The relationship between ethylene-induced autophagy and reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis root cells during the early stages of waterlogging stress.

The response of plants to waterlogging stress is a complex process, with ethylene playing a crucial role as a signaling molecule. However, it remains unclear how ethylene is initially triggered in response to waterlogging stress when plants are continuously waterlogged for less than 12 hours. Here, we have shown that ethylene-induced autophagy leads to the degradation of damaged mitochondria (the main organelles producing reactive oxygen species (ROS)) to reduce ROS production during oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana, which improves the survival rate of root cells in the early stages of waterlogging stress. Waterlogging stress activated ethylene-related genes, including ACO2, ACS2, ERF72, ERF73, and EIN3, and ethylene content of plants increased significantly within 24 h of continuous waterlogging. As stress duration increased, increased amounts of ROS accumulated in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes initially increased and then decreased. Concurrently, the level of ethylene-induced autophagy, which participates in antioxidant defense, is higher in wild-type plants than in the octuple acs mutant cs16651 (acs2-1/acs4-1/acs5-2/acs6-1/acs7-1/acs9-1/amiRacs8acs11). Exogenous application of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC), resulted in a more pronounced manifestation of autophagy in the stele of Arabidopsis roots. Compared with the waterlogging treatment group or the ACC treatment group, the waterlogging + ACC treatment can induce autophagy to occur earlier and expand the autophagic range to the epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Overall, our results provide insight into the important role of ethylene-induced autophagy in enhancing the antioxidative capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana during the early stages of waterlogging stress. Furthermore, we suggest ethylene as a potential candidate for mitigating the deleterious effects caused by waterlogging in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Acute lung injury in a worker after inhalation of ethylene phosphorodifluoridite.

Ethylene phosphorodifluoridite (C2H4F4O2P2) (CAS No. 3965-00-2) is a colorless corrosive fuming liquid that is used as a stabilizer in the electrolyte of rechargeable batteries. There are no previous reports of toxic effects following exposure to this compound. A 28-year-old male complained of respiratory distress after accidental inhalation of ethylene phosphorodifluoridite for 30 min. The patient developed acute lung injury with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and was treated with supportive management. The patient fully recovered and was discharged after 7 days without any significant sequelae. The patient's symptoms were attributed to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by ethylene phosphorodifluoridite exposure. The case study showed that ethylene phosphorodifluoridite should be added to the list of chemicals that can cause acute lung injury. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(3):361-6.

Systems biology applied to the study of papaya fruit ripening: the influence of ethylene / Biologia de sistemas aplicada ao estudo do amadurecimento de mamões: a influência do etileno

Fruit ripening is a biochemical process that results in flavor, odor, texture, and color suitable for human consumption, in addition to providing access to important nutrients. Although ripening promotes sensory and nutritional increases in fruits, there is also an increased susceptibility to physical damage, as is the case with papaya. These transformations occur due to changes in gene expression patterns at different stages of maturity, whose control and coordination result from the combined action of plant hormones, especially ethylene. As the action of this hormone in the regulation of gene expression is still elusive, this dissertation sought to address the global analysis of the transcriptome in an overview study of molecular processes involved in the ripening of ethylene-treated and non-treated papaya. Transcription factors related to ethylene synthesis and signaling had increased activity towards exogenous-ethylene treatment. Consequently, ethylene-induced enzymes had their coding genes differentially expressed, like genes related to the synthesis of carotenoids, linalool, and vitamins, which increase color, aroma, and antioxidant activity, respectively. Metabolic pathways related to the synthesis of sugars were suppressed while genes encoding the enzyme responsible for sucrose synthesis maintained a basal expression, showing that the accumulation of sugars occurs before the ripening process. The firmness of the peel and pulp of the fruits were strongly influenced by the treatment with ethylene and by the time of the experiment, suffering the action of numerous enzymes related to the degradation of the cell wall. The main enzyme responsible for softening the pulp was polygalacturonase, together with the activity of other pectinases and cellulases. In contrast to the need for the pre-climacteric action of pectate lyase and pectinesterase reported in other fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes and strawberries, papaya did not show a significant difference in their expression. The meta-analysis of several papaya ripening transcriptomes confirmed the expression profile observed in the previous RNA-seq, besides providing statistical enrichment to the biological narratives. Finally, the present study gathered a range of robust information on the gene regulation of the papaya ripening process, which opens possibilities for future approaches to transcriptomic analysis and validates the use of papaya as a model for such studies

