Tratamiento farmacológico del estrabismo / Pharmacological treatment of strabismus

La cirugía de la musculatura extraocular ha sido el estándar de atención para tratamiento quirúrgico del estrabismo por más de un siglo. A pesar del gran desarrollo técnico de la cirugía de estrabismo en la actualidad, la utilización de microscopio quirúrgico, el diseño novedoso del instrumental quirúrgico, la calidad de la sutura no reabsorbible; los avances en equipamiento y fármacos anestésicos, la misma no está exenta de complicaciones quirúrgicas, además del tiempo de recuperación que necesita el paciente para reincorporarse a sus actividades sociales, han propiciado una búsqueda permanente del tratamiento farmacológico para el estrabismo. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es analizar las distintas alternativas farmacológicas disponibles como tratamiento del estrabismo. Para su confección se consultó textos completos y artículos en idiomas español e inglés, disponible en algunas bases de datos. Concluimos que aunque se han estudiado numerosos fármacos, la toxina botulínica que es la más conocida y utilizada mundialmente, seguida de la bupivacaína. Encontramos otros como la IGF I y II (Insuline Growing Factor), capaces de generar un efecto de reforzamiento de la actividad muscular. Y otros que "debilitan" la musculatura extraocular, incluyen la mAb35-Rubicina, BMP4 (Proteína morfogénica ósea). Se continúa su investigación en la actualidad(AU)

Extraocular musculature surgery has been the standard of care for surgical treatment of strabismus for more than a century. Despite the great technical development of strabismus surgery today, the use of a surgical microscope, the novel design of surgical instruments, the quality of the non-absorbable suture; Advances in anesthetic equipment and drugs, it is not exempt from surgical complications, in addition to the recovery time that the patient needs to return to their social activities, have led to a permanent search for pharmacological treatment for strabismus. The objective of this bibliographic review is to analyze the different pharmacological alternatives available as a treatment for strabismus. For its preparation, full texts and articles in Spanish and English languages were consulted, available in some databases. We conclude that although numerous drugs have been studied, botulinum toxin, which is the best known and used worldwide, followed by bupivacaine. We find others such as IGF I and II (Insuline Growing Factor), capable of generating an effect of reinforcing muscle activity. And others that "weaken" MOE include mAb35-Rubicin, BMP4 (Bone Morphogenic Protein). His research is continuing today(AU)

Third Cranial Nerve Palsy after a Chikungunya Virus Infection.

Chikungunya fever is a disease caused by a virus from the same family as dengue and Zika. It is endemic in several parts of the world and has recently spread to Latin America. We report the case of a patient, aged 58 years, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who in 2013 developed an acute bilateral third cranial nerve palsy sparing the pupil. After extensive investigation, it was diagnosed as caused by chikungunya infection. The patient was treated with pulse therapy and after 5 months of the onset of the condition, the patient showed improvement.

Pharmacologic injection treatment of comitant strabismus.

PURPOSE: To report the magnitude and stability of corrections in comitant horizontal strabismus achieved by injecting bupivacaine (BPX, optionally with epinephrine) and botulinum A toxin (BTXA) into extraocular muscles of alert adult subjects with electromyographic (EMG) guidance. METHODS: A total of 55 adults with comitant horizontal strabismus participated in a prospective observational clinical series. Of these, 29 previously had undergone 1 or more unsuccessful strabismus surgeries; 4 had undergone other orbital surgeries. Thirty-one patients with esodeviations received BPX injections in a lateral rectus muscle, some with BTXA in the medial rectus; 24 patients with exodeviations received BPX in a medial rectus muscle, some with BTXA in the lateral rectus muscle. A second treatment (BPX, BTXA, or both) was administered to 27 patients who had residual strabismus after the first treatment. Five patients required additional injections. Clinical alignment was measured at 6 months and yearly thereafter through 5 years' follow-up, with mean follow-up of 28 months. A successful outcome was defined as residual deviation ≤10(Δ). RESULTS: On average, presenting misalignment of 23.8(Δ) (13.4°) was reduced at 28 months by 16.0(Δ) (9.1°), with successful outcomes in 56% of patients. Of patients with initial misalignments ≤25(Δ), 66% had successful outcomes, with corrections averaging 13.2(Δ) (7.5°); of patients with larger misalignments, 40% had successful outcomes, with corrections averaging 20.9(Δ) (11.8°). Corrected alignments were stable over follow-ups as long as 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Injection treatments resulted in stable, clinically significant corrections in comitant horizontal strabismus. Injection provides a low-cost alternative to incisional strabismus surgery, particularly where it is desirable to minimize surgical anesthesia and avoid extraocular scarring.

