Are we romanticizing traditional knowledge? A plea for more experimental studies in ethnobiology.

In answer to the debate question "Is ethnobiology romanticizing traditional practices, posing an urgent need for more experimental studies evaluating local knowledge systems?" I suggest to follow-up on field study results adopting an inclusive research agenda, and challenge descriptive data, theories, and hypotheses by means of experiments. Traditional and local knowledge are generally associated with positive societal values by ethnobiologists and, increasingly also by stakeholders. They are seen as a way for improving local livelihoods, biocultural diversity conservation and for promoting sustainable development. Therefore, it is argued that such knowledge needs to be documented, protected, conserved in situ, and investigated by hypothesis testing. Here I argue that a critical mindset is needed when assessing any kind of knowledge, whether it is modern, local, indigenous, or traditional.

Cultura alimentaria, tejidos que fortalecen el cuidado colectivo en una comunidad indígena / Cultura alimentar, tecelagens que reforçam os cuidados colectivos numa comunidade indígena / Food culture, weavings that strengthen collective care in an indigenous community

Objective: To describe the factors of the social structure and food culture of an indigenouscommunity that strengthen collective care. Materials and methods: Qualitative study, ethnographicmethod; through purposive sampling: 10 semi-structured interviews and participant observation;the content analysis was supported by the Atlas ti 7.0 tool. Results: economic-political, educational, social cultural and spiritual factors provided evidence of food exercises and practices thatfrom the indigenous worldview of balance and awareness with "mother earth" and of its territorialorganization contribute to the collective and identity practices of the community. Conclusions:Around food, many practices are woven that strengthen care in the community; from the shagraphysical and spiritual food is harvested, as well as it is also constituted as a space of identity affirmation and survival of ancestral knowledge that must be preserved.(AU)

Objetivo: Describir los factores de la estructura social y de cultura alimentaria de unacomunidad indígena que fortalecen el cuidado colectivo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo,método etnográfico; a través de muestreo propositivo: se realizaron 10 entrevistas semiestructura das y observación participante; el análisis de contenido se apoyó en la herramienta Atlas ti 7.0. Resultados: Factores de tipo económico-político, educativo, social-cultural y espiritual aportaron evidencias de ejercicios y prácticas alimentarias que desde la cosmovisión indígena de equilibrio yconciencia con la “madre tierra” y de su ordenamiento territorial aportan a las prácticas colectivase identitarias de la comunidad. Conclusiones: Alrededor de la alimentación, se tejen muchasprácticas que fortalecen el cuidado en la comunidad; de la shagra, se cosecha el alimento físico yespiritual, como también se constituye como un espacio de afirmación de identidad y pervivenciade saberes ancestrales que deben ser conservados.(AU)

Objectivo: Descrever os factores da estrutura social e da cultura alimentar de uma comunidade indígena que reforçam os cuidados colectivos. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo, método etnográfico; através de amostragem propositada: 10 entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação dos participantes; a análise do conteúdo foi apoiada pela ferramenta Atlas ti 7.0. Resultados:factores económicos-políticos, educacionais, sócio-culturais e espirituais forneceram provas de exercícios e práticas alimentares que a partir da cosmovisão indígena de equilíbrio e consciência com a"mãe terra" e a sua ordenação territorial contribuem para as práticas colectivas e de identidade dacomunidade. Conclusões: Em torno da alimentação, muitas práticas são tecidas que reforçam oscuidados na comunidade; a partir do shagra, colhe-se alimento físico e espiritual, bem como se constitui também como um espaço de afirmação de identidade e sobrevivência do conhecimento ancestral que deve ser preservado.(AU)

Dance sports influence female university students' physical health in ethnic universities / Influência da dança esportiva sobre a saúde física das universitárias em universidades étnicas / Influencia de la danza deportiva en la salud física de las estudiantes en universitarias étnicas

ABSTRACT Introduction Ensuring healthy growth with high cultural quality in the population is an important part of Chinese revitalization. University students, as a group of high cultural quality, have the mission and responsibility entrusted by the state and the people. It is believed that these goals can be achieved by using sports dance, which has a wide range and high demands; dancers should have motor skills, physical qualities, understanding of the art of dress, and psychological balance as basic requirements. Objective To test and evaluate whether sports dance activities in physical education students are conducive to promoting students' healthy physical development. Methods This paper examines the influence of teaching sports dance on the physical health of female college students in Ethnic Colleges and its countermeasures. It also discusses the strategies for teaching sports dance to provide viable suggestions for follow-up dance instruction. Conclusion The combination of sports and femininity in exercise has a good fitness effect, improves the artistic feelings of college women, and is conducive to the healthy development of the physical quality of college women. Level of evidence III; Analysis based on alternatives and limited costs.