O amadurecimento de frutos é um processo bioquímico que resulta em sabor, odor, textura e cor adequados para o consumo humano, além de propiciar o acesso a nutrientes importantes. Apesar do amadurecimento promover incrementos sensoriais e nutricionais nos frutos, ocorre também um aumento da suscetibilidade a danos físicos, como é o caso do mamão. Essas transformações ocorrem devido às alterações nos padrões de expressão gênica nos diferentes estádios de amadurecimento, cujo controle e coordenação decorrem da ação combinada de hormônios vegetais, principalmente do etileno. Como a ação deste hormônio na regulação da expressão gênica ainda é elusiva, a presente dissertação buscou abordar a análise global do transcriptoma em um amplo estudo dos processos moleculares envolvidos no amadurecimento de mamões tratados e não tratados com etileno. Os fatores de transcrição relacionados com a síntese e a sinalização do etileno tiveram sua atividade aumentada perante o tratamento exógeno com etileno. Consequentemente, as enzimas reguladas por esse hormônio tiveram seus genes de codificação expressos diferencialmente, como foi o caso de genes relacionados à síntese de carotenoides, linalool e vitaminas, que atuam no aumento da cor, aroma e atividade antioxidante, respectivamente. Vias metabólicas relacionadas com à síntese de açúcares foram reprimidas enquanto genes codificantes da enzima responsável pela síntese de sacarose mantiveram uma expressão basal, evidenciando que o acúmulo de açúcares ocorre antes do processo de amadurecimento. A firmeza da casca e da polpa dos frutos foram fortemente influenciadas pelo tratamento com etileno e pelo tempo de experimento, sofrendo ação de inúmeras enzimas relacionadas com a degradação da parede celular. A principal enzima responsável pelo amolecimento da polpa foi a poligalacturonase, em conjunto com a atividade de outras pectinases e celulases. Em contraste com a necessidade da ação pré-climatérica da pectato liase e da pectinesterase relatada em outras frutas carnosas, como tomates e morangos, o mamão não apresentou uma diferença significativa na expressão das mesmas. A meta-análise de diversos transcriptomas do amadurecimento do mamão reafirmaram o perfil de expressão observado no RNA-seq, além de prover enriquecimento estatístico às narrativas biológicas. Por fim, o presente estudo reuniu uma gama de informações robustas sobre a regulação gênica do processo de amadurecimento do mamão papaia, o que abrange a possibilidade para futuras abordagens de análise transcriptomica e valida o uso do mamão como modelo para tais estudos

Tissue reaction after subcutaneous implants of a new material composed of ethylene-vinyl acetate and starch for future use as a biomaterial.

This study aimed to evaluate the tissue reaction of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) in 4 different compositions and processing: EVA foamed at high pressure with ultrasound (EVACU); EVA with 15% starch foamed at high pressure with ultrasound (EVAMCU); EVA with 15% starch foamed at high pressure without ultrasound and EVA foamed at high pressure without ultrasound as future use as a porous scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the influence of starch, reducing the diameter of pores. The number of open pores was also reduced with the addition of starch. The ultrasound applied during the manufacturing of composites does not affect these characteristics. Eighteen rats were used to test the tissue reaction of materials and PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), proven biocompatible material. After 7, 15, and 60 days of surgery, the materials were removed and processed for microscopic evaluation and counting of the inflammatory infiltrate. The data shows inflammatory reaction similar to PTFE. However, in the quantitative analysis at 60 days, the EVACU and EVAMCU showed less quantity of mononuclear cells (p < 0.05). Thus, the results suggest that the use of ultrasound in the production method (EVA) seems to have improved cell behavior regarding the reduction of infiltration over the period, with tissue response equivalent to the PTFE. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 107B: 400-407, 2019.

Continuous exposure to ethylene in the storage environment adversely affects 'Afourer' mandarin fruit quality.