Crotoxin in humans: analysis of the effects on extraocular and facial muscles / Crotoxina em humanos: estudo da ação em músculos extraoculares e faciais

PURPOSE: Crotoxin is the main neurotoxin of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. The neurotoxic action is characterized by a presynaptic blockade. The purpose of this research is to assess the ability of crotoxin to induce temporary paralysis of extraocular and facial muscles in humans. METHODS: Doses of crotoxin used ranged from 2 to 5 units (U), each unit corresponding to one LD50. We first applied 2U of crotoxin in one of the extraocular muscles of 3 amaurotic individuals to be submitted to ocular evisceration. In the second stage, we applied crotoxin in 12 extraocular muscles of 9 patients with strabismic amblyopia. In the last stage, crotoxin was used in the treatment of blepharospasm in another 3 patients. RESULTS: No patient showed any systemic side effect or change in vision or any eye structure problem after the procedure. The only local side effects observed were slight conjunctival hyperemia, which recovered spontaneously. In 2 patients there was no change in ocular deviation after 2U crotoxin application. Limitation of the muscle action was observed in 8 of the 12 applications. The change in ocular deviation after application of 2U of crotoxin (9 injections) was in average 15.7 prism diopters (PD). When the dose was 4U (2 applications) the change was in average 37.5 PD and a single application of 5U produced a change of 16 PD in ocular deviation. This effect lasted from 1 to 3 months. Two of the 3 patients with blepharospasm had the hemifacial spasm improved with crotoxin, which returned after 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data suggesting that crotoxin may be a useful new therapeutic option for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm. We expect that with further studies crotoxin could be an option for many other medical areas.

OBJETIVO: A crotoxina é a principal neurotoxina da cascavel sul-americana Crotalus durissus terrificus e sua ação neurotóxica caracteriza-se por um bloqueio pré-sináptico. O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a capacidade da crotoxina em induzir paralisia transitória de músculos extraoculares e faciais em seres humanos. MÉTODOS: As doses utilizadas de crotoxina foram de 2 a 5 unidades (U), sendo que cada unidade correspondia a uma DL-50. Na primeira etapa, aplicou-se 2U de crotoxina em músculos extraoculares de 3 indivíduos amauróticos, candidatos à evisceração. Na segunda etapa, realizaram-se 12 aplicações de crotoxina em músculos extraoculares de 9 indivíduos estrábicos e amblíopes. Na terceira e última etapa, utilizou-se a crotoxina para o tratamento do blefaroespasmo essencial em 3 indivíduos. RESULTADOS: Nenhum paciente demonstrou qualquer efeito sistêmico ou alteração da visão ou de qualquer estrutura ocular. O único efeito local adverso foi hiperemia conjuntival, que melhorou espontaneamente. Em 2 pacientes não houve alteração do desvio ocular após a aplicação de 2U de crotoxina. Observou-se em 8 das 12 aplicações, limitação do movimento ocular no campo de ação do músculo aplicado. A diminuição do desvio ocular com 2U crotoxina (9 aplicações) foi em média de 15,7 dioptrias prismáticas (DP); na dosagem de 4U (2 aplicações) foi em média de 37,5 DP e na única aplicação de 5U, obteve-se redução de 16 DP no desvio ocular. A alteração do alinhamento ocular manteve-se por 1 a 3 meses. Dois dos 3 pacientes portadores de blefaroespasmo apresentaram melhora dos espasmos hemifacias, os quais voltaram após 2 meses. CONCLUSÕES: Através dos resultados observados neste estudo, acreditamos que a crotoxina possa ser útil no tratamento do estrabismo e do blefaroespasmo. Novos estudos precisam ser realizados para confirmar a eficácia e a segurança da crotoxina como opção terapêutica para diversas áreas da medicina que atualmente utilizam a toxina botulínica.