RESUMO Introdução Garantir o crescimento saudável com alta qualidade cultural na população é parte importante da revitalização chinesa. Estudantes universitários, como um grupo de alta qualidade cultural, possuem a missão e responsabilidade confiada pelo Estado e pelo povo. Acredita-se que essas metas possam ser alcançadas utilizando a dança esportiva, que tem um vasto leque e altas exigências nesse sentido, os dançarinos devem ter habilidades motoras, qualidades físicas, compreensão na arte de vestuário e equilíbrio psicológico, como requisitos básicos. Objetivo Testar e avaliar se as atividades de dança esportiva nos alunos de educação física são propícias na promoção do desenvolvimento físico saudável dos alunos. Métodos Este artigo analisa a influência do ensino de dança esportiva sobre a saúde física de universitárias em Faculdades Étnicas e suas contramedidas. Também se discute as estratégias de ensino da dança esportiva, a fim de fornecer sugestões viáveis para o ensino de dança de acompanhamento. Conclusão A combinação de esportes e feminilidade no exercício tem um bom efeito de aptidão física, melhora os sentimentos artísticos das universitárias e é propício ao desenvolvimento saudável da qualidade física das Universitárias. Nível de evidência III; Análises baseadas em alternativas e custos limitados.

RESUMEN Introducción Garantizar un crecimiento saludable con una alta calidad cultural en la población es una parte importante de la revitalización de China. Los universitarios, como grupo de alta calidad cultural, tienen la misión y la responsabilidad encomendadas por el Estado y el pueblo. Se cree que estos objetivos pueden alcanzarse mediante el uso de la danza deportiva, que tiene una amplia gama y altas exigencias en este sentido, los bailarines deben tener habilidades motoras, cualidades físicas, la comprensión en el arte de vestir y el equilibrio psicológico como requisitos básicos. Objetivo Comprobar y evaluar si las actividades de danza deportiva en los estudiantes de educación física favorecen el desarrollo físico saludable de los alumnos. Métodos Este trabajo analiza la influencia de la enseñanza de la danza deportiva en la salud física de las estudiantes universitarias de los colegios étnicos y sus contramedidas. También se analizan las estrategias de enseñanza de la danza deportiva con el fin de ofrecer sugerencias viables para el seguimiento de la enseñanza de la danza. Conclusión La combinación de deporte y feminidad en el ejercicio tiene un buen efecto de aptitud física, mejora los sentimientos artísticos de las universitarias y favorece el desarrollo saludable de la calidad física de las universitarias. Nivel de evidencia III; análisis basado en alternativas y costes limitados.

O cuidado em saúde promovido pelas religiões afro-brasileiras / Health care promoted by afro-brazilian religions / El cuidado en salud promovido por las religiones afrobrasileñas

No decorrer da história, sempre foram infindáveis os casos em que os sujeitos recorriam a centros espíritas ou terreiros de religiões de matrizes africanas em decorrência de problemas como doenças, desempregos ou amores mal resolvidos, com o objetivo de saná-los. Por conta disso, este artigo visa apresentar os resultados da pesquisa relacionados ao objetivo de mapear os processos de cuidado em saúde ofertados em três terreiros de umbanda de uma cidade do litoral piauiense. Para isso, utilizamos o referencial da Análise Institucional "no papel". Os participantes foram três líderes de terreiros e os respectivos praticantes/consulentes dos seus estabelecimentos religiosos. Identificamos perspectivas de cuidado que se contrapunham às racionalidades biomédicas, positivistas e cartesianas, e faziam referência ao uso de plantas medicinais, ao recebimento de rezas e passes e à consulta oracular. A partir desses resultados, podemos perceber ser cada vez mais necessário, portanto, que os povos de terreiros protagonizem a construção, implementação e avaliação das políticas públicas que lhe sejam específicas.(AU)

