are developed for on-scene operation with a user interface that only shows whether cocaine has been detected. Extensive validation studies are unavailable, and so are typically the insight in raw spectral data and the identification criteria. This work evaluates the performance of a commercial handheld Raman spectrometer for cocaine detection based on (i) its performance on 0-100 wt% binary cocaine mixtures, (ii) retrospective comparison of 3,168 case samples from 2015 to 2020 analyzed by both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Raman, (iii) assessment of spectral selectivity, and (iv) comparison of the instrument's on-screen results with combined partial least square regression (PLS-R) and discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models. The limit of detection was dependent on sample composition and varied between 10 wt% and 40 wt% cocaine. Because the average cocaine content in street samples is well above this limit, a 97.5% true positive rate was observed in case samples. No cocaine false positives were reported, although 12.5% of the negative samples were initially reported as inconclusive by the built-in software. The spectral assessment showed high selectivity for Raman peaks at 1,712 (cocaine base) and 1,716 cm-1 (cocaine HCl). Combined PLS-R and PLS-DA models using these features confirmed and further improved instrument performance. This study scientifically assessed the performance of a commercial Raman spectrometer, providing useful insight on its applicability for both presumptive detection and legally valid evidence of cocaine presence for law enforcement.