Bupivacaine and botulinum toxin to treat comitant strabismus.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the change in ocular motility and muscle thickness measured with ultrasonography after intramuscular injection of bupivacaine and botulinum toxin A. METHODS: Eight patients (five female) were enrolled to measure ocular motility prior and 1, 7, 30 and 180 days after one injection of 2 ml of 1.5% bupivacaine and 2.5 U of botulinum toxin A in agonist and antagonist muscles, respectively, of eight amblyopic eyes. Muscle thickness was measured prior and on days 1, 7 and 30 after injection using 10-MHz ultrasonography (eyelid technique). RESULTS: Mean change in alignment was 10 prism diopters after 180 days (n=6). An average increase of 1.01 mm in muscle thickness was observed after 30 days of bupivacaine injection and 0.28 mm increase was observed after botulinum toxin A injection, as measured by ultrasonography. Lateral rectus muscles injected with bupivacaine had a mean increase of 1.5 mm in muscle thickness. CONCLUSION: In this study, a change in ocular motility was observed after 180 days of intramuscular injection of bupivacaine and botulinum toxin in horizontal extraocular muscles. Overall, there was an increase of muscle thickness in both botulinum toxin A and bupivacaine injected muscles after 30 days of injection when measured by ultrasonography. This change was more pronounced on lateral rectus muscles after bupivacaine injection.

Bupivacaine and botulinum toxin to treat comitant strabismus / Bupivacaína e toxina botulínica para tratamento de estrabismo comitante

PURPOSE: To evaluate the change in ocular motility and muscle thickness measured with ultrasonography after intramuscular injection of bupivacaine and botulinum toxin A. METHODS: Eight patients (five female) were enrolled to measure ocular motility prior and 1, 7, 30 and 180 days after one injection of 2 ml of 1.5% bupivacaine and 2.5 U of botulinum toxin A in agonist and antagonist muscles, respectively, of eight amblyopic eyes. Muscle thickness was measured prior and on days 1, 7 and 30 after injection using 10-MHz ultrasonography (eyelid technique). RESULTS: Mean change in alignment was 10 prism diopters after 180 days (n=6). An average increase of 1.01 mm in muscle thickness was observed after 30 days of bupivacaine injection and 0.28 mm increase was observed after botulinum toxin A injection, as measured by ultrasonography. Lateral rectus muscles injected with bupivacaine had a mean increase of 1.5 mm in muscle thickness. CONCLUSION: In this study, a change in ocular motility was observed after 180 days of intramuscular injection of bupivacaine and botulinum toxin in horizontal extraocular muscles. Overall, there was an increase of muscle thickness in both botulinum toxinum A and bupivacaine injected muscles after 30 days of injection when measured by ultrasonography. This change was more pronounced on lateral rectus muscles after bupivacaine injection.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a mudança na motilidade ocular e espessura dos músculos medida por ultrassonografia após injeção intramuscular de bupivacaína e toxina botulínica tipo A. MÉTODOS: Oito pacientes (5 mulheres) foram incluidos para avaliar a mudança na motilidade ocular antes e após 1, 7, 30 e 180 dias da injeção de 2 ml de bupivacaína 1,5% e 2,5 U de toxina botulínica tipo A nos músculos agonista e antagonista, respectivamente, de 8 olhos amblíopes. A espessura muscular foi medida antes após 1, 7, 30 dias da injeção através de ultrassonografia ocular 10-MHz (técnica palpebral). RESULTADOS: A média de mudança no alinhamento ocular foi igual a 10 dioptrias prismáticas após 180 dias (n=6). Foi observado um aumento médio de 1,01 mm na espessura muscular após 30 dias da injeção de bupivacaína e 0,28 mm após a injeção de toxina botulínica A medido pela ultrassonografia. Os músculos reto laterais injetados com bupivacaína tiveram um aumento médio de 1,5 mm na sua espessura. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, observou-se uma mudança no alinhamento ocular após 180 dias de injeção intramuscular de bupivacaína e toxina botulínica A. Em geral, houve um aumento da espessura muscular de ambos os grupos de músculos injetados com toxina botulínica A e com bupivacaína após 30 dias da injeção. Essa mudança foi mais pronunciada nos músculos retos laterais após a injeção de bupivacaína.

[Visual neurorehabilitation of patients with cerebral damage using botulinum toxin]. / ción visual con toxina botulínica en pacientes con daño cerebral.