In history, there have always been endless cases of people turning to spiritual centers or terreiros of religions of African matrices due to problems such as illnesses, unemployment, or unresolved love affairs. Therefore, this article aims to present the research results related to the objective of mapping the health care processes offered in three Umbanda terreiros of a city on the Piauí Coast. For this, we use the Institutional Analysis reference "on Paper." The participants were three leaders of terreiros and the respective practitioners/consultants of their religious establishments. We identified perspectives of care that contrasted with biomedical, positivist, and Cartesian rationalities and referred to the use of medicinal plants, the prescript of prayers and passes, and oracular consultation. From these results, we can see that it is increasingly necessary, therefore, that the peoples of the terreiros lead the construction, implementation, and evaluation of public policies that are specific to them.(AU)

A lo largo de la historia, siempre hubo casos en los cuales las personas buscan en los centros espíritas o terreros de religiones africanas la cura para sus problemas, como enfermedades, desempleo o amoríos mal resueltos. Por este motivo, este artículo pretende presentar los resultados de la investigación con el objetivo de mapear los procesos de cuidado en salud ofrecidos en tres terreros de umbanda de una ciudad del litoral de Piauí (Brasil). Para ello, se utiliza el referencial del Análisis Institucional "en el Papel". Los participantes fueron tres líderes de terreros y los respectivos practicantes / consultivos de los establecimientos religiosos que los mismos conducían. Se identificaron perspectivas de cuidado que se contraponían a las racionalidades biomédicas, positivistas y cartesianas, y hacían referencia al uso de plantas medicinales, al recibimiento de rezos y pases y a la consulta oracular. Los resultados permiten concluir que es cada vez más necesario que los pueblos de terreros sean agentes protagónicos de la construcción, implementación y evaluación de las políticas públicas destinadas específicamente para ellos.(AU)

Notas para decolonizar os estudos transpessoais no brasil: contribuições do pluriperspectivismo participativo / Notes for decolonizing transpersonal studies in brazil: contributions of participatory pluriperspectivism / Apuntes para la decolonización de los estudios transpersonales en brasil: aportes del pluriperspectivismo participativo

O campo dos estudos transpessoais tem avançado em diversas áreas no Brasil. Comemorou seus 40 anos com uma inserção ativa nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e uma ampliação de núcleos formativos e apoiadores de ensino, pesquisa e ações sociais, além de diálogos com o Sistema de Conselhos de Psicologia. Desafios são apresentados a partir do levantamento de uma série de questões importantes e ignoradas dentro da Psicologia Transpessoal no Brasil. Apresentamos o pluriperspectivismo participativo como possibilidade de decolonizar as matrizes eurocêntricas e estadunidenses, que dão suporte ao pensamento transpessoal brasileiro, buscando honrar nossas raízes históricas e incluir outras epistemologias e ontologias, que dão continuidade à crítica à lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos uma breve agenda de notas temáticas que carecem de um processo decolonizador no campo transpessoal: a) crítica às perspectivas de um pensamento hegemônico, em termos globais por meio da dominação Norte-Sul ou no campo das relações sociais; b) revisão das formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) questionamento da noção de universalismo das ciências e da ética; d) aprofundamento da análise crítica da supremacia restritiva da racionalidade formal técnico-científica em relação às formas de subjetividade, de vivências holísticas e integradoras e de valorização do corpo; e) revisão da noção de sujeito moderno desprovida da cocriação do humano com a comunidade, a história, a natureza e o cosmos.(AU)

The field of transpersonal studies has advanced in several areas in Brazil. It celebrated its 40th anniversary with an active insertion in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and an expansion of training centers and supporters of teaching, research, and social actions, in addition to dialogues with the System of Councils of Psychology. Challenges are presented based on a survey of a series of important and ignored issues within Transpersonal Psychology in Brazil. We present participatory pluriperspectivism as a possibility to decolonize the Eurocentric and North American matrices that support Brazilian transpersonal thought, seeking to honor our historical roots and include other epistemologies and ontologies, which continue the critique of modern Cartesian logic. We indicate a brief agenda of thematic notes that lack a decolonizing process in the transpersonal field: a) criticism of the perspectives of a hegemonic thought, whether in global terms via North-South domination or in the field of social relations; b) review of the forms of "centrocentrism"; c) questioning of the notion of universalism of science and ethics; d) deepening of the critical analysis of the restrictive supremacy of the technical-scientific formal rationality in relation to the forms of subjectivity, of holistic and integrative experiences, and of valuing the body; e) review of the notion of the modern subject devoid of the co-creation of the human with the community, the history, the nature, and the cosmos.(AU)