'Afourer' mandarins were stored in air containing ethylene at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1µLL-1 at 20, 10, 5 and 0°C and changes in a range of external and internal quality parameters were examined for up to 10weeks in storage. At all storage temperatures, reducing ethylene concentration in the storage environment decreased the rate of respiration, visible deterioration of the calyx region, ethanol accumulation in the juice, loss of eating quality, and at chilling temperatures reduced rind pitting. The quality attributes limiting mandarin storage life differed between the different storage temperatures but retention of mandarin quality was always optimised by maintaining the lowest possible ethylene atmosphere around fruit. Thus, the primary target should be to ensure the ethylene levels are ≤0.01µLL-1, as loss of quality was accelerated above this concentration.

Deleterious Effects From Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Thiourea in Pregnant Women.

Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has become common as a result of widespread application of these chemicals to the food supply, environmental contamination, and occupational exposures (Caserta et al., 2011). However, relatively little is known about the effects of EDCs such as ethylene thiourea (ETU) in developing fetuses and the lasting implications of this disruption on human development from birth through adulthood. Of highest concern are chronic, low-dose exposures among industrial and agricultural workers. Current knowledge regarding the significance of endocrine thyroid signaling on normal human development raises serious concerns about the possible deleterious effects of EDCs in the developing fetus, children, and mature adults. Occupational health nurses are critical in identifying women and families at increased risk of ETU exposure and mitigating early exposures in pregnancy.

Inhalation exposure to ethylene induces eosinophilic rhinitis and nasal epithelial remodeling in Fischer 344 rats.

This study investigated the time- and concentration-dependent effects of inhaled ethylene on eosinophilic rhinitis and nasal epithelial remodeling in Fisher 344 rats exposed to 0, 10, 50, 300, or 10,000 ppm ethylene, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 4 weeks. Morphometric quantitation of eosinophilic inflammation and mucous cell metaplasia/hyperplasia (MCM) and nasal mucosal gene expression were evaluated at anatomic sites previously shown to undergo ethylene-induced epithelial remodeling. Serum levels of total IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a were measured to determine if ethylene exposure increased the expression of Th2-associated (IgE and IgG1) relative to Th1-associated (IgG2a) antibody isotypes. Rats exposed to 0 or 10,000 ppm for 1, 3, 5, 10, or 20 days were analyzed to assess the temporal pattern of ethylene-induced alterations in nasal epithelial cell proliferation, morphology and gene expression. Rats exposed to 0, 10, 50, 300, and 10,000 ppm ethylene for 20 days were analyzed to assess concentration-dependent effects on lesion development. Additional rats exposed 4 weeks to 0, 300, or 10,000 ppm ethylene were held for 13 weeks post-exposure to examine the persistence of ethylene-induced mucosal alterations. The data indicate that cell death and reparative cell proliferation were not a part of the pathogenesis of ethylene-induced nasal lesions. Enhanced gene expression of Th2 cytokines (e.g., IL-5, IL-13) and chitinase (YM1/2) in the nasal mucosa was much greater than that of Th1 cytokines (e.g., IFNγ) after ethylene exposure. A significant increase in MCM was measured after 5 days of exposure to 10,000 ppm ethylene and after 20 days of exposure 10 ppm ethylene. Ethylene-induced MCM was reversible after cessation of exposure. No increase in total serum IgE, IgG1 or IgG2a was measured in any ethylene-exposed group. These data do not support involvement of an immune-mediated allergic mechanism in the pathogenesis of ethylene-induced nasal lesions in rats. Repeated inhalation of ethylene can induce a local Th2-mediated response in the nasal mucosa of rats, however the mechanisms which induce nasal inflammatory and epithelial responses are yet to be determined.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to exposure to high-concentration mixture of ethenone and crotonaldehyde.

INTRODUCTION: Acute inhalational exposure leads to rapidly progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This report is the first one to present a patient with ARDS in relation to long-standing exposure to a high-concentration mixture of ethenone and crotonaldehyde. CASE REPORT: A male worker in a chemical plant was accidentally exposed to the mixture of high-concentrated ethenone and crotonaldehyde for 5 min in an open space and worked continuously in the polluted area for approximately 12 h. On admission, he was conscious with the following vital parameters: blood pressure, 151/91 mmHg; pulse rate, 107 beats/min; respiratory rate, 30 breaths/min; temperature, 37.6°C; oxygen saturation, 92% supported by mask saturation 10 L/min; arterial blood gases showed P/F oxygen ratio of less than 200. Physical examination disclosed decreased bilateral vesicular sounds. A chest computed tomography revealed bilateral nonsegmental ground-glass opacities. The patient was mechanically ventilated and treated with corticosteroid. The patient was discharged without any symptoms. CONCLUSION: Exposure to mixtures of ethenone and crotonaldehyde can cause severe pulmonary injury leading to delayed ARDS.