BACKGROUND: The neurorehabilitation of the patient with cerebral damage implies the reestablishment of the visual functions. Botulinum toxin can be considerate as a less invasive alternative for treatment. OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate the answer to the treatment using botulinum toxin of the visual motor alterations in patients with cerebral damage. METHODS: Descriptive study of patients with visual alterations associated to cerebral damage. The visual treatment included three areas: sensorial, refracting and motor under quimiodenervation with botulinum toxin, of May 2009 to May 2010. RESULTS: 48 patients were studied, age 22,4 years ± 23. The strabismus were: esotropia 52%, exotropia 39,5%, vertical 8%, nystagmus 4%. 50% of the patients had psychomotor delay. Some of the most important causes of cerebral damage were: Down syndrome, epilepsy, tumor, hydrocephalus, neuroinfection, infantile cerebral paralysis, multiple sclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cranial trauma, congenital cardiopathy, ventricular hemorrhage, cerebrovascular stroke. The dose of botulinum toxin was 8,1 UI ± 3. We registered good results in 56.5%, regular 23,9% and bad 19,5%. The global percentage of rehabilitation was 69% of correction with a r of Pearson of 0,5. DISCUSSION: Patients with cerebral damage have diverse types of visuomotor alterations, strabismus and nystagmus.Use of botulinum toxin as a paralytic muscle agent is a good alternative in these cases. CONCLUSION: The botulinum toxin is an effective option for the visual rehabilitation in patients with cerebral damage and prevents the progression of more cerebral changes secondary to strabismus.

Crotoxin in humans: analysis of the effects on extraocular and facial muscles.

PURPOSE: Crotoxin is the main neurotoxin of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. The neurotoxic action is characterized by a presynaptic blockade. The purpose of this research is to assess the ability of crotoxin to induce temporary paralysis of extraocular and facial muscles in humans. METHODS: Doses of crotoxin used ranged from 2 to 5 units (U), each unit corresponding to one LD50. We first applied 2U of crotoxin in one of the extraocular muscles of 3 amaurotic individuals to be submitted to ocular evisceration. In the second stage, we applied crotoxin in 12 extraocular muscles of 9 patients with strabismic amblyopia. In the last stage, crotoxin was used in the treatment of blepharospasm in another 3 patients. RESULTS: No patient showed any systemic side effect or change in vision or any eye structure problem after the procedure. The only local side effects observed were slight conjunctival hyperemia, which recovered spontaneously. In 2 patients there was no change in ocular deviation after 2U crotoxin application. Limitation of the muscle action was observed in 8 of the 12 applications. The change in ocular deviation after application of 2U of crotoxin (9 injections) was in average 15.7 prism diopters (PD). When the dose was 4U (2 applications) the change was in average 37.5 PD and a single application of 5U produced a change of 16 PD in ocular deviation. This effect lasted from 1 to 3 months. Two of the 3 patients with blepharospasm had the hemifacial spasm improved with crotoxin, which returned after 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data suggesting that crotoxin may be a useful new therapeutic option for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm. We expect that with further studies crotoxin could be an option for many other medical areas.

Yamada's surgery for treatment of myopic strabismus fixus.

PURPOSE: Myopic strabismus fixus is characterized by acquired progressive esotropia and hypotropia associated with restricted elevation and abduction. Treatment is difficult, with recurrence of the large-angle esotropia even after surgery. The aim of this study was to describe two cases of myopic strabismus fixus successfully treated with Yamada's surgical technique. METHODS: Two patients with myopic strabismus fixus were submitted to hemitransposition of the superior rectus (SR) and lateral rectus (LR) muscles with scleral fixation at 7 mm from the limbus. In one patient, the hemitransposition was associated with ipsilateral MR muscle recess as described by Yamada, while in the other, botox injection into the MR muscle was performed. In both cases Yamada's procedure was associated with 4 mm resection of the hemitransposed portions of the SR and LR muscles to increase the muscular tonus and then improve surgical effects. RESULTS: The patient submitted to the MR recess presented with satisfactory ocular alignment after 6 months postoperative. The other patient submitted to botox injection at the MR muscle presented recurrent esotropia after 3 months. RM recess was then performed and an excellent ocular alignment was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Yamada's surgical technique can provide acceptable ocular alignment in cases of myopic strabismus fixus. The surgical effects can be potentialized with resection of the hemitransposed portions of the SR and LR muscles. In addition, we demonstrated that botulinum toxin injection at the RM muscle is not an effective treatment in these cases.