El campo de los estudios transpersonales ha avanzado en varias áreas de Brasil. Se celebró su 40.º aniversario con una inserción activa en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y una ampliación de los centros de formación y promotores de la docencia, la investigación y la acción social, además de diálogos con el Sistema de Consejos de Psicología. Los desafíos se presentan a partir de una encuesta de una serie de temas importantes e ignorados dentro de la Psicología Transpersonal en Brasil. Presentamos el pluriperspectivismo participativo como una posibilidad para decolonizar las matrices eurocéntrica y americana, que sustentan el pensamiento transpersonal brasileño, buscando honrar nuestras raíces históricas e incluir otras epistemologías y ontologías que continúan la crítica de la lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos una breve agenda de apuntes temáticos que carecen de un proceso decolonizador en el campo transpersonal: a) crítica de las perspectivas de un pensamiento hegemónico, ya sea en términos globales a través del dominio Norte-Sur o en el campo de las relaciones sociales; b) revisión de las formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) cuestionamiento de la noción de universalismo de la ciencia y la ética; d) profundización del análisis crítico de la supremacía restrictiva de la racionalidad formal técnico-científica en relación a las formas de subjetividad, de experiencias holísticas e integradoras y de valoración del cuerpo; e) revisión de la noción de sujeto moderno desprovisto de la cocreación de lo humano con la comunidad, la historia, la naturaleza y el cosmos.(AU)

O Oriente Cigano na Umbanda / The Gypsy Orient in Umbanda

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a representação dos ciganos no panteão umbandista e modos característicos de uso e o sentido psicológico da sua inclusão neste contexto. Para esse efeito foram realizadas pesquisa etnográfica e consulta a banco de dados com registros audiovisuais de rituais umbandistas e entrevistas com médiuns incorporados e não incorporados por espíritos da linha cigana. A análise de dados foi feita a partir da identificação dos pontos de convergência nas observações diretas e indiretas (registros audiovisuais),nas entrevistas e no diário de campo. Em seguida foi feita uma comparação com o que a literatura refere relativamente às outras categorias de espíritos. Encontrou-se que a chamada linha dos ciganos, de um ponto de vista etnopsicológico, não agrega novos conteúdos simbólicos à umbanda, mas reorienta sentidos previamente existentes, numa perspectiva de futuro.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the representation of gypsies in the Umbanda pantheon and the characteristic ways of using it and the psychological sense of its inclusion in this context. For this purpose, ethnographic research was carried out and a database was consulted with audiovisual records of Umbanda rituals and interviews with mediums incorporated and not incorporated by gypsy spirits. Data analysis was performed based on the identification of points of convergence, that is, the elements that were repeated in direct and indirect observations (audiovisual records), in interviews and in the field notes. Then a comparison was made with what the literature refers to in relation to other categories of spirits. It was found that the so-called gypsy line, from an ethnopsychological point of view, does not add new symbolic content to Umbanda, but rather redirects previously existing meanings in a perspective of the future.

Relationship between sleep duration and TV time with cardiometabolic risk in adolescents

OBJECTIVE@#To verify the association between sleep duration and television time with cardiometabolic risk and the moderating role of age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity in this relationship among adolescents.@*METHODS@#Cross-sectional study with 1411 adolescents (800 girls) aged 10 to 17 years. Television time, sleep duration, age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity were obtained by self-reported questionnaire. Cardiometabolic risk was evaluated using the continuous metabolic risk score, by the sum of the standard z-score values for each risk factor: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Generalized linear regression models were used.@*RESULTS@#There was an association between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.003). Short sleep duration (β, 0.422; 95% CI, 0.012; 0.833) was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Additionally, age moderated the relationship between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, - 0.009; 95% CI, - 0.002; - 0.001), suggesting that this relationship was stronger at ages 11 and 13 years (β, 0.004; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.006) compared to 13 to 15 years (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.004). No association was found in older adolescents (β, 0.001; 95% CI, - 0.002; 0.002).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Television time and sleep duration are associated with cardiometabolic risk; adolescents with short sleep have higher cardiometabolic risk. In addition, age plays a moderating role in the relationship between TV time and cardiometabolic risk, indicating that in younger adolescents the relationship is stronger compared to older ones.