The effects of fruit maturation, delayed storage and ethylene treatment on the incidence of low-temperature breakdown of 'Hayward' kiwifruit.

BACKGROUND: Low-temperature breakdown (LTB), a disorder inducing quality loss, during and after cold storage of 'Hayward' kiwifruit was investigated. Harvested kiwifruits during fruit maturation or after delayed storage (DS) at 20 °C for 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks and 1 µL L⁻¹ ethylene treatment for 24 h were stored at -0.5 °C for 24 weeks and additional ripening at 20 °C for 5 days. Fruit quality indices and LTB incidence and severity were determined before and after treatments. RESULTS: Harvested fruits ripened during maturation, DS and after ethylene treatment. After storage and shelf life, fruits of all treatments were at complete ripening stage. LTB incidence of early harvested fruits was high, while that of fruits of the mid (third) and late harvests was low. Fruits of the third harvest date showed progressively increased LTB incidence with increasing duration of DS to as high as 95-100% after 4 weeks. Ethylene-treated fruits showed a comparable increase in LTB to that corresponding to 2-3 weeks of DS. CONCLUSION: In contrast to fruit maturation, postharvest (after harvest and before storage) DS at non-chilling temperature and ethylene treatment advanced the ripening of 'Hayward' kiwifruit and resulted in increased LTB incidence.

Topical treatment for human papillomavirus-associated genital warts in humans with the novel tellurium immunomodulator AS101: assessment of its safety and efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Various methods are currently used for the treatment of anogenital warts. However, a complete cure is unlikely, and the rate of recurrence is high. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this open-label, multicentre trial was to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of a new treatment using the immunomodulator ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-O,O') tellurate (AS101; Biomas Ltd, Kefar Saba, Israel) 15% w/w cream to clear vulval/perianal condylomata acuminata. METHODS: Study participants comprised 48 women and 26 men, age range 18-62 years. Of the 48 woman, 44 were diagnosed with vulval condylomata and four with perianal condylomata. All 26 men were diagnosed with perianal condylomata. All the patients in the study received AS101 15% w/w cream twice a day. Maximal treatment duration was 16 weeks. To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy, patients were examined and lesional areas photographed on a biweekly basis. RESULTS: By the end of the treatment, 56 of 74 (76%) patients were considered completely cleared. Complete cure was achieved in 35 of 44 (80%) patients with vulval condylomata and in 21 of 30 (70%) patients with perianal condylomata. No scarring of treated areas was observed. Complete cure was achieved within a time range of 10-109 days. The most frequent side-effects observed were mild-to-moderate itching, soreness, burning and erythema. In post-treatment follow up of up to 6 months, disease recurrence was observed in two patients (4%), at 105 and 144 days following completion of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: AS101 15% w/w cream is an effective and safe, self-administered therapy used for the treatment of external vulval and perianal warts. The cream is applied topically twice daily for up to 16 weeks. A very low recurrence rate was reported.

Exposición al óxido de etileno del personal auxiliar en odontología / Exposure to ethylene oxide in dental auxiliary staff

El riesgo que representa el uso del óxido de etileno durante los procesos de esterilización, se magnifica en la medida en la cual el personal encargado de su manipulación desconoce sus efectos y por encima de estos las medidas preventivas que se deben adoptar para el desarrollo de un ejercicio profesional dentro de la Salud y Seguridad en el Trabajo

The risk of use ethylene oxide during sterilization process is increased at time that the personnel uncknoked its effects and preventions norms

Quality changes in fresh-cut Fuji apple as affected by ripeness stage, antibrowning agents, and storage atmosphere.