Experimental strabismus surgery using triamcinolone: outcomes and effects on inflammatory response

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficiency of triamcinolone (TRI) in limiting the postoperative inflammatory response and scarring after strabismus surgery. METHODS: A prospective, two-stage, masked, controlled trial was conducted. In the first stage, the inflammatory response at the extraocular muscle reattachment site was analyzed after superior rectus recession in ten rabbits. In the second stage, TRI (40 mg/ml) was applied during surgery to the eyes of 16 rabbits with superior rectus recession. As a control, contralateral eyes were treated with physiological saline. Fifteen days later, exenteration was performed, and the sites of muscle reattachment were processed for histological examinations. The sums of the areas of the granulomas in the extraocular muscle reattachment sites of control and treated eyes were compared. RESULT: There was a preliminary inhibition effect of TRI on the inflammatory response of treated eyes compared with that of control eyes. CONCLUSIONS: In the conditions of conducting this study the introperative use of TRI was effective in controlling the postoperative inflammatory response in rabbit eyes after extraocular muscle surgery.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficiência da triancinolona (TRI) como agente modulador da resposta inflamatória e cicatricial em coelhos submetidos à cirurgia de estrabismo. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo, mascarado, em dois estágios. No primeiro estágio 10 coelhos foram submetidos a retrocesso do músculo reto superior em ambos os olhos, aplicando-se triancinolona (40 mg/ml) em um dos olhos e como controle, solução salina nos olhos contralaterais. Quinze dias e trinta dias após, os animais foram exenterados e o material do sítio de reinserção muscular foi submetido à análise qualitativa e quantitativa. No segundo estágio, com incrementação da agressão cirúrgica, 16 coelhos foram submetidos aos mesmos procedimentos com exenteração e análise dos tecidos após 15 dias. RESULTADO: Houve efeito inibitório da TRI na resposta inflamatória dos olhos tratados quando comparados aos olhos-controle. CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições de realização do presente estudo o uso per-operatório da TRI foi efetivo no controle da resposta inflamatória em olhos de coelhos submetidos à cirurgia de estrabismo.

[Botulinum toxin treatment for horizontal strabismus in children with cerebral palsy]. / Toxina botulínica no tratamento de estrabismo horizontal em crianças com paralisia cerebral.

UNLABELLED: To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of horizontal strabismus in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: A group of 24 patients, age 6 - 156 months, with cerebral palsy and horizontal strabismus (17 esotropias ranging from 25 to 45 PD and 7 exotropias ranging from 20 to 45 PD) were treated with botulinum toxin (34 medial rectus and 14 lateral rectus muscles). The children underwent full ophthalmic examination. The injection treatment was performed after sedation using Mendonça's forceps. The follow-up was done after 7 days, 15 days and monthly. Deviation less or equal of 10 PD after 6 months of follow-up was considered successful. However, if patients did not achieve this result a second application could be performed. RESULTS: In the group of esotropia (n=17) 47.1% had successful results with only one application after two years of follow-up. All of these patients had previous deviation less than or equal to 35 PD. In the exotropia group a single injection was not sufficient to achieve successful result. The side effects included: subconjutival hemorrhage in 4 (16.7%) patients, transient vertical deviation in 4 (16.7%) and transient ptosis in 22 (91.7%). CONCLUSION: The use of botulinum toxin was a good alternative in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy and esotropia.