Dose-dependent Cardiac Dysfunction and Structural Damage in Rats after Shortwave Radiation / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To detect the effects of shortwave radiation on dose-dependent cardiac structure and function in rats after radiation and to elucidate the mechanism of shortwave radiation induced cardiac injury to identify sensitive indicators and prophylactic treatment.@*Methods@#One hundred Wistar rats were either exposed to 27 MHz continuous shortwave at a power density of 5, 10, and 30 mW/cm for 6 min or undergone sham exposure for the control (the rats had to be placed in the exposure system with the same schedules as the exposed animals, but with an inactive antenna). The Ca , glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content in the peripheral serum of the rats were detected by an automatic blood biochemical analyser. The electrocardiogram (ECG) of standard lead II was recorded by a multi-channel physiological recording and analysis system. The cardiac structure of rats was observed by light and electron microscopy.@*Results@#The results showed that the 5, 10, and 30 mW/cm shortwave radiation caused a significant increased in the levels of Ca , AST, CK, and LDH in the peripheral serum of rats. The cardiac structure was damaged by radiation and showed a disordered arrangement of myocardial fibres, the cavitation and swelling of myocardial mitochondria. These injuries were most significant 7 d after radiation and were not restored until 28 d after radiation.@*Conclusion@#Shortwave radiation of 5, 10, and 30 mW/cm can damage rat cardiac function, including damage to the tissue structure and ultrastructure, especially at the level of the myocardial fibres and mitochondria. Shortwave radiation at 5, 10, and 30 mW/cm induced damage to rat heart function and structure with a dose-effect relationship, i.e., the greater the radiation dose was, the more significant the damage was.

Nimuendajú, a Senhorita Doutora e os 'etnógrafos berlineses': rede de conhecimento e espaços de circulaçâo na configuraçâo da etnologia alemâ na Amazônia no início do século XX / Nimuendajú, Fräulein Doktor and the 'berliner ethnographers': network of knowledge and spaces of circulation in the configuration of German ethnology in the Amazon in the early 20th Century

O artigo analisa a participação da zoóloga alemã Emília Snethlage (1868-1929), pesquisadora e depois diretora do Museu Goeldi, em Belém, Brasil, na rede de conhecimento que se estabeleceu no início do século XX na região amazônica, destinada à investigação etnológica e à coleta de artefatos indígenas, e que teve, entre seus mais conhecidos atores, os alemães Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924) e Curt Nimuendajú (1883-1945). Ambos são reconhecidos pelo trabalho em prol dos povos indígenas do Brasil e pelo legado científico nos campos da antropologia, arqueologia e linguística. Menos conhecida, Snethlage teve, entretanto, decisiva participação na inserção de Nimuendajú no meio científico. A partir de uma extensa pesquisa em fontes documentais localizadas no Brasil e na Alemanha, demonstra-se que, no primeiro período em que Nimuendajú esteve vinculado ao Museu Goeldi, entre 1913 e 1921, Snethlage viabilizou suas primeiras expedições e publicações científicas, além de articular suas relações com museus e etnólogos alemães, incluindo aquele que viria a ser seu dileto amigo e interlocutor, Koch-Grünberg, de maneira a lhe permitir trabalhar também como coletor profissional

The article analyses the participation of the German zoologist Emilia Snethlage (1868-1929), researcher and later director of the Goeldi Museum, in Belém, Brazil, in the network of knowledge that was established in the early 20th century in the Amazonian region, aimed at ethnological research and to the collection of indigenous artifacts, and among its best known actors were Germans Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924) and Curt Nimuendajú (1883-1945). Both are recognized for working for the indigenous peoples of Brazil and for the scientific legacy in the fields of anthropology, archaeology and linguistics. Less well-known, Snethlage had, however, decisive participation in the insertion of Nimuendajú in the scientific environment. From an extensive research on documentary sources located in Brazil and Germany, it is shown that in the first period when Nimuendajú was linked to the Goeldi Museum between 1913 and 1921, Snethlage made possible his first expeditions and scientific publications, in addition to articulating his relations with German museums and ethnologists, including the one who would become his beloved friend and interlocutor, Koch-Grünberg, in order to allow him to work as a professional collector