The effect of ripening state, modified atmosphere, and the use of antibrowning agents was investigated in an attempt to determine optimum ripeness and processing conditions for extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut Fuji apple. Apples were classified in 3 groups: mature-green, partially ripe, and ripe; after peeling and slicing, fruits were treated with 1% (w/v) N-acetylcysteine, or 1% (w/v) ascorbic acid (control), and then packed into polypropylene trays with air or a gas mixture (2.5% O2 + 7% CO2 + 90.5% N2) and sealed. Trays containing the apple slices were stored in darkness at 4 degrees C +/- 1 degree C and analyzed periodically during 43 d. Changes in atmosphere composition, color, and firmness were examined. Partially ripe apples, based on their lower ethanol production and maintenance of their original color and firmness, were the most suitable to prepare the fresh-cut commodities. A postcutting dip in 1% (w/v) N-acetylcysteine was the most effective treatment to prevent cut surface browning and preserve the initial appearance of Fuji apple slices during more than 1 mo at 4 degrees C. Low O2 and elevated CO2 (2.5% O2 + 7% CO2) atmosphere extended the shelf life of apple slices because of a significant inhibition of ethylene production.

Use of covalent binding in risk assessment.

Risk characterization comprises hazard identification describing the intrinsic toxic potential of a chemical, toxicokinetics, as well as the toxic mechanisms, information about dose response and exposure assessment. Compounds that induce reversible effects, which are repaired during and after exposure, are considered thresholded and allow definition of a NOEL. If damage is not repaired, the effect persists and accumulates upon repeated exposure. In such cases a NOEL cannot be determined. Biological reactive intermediates of chemicals have the potential to bind covalently to cellular macromolecules like proteins and DNA. Such interaction is not repaired completely and may persist. Thus, data on covalent binding (CB) are of qualitative and quantitative significance in the risk assessment process. Qualitatively, CB, especially with DNA and in correlation with this to proteins, is indicative for an irreversible and non-thresholded mutagenic and carcinogenic effect. Absence or presence of CB assists to differentiate between primarily genotoxic and thresholded non-genotoxic carcinogens. Quantitatively, CB is used to understand internal exposure and target dose, which is a prerequisite for species-species extrapolation, and to justify extrapolation from high dose to low dose. The reactive intermediates of ethylene, propylene and styrene have been determined in rodents and humans and modeled to predict dose responses of internal exposure. It is described in this communication that such information, together with other parameters like cell proliferation as a result of cytotoxicity, is the basis for quantitative risk assessment of human exposure to these compounds.

[Effects of elevated atmospheric ethylene on the development of regenerative organs of short-stem wheat cultivars]. / Vliianie povyshennogo soderzhaniia étilena v atmosfere na razvitie generativnykh organov nizkoroslykh pshenits.

Laboratory experiments were performed to study cytoembryologic development of regenerative organs of wheat cult. 20-1-Shortstem and cult. Apogee in atmosphere with elevated concentration of ethylene. Development of wheat regenerative organs at a concentration of air ethylene of 1 mg/m3 resulted in peculiar changes in floret morphogenesis and partial or complete male barrenness. Cult. Apogee was found to be least vulnerable and, therefore, appears to be suitable for cultivation in greenhouses mounted in pressurized habitats including space station modules. Vulnerability of male reproductive organs in short-stem wheat to ethylene correlates convincingly with the sign of dwarfishness demonstrated by hybrid forms of one of praparents.

IARC Monographs, volume 60: some industrial chemicals - summary of data reported and evaluation.

It presents data reported and results of carcinogenicity evaluation for humans and animals of some industrial chemicals.

The influence of microgravity and spaceflight on columella cell ultrastructure in starch-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis.

The ultrastructure of root cap columella cells was studied by morphometric analysis in wild-type, a reduced-starch mutant, and a starchless mutant of Arabidopsis grown in microgravity (F-microgravity) and compared to ground 1g (G-1g) and flight 1g (F-1g) controls. Seedlings of the wild-type and reduced-starch mutant that developed during an experiment on the Space Shuttle (both the F-microgravity samples and the F-lg control) exhibited a decreased starch content in comparison to the G-1g control. These results suggest that some factor associated with spaceflight (and not microgravity per se) affects starch metabolism. Elevated levels of ethylene were found during the experiments on the Space Shuttle, and analysis of ground controls with added ethylene demonstrated that this gas was responsible for decreased starch levels in the columella cells. This is the first study to use an on-board centrifuge as a control when quantifying starch in spaceflight-grown plants. Furthermore, our results show that ethylene levels must be carefully considered and controlled when designing experiments with plants for the International Space Station.