Toxina botulínica no tratamento de estrabismo horizontal em crianças com paralisia cerebral / Botulinum toxin treatment for horizontal strabismus in children with cerebral palsy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da toxina botulínica no tratamento de estrabismo horizontal em crianças com paralisia cerebral. MÉTODOS: Um grupo de 24 pacientes com paralisia cerebral e estrabismo horizontal (17 esotropias variando de 25delta a 45delta e 7 exotropias variando de 20delta a 45delta), com idades variando entre 6 a 156 meses, foram tratadas com toxina botulínica (34 músculos retos mediais e 14 retos laterais). As crianças foram submetidas a exame oftalmológico completo. A injeção de toxina, utilizando-se a pinça de Mendonça, foi realizada sob sedação. O seguimento foi realizado mediante avaliação aos 7 dias, 15 dias e a seguir mensalmente. O resultado foi considerado bom quando se obteve desvio < 10delta após seis meses de seguimento. Caso o resultado não fosse satisfatório uma segunda aplicação poderia ser realizada. RESULTADOS: No grupo das esotropias, no seguimento de dois anos (n=17) 47,1 por cento tiveram bons resultados, com apenas uma aplicação de toxina botulínica. Todos estes pacientes tinham desvio prévio < 35delta. No grupo das exotropias, após a primeira aplicação, não foi encontrado qualquer resultado satisfatório no sexto mês de seguimento. Os efeitos colaterais foram: hemorragia subconjuntival em 4 pacientes (16,7 por cento), desvio vertical transitório em 4 pacientes (16,7 por cento) e blefaroptose transitória em 22 (91,7 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: O uso da toxina botulínica pode ser considerado como boa alternativa de tratamento em crianças com diagnóstico de paralisia cerebral e esotropia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of horizontal strabismus in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: A group of 24 patients, age 6 - 156 months, with cerebral palsy and horizontal strabismus (17 esotropias ranging from 25 to 45 PD and 7 exotropias ranging from 20 to 45 PD) were treated with botulinum toxin (34 medial rectus and 14 lateral rectus muscles). The children underwent full ophthalmic examination. The injection treatment was performed after sedation using Mendonça's forceps. The follow-up was done after 7 days, 15 days and monthly. Deviation less or equal of 10 PD after 6 months of follow-up was considered successful. However, if patients did not achieve this result a second application could be performed. RESULTS: In the group of esotropia (n=17) 47.1 percent had successful results with only one application after two years of follow-up. All of these patients had previous deviation less than or equal to 35 PD. In the exotropia group a single injection was not sufficient to achieve successful result. The side effects included: subconjutival hemorrhage in 4 (16.7 percent) patients, transient vertical deviation in 4 (16.7 percent) and transient ptosis in 22 (91.7 percent). CONCLUSION: The use of botulinum toxin was a good alternative in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy and esotropia.

Resolución temprana con tratamiento médico en el estrabismo parético en pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Early resolution with medical treatment in the paretic strabismus in patients with diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: reconocer el mejor tratamiento para la pronto recuperación del nervio parético. Material y método: es un ensayo en comunidad, prospectivo y experimental. Se evaluaron 4 grupos: grupo 1: con tóxina botulínic, grupo 2: con carbamazepina oral, grupo 3: con complejo B oral y grupo 4: control metabólico. A todos los pacientes se les realizó exploración oftalmológica completa y estrabológica con prueba de ducción forzad, puntos de Worth y prismas, así como tiras reactivas para la determinación de glucosa en sangre cada 2 semanas y hemoglobina glucosilada al inicio y final del tratamiento, para su control. Resultados: del total de 80 pacientes estudiados (39 por ciento femeninos y 61 por ciento masculinos) con edad promedio de 60 años; el grupo 1 presentó un tiempo promedio de resolución más rápido (12.2 semanas), en comparación a los otros grupos. Conclusión: la resolución del cuadro parético es más rápida en los grupos tratados con toxina butolínica y carbamazepina (12 semanas), y más tardada en el grupo con complejo B (14 semanas).

Purpose: to recognize the best treatment for recovery of paretic craneal nerve. Material and methods: prospective, experimental and community trial, divided in four groups: group 1: with botulinum toxin, group 2: with oral carbamazepine, group 2: with oral carbamazepine, group 3: with oral vitamin B and group 4: with metabolic control. All pacients were evaluated with complete opthalmological and strabological examination with Worth, prism and force duction text; metabolic control was ascertained with glucosilade hemoglobine and a reactive blood test every two weeks. Results: A total of 80 patients were included (39 percent female and 61 percent male) with a mean age a 60 years old; group 1 showed the shortest mean time of resolution of 12.2 weeks compared to others groups. Conclusions: paretic resolution is faster with botulinum toxin and carbamazepine (12 weeks), and slower with vitamin B (14 weeks).

Modificación del estrabismo vertical tras inyección de toxina botulínica A en la endotropía infantil / Modification of vertical strabismus after injection of botulinum toxin A in children esotropia

Introducción y objetivos: Analizar la modificación del estrabismo vertical tras la corrección de la endotropía con Toxina Botulínica (TB). Métodos: 51 endotropías consecutivas, tratadas con TB por debajo de 36 meses de edad. Resultados: 51.85 por ciento de las endotropías congénitas (EC) y 12.5 por ciento de las endotropías adquiridas (ETA) requirieron cirugía vertical. Cuando se corrigió la desviación horizontal, se redujo la necesidad de cirugía vertical a 38.51 por ciento (EC) y 4.54 por ciento (ETA) respectivamente. También se modificaron los patrones alfabéticos. Conclusiones: Se debe ser cauto en la indicación de la cirugía vertical asociada a un cuadro horizontal en la primera infancia.

Introduction and objectives: To study changes in vertical strabismus following treatment of esotropia using Botulinum Toxin. Methods: Fifty one consecutive patients with esotropia treated with Botulinum Toxin at the age of 36 months or less. Results: 51.85 percent of congenital esotropias (CE) and 12.5 percent of acquired esotropias (AET) required vertical surgery. When the horizontal deviation was completely corrected the requirement for vertical surgery was reduced to 38.51 percent (CE) y 4.54 percent (AET) respectively. Alphabet patterns were also affected. Conclusions: One should be cautious about the indications for vertical surgery associated with esotropia in early infancy.

[Electromyograph assistance and Mendonça's forceps--a comparison between two methods of botulinum toxin A injection into the extraocular muscle]. / Comparação entre os métodos de injeção de toxina botulínica em músculo ocular externo com o uso do eletromiógrafo e com o uso da pinça de Mendonça.

PURPOSE: To compare two methods of botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection into the extraocular muscle (EOM): the electromyographically (EMG) guided injection and the injection using Mendonça's forceps. METHODS: Twenty-nine (29) patients with strabismus and low visual acuity in one eye were examined at the Department of Ophthalmology of UNIFESP. They were divided into 2 groups -- group I with 17 patients receiving the botulinum toxin A injection using Mendonça's forceps, and group II with 12 patients receiving the toxin with electromyographical guidance. The patients of both groups were examined on the 7th and 14th day after intervention and the outcome of both methods of botulinum toxin A injection were compared. Friedman and Mann-Whitney correlation tests were used in the statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: Although the follow-up examinations on the 7th and 14th days showed a different behavior between both methods, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of the correction attained in both groups at the end of this study. CONCLUSION: No statistically significant difference was shown between the two groups. Mendonça's forceps can be a safe alternative to electromyography to locate an extraocular muscle for botulinum toxin A injection.

Comparação entre os métodos de injeção de toxina botulínica em músculo ocular externo com o uso do eletromiógrafo e com o uso da pinça de Mendonça / Electromyograph assistance and Mendonça's forceps - a comparison between two methods of botulinum toxin A injection into the extraocular muscle

OBJETIVO: Comparar dois métodos de aplicação de toxina botulínica A (TBA) em músculo ocular externo: com auxílio de eletromiógrafo (EMG) e com a pinça de Mendonça. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados no Departamento de Oftalmologia da UNIFESP 29 pacientes que apresentavam estrabismo e baixa acuidade visual em um olho. Foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo I - 17 pacientes que receberam a toxina botulínica A por meio de injeção com auxílio da pinça de Mendonça e grupo II - 12 pacientes que receberam a toxina botulínica A por injeção guiada pelo eletromiógrafo. Os pacientes dos dois grupos foram avaliados no 7º e no 14º dia após aplicação. Compararam-se os resultados dos dois grupos neste período de tempo. Os testes de correlação de Friedman e Mann-Whitney foram usados para análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatística entre as médias de desvio pré-aplicação e em pelo menos um período (7º ou 14º dia) após aplicação, tanto no grupo dos pacientes em que foi utilizada a pinça, quanto no grupo de pacientes em que foi utilizado o eletromiógrafo. Não houve diferença estatística dos desvios pré-aplicação e pós-aplicação entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSAO: Os dois métodos de aplicação da toxina botulínica A são equivalentes e portanto, o uso da pinça de Mendonça pode ser método alternativo ao uso do eletromiógrafo, para guiar a injeção de toxina botulínica A.

Uso de toxina botulínica en endotropía precoz: resultados a largo plazo / Effect of botulinum toxin in early esotropia: long term outcome

Introducción: Observar el efecto de toxina botulínica sobre el ángulo de estrabismo y la visión binocular a largo plazo. Método: Estudio prospectivo en el que se reclutó pacientes de difícil medición con endotropía precoz. Se hizo seguimiento postinyección única de toxina botulínica en ambos rectos medios. Resultados: Se trataron 13 pacientes. Todos presentaron paresia de rectos medios en los primeros días. 2 pacientes mantuvieron ortotropía durante al menos 3, 5 años. En los 11 restantes reapareció la endotropía, requiriendo 10 de ellos cirugía. El ángulo preoperatorio era en promedio 14 dioptrías prismáticas menor al inicial. 7 de 13 pacientes alcanzaron visión binocular con fusión y 2 visión simultánea. Conclusión: La toxina botulínica no fue un tratamiento definitivo, pero disminuyó el ángulo y mejoró el pronóstico de la visión binocular.

The effect of increasing doses of levodopa on children with strabismic amblyopia.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and tolerance of a levodopa/carbidopa combination and to test its dose-effect response when combined with occlusion therapy for children with amblyopia. METHODS: A 1-week randomized, double-blind, parallel, and placebo-controlled study was performed with 78 children with amblyopia aged between 7 and 17 years. Children who weighed less than 40 kg were randomly assigned to receive 5, 10, or 20 mg of levodopa or placebo (3 times a day), and those who weighed 40 kg or more were randomly assigned to receive 10, 20, or 40 mg of levodopa or placebo. Subjects were instructed to occlude the dominant eye (3 h/d). Snellen visual acuity was measured at baseline and at 2 hours after ingestion of the last capsule. Compliance with occlusion and capsule consumption was verified by a questionnaire and counting capsules. Adverse effects were checked with a physical examination and a questionnaire. RESULTS: From baseline to the follow-up test trial, the improvement in the logarithm of the Snellen fraction was 0.05+/-0.11 in the placebo group, 0.18 +/-0.21 in group 1, 0.08+/-0.11 in group II, and 0.16+/-0.15 in group III (P = .031). Visual acuity improved from 0.59 to 0.45 in the levodopa/carbidopa group and from 0.69 to 0.63 in the control group (P = .023). The compliance with occlusion was similar in all groups. No one complained of adverse side effects. CONCLUSION: Levodopa, at an average dose of 0.51 mg/kg per day, is well tolerated and produces a clinical and statistically significant short-term improvement of visual acuity in children with amblyopia.

Comparación de atracurio en infusión vs bolo en cirugía de estrabismo / Infusion versus bolus of atracurium administration in strabismus surgery

Se evaluó el grado de relajación neuromuscular en cuanto a farmacocinética y farmacodinamia del atracurio, utilizando sus vías de administración endovenosa, en infusión vs. bolo. Se estudiaron dos grupos de 20 pacientes cada uno sometidos a cirugía de estrabismo. Al grupo A, se le administró atracurio en infusión administrando una dosis de impregnación de 280 µg/kg/IV + infusión continua y al grupo B, una dosis única de 380 µg/kg/IV. Los pacientes del grupo A, presentaron mayor tiempo de latencia para la relajación así como una concentración plasmática mayor, en comparación al grupo B, pero la prueba de ducción forzada fue negativa en mayor procentaje en el primer grupo

Toxina botulínica: aplicaçöes clínicas / Botulinum toxin: clinic aplication

A toxina botulínica (TOXBA) produz paralisia muscularpela inibiçäo pré-sináptica da liberaçäo da acetilcolina. A eliminaçäo de sua toxicidade natural através de sofisticadas técnicas laboratoriais tornou possível clínica no tratamento de uma diversidade de desordens de movimentos até entäo de difícil controle. A filosofia de seu uso repousa na identificaçäo dos principais músculos envolvidos no movimento anormal e na paralisaçäo dos mesmos pela injeçäo tópica de TOXBA, de modo a bloquear o movimento anormal em questäo. O procedimento, em mäos experimentadas, é até simples e tem a vantagem de ser um método poco invasivo e de poder ser realizado ambulatorialmente. Além de seguro, tem elevada eficácia. A experiência pessoal do autor e a literatura mostram que melhora significativa é obtidaem estrabismo, 85 por cento; blefaroespasmo, 70-90 por cento; distonia oromadibular, 70 por cento; distonia cervical (torcicolo espasmódico), 50-90 por cento; distonia laríngea, 80-100 por cento; distonia de mäo, 40-80 por cento; e espasmo hemifacial, 90 por cento...