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La discriminación percibida, la empleabilidad y el bienestar psicológico en los inmigrantes latinoamericanos en Chile / Perceived discrimination, employability, and psychological well-being among Latin American immigrants in Chile

Los estudios que indagan en el funcionamiento psicológico de los inmigrantes ponen de relevancia el impacto negativo de la discriminación sobre el bienestar psicológico. Así también existe consenso respecto de la importancia del trabajo en su ajuste en países receptores; no obstante, escasamente se ha estudiado el efecto de la empleabilidad en su bienestar. Este trabajo indaga en las relaciones entre la discriminación percibida, la empleabilidad y el bienestar psicológico de 100 inmigrantes latinoamericanos asentados en Chile. Se buscó determinar la contribución de la discriminación y la empleabilidad en la explicación del bienestar y establecer la incidencia de la empleabilidad en la relación entre discriminación y bienestar psicológico. La discriminación percibida y la empleabilidad explicaron el 31.5% de la variabilidad del bienestar y la empleabilidad medió la relación entre discriminación y bienestar. Se discute acerca de la empleabilidad como recurso psicosocial en el contexto de la inmigración

Research about immigrants' psychological functioning emphasizes the negative impact of discrimination on psychological well-being. Although there is agreement about the relevance of job access to immigrants' adjustment to host countries, employability's effects on immigrants' well-being have been scarcely studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived discrimination, employability, and psychological well-being in a sample of 100 Latin-American immigrants settled in Chile. We aimed to determine the contribution of discrimination and employability on well-being's explanation, and to establish the incidence of employability on the relation between discrimination and well-being. Perceived discrimination and employability explained the 31.5% of well-being's variability, and employability mediated the relation between discrimination and well-being. Employability's role as a psychosocial resource in a migratory context is discussed

Génesis sociohistórica de la expresión corporal en Espanã / Social-historical genesis of bodily expression in Spain / Gênese sócio-histórica da expressão corporal na Espanha

Este artículo tiene como objetivo clarificar y ordenar el proceso de institucionalización de la Expresión Corporal en España ante la escasez y fragmentación de investigaciones sobre los aspectos históricos que incidieron en las principales situaciones político-educativas y autores que la han configurado. Para ello, en primer lugar se ha realizado un análisis de documentos científicos y legales para profundizar en nuestro objeto de estudio. En segundo lugar, se han utilizado las entrevistas informales realizadas durante una observación etnográfica no participante y 16 entrevistas semiestructuradas. Como conclusión, la Expresión Corporal en España se encuentra condicionada por la situación histórica y por su sistema educativo. Además, se identifican geográficamente la Expresión Corporal del Noreste y la Expresión Corporal del Centro-Suroeste. A su vez, los autores han sido clasificados en dos generaciones que contribuyeron al proceso de creación, institucionalización y consolidación de la disciplina

Este artigo tem como objetivo esclarecer o processo de institucionalização da Expressão Corporal na Espanha perante a escassez e a fragmentação das investigações sobre aspectos históricos que incidam sobre as principais situações políticas educativas e autores que a configuraram. Para isso, em primeiro lugar realizou-se uma análise de documentos científicos e jurídicos que permitem aprofundar o nosso tema de estudo. Em segundo lugar, recorreu-se às entrevistas informais realizadas durante uma observação etnográfica não participante e 16 entrevistas semiestruturadas. Como conclusão, a Expressão Corporal na Espanha encontra- se condicionada pela situação histórica e pelo seu sistema educativo. Além disso, identificam-se geograficamente a Corporação do Noroeste e a Corporação do Centro-Sudoeste. Por seu turno, os autores foram classificados em duas gerações que contribuíram para o processo de criação, institucionalização e consolidação da disciplina

This article explains and organizes the process of institutionalization of Bodily Expression in Spain considering the absence and fragmentation of research on historical aspects that impacted on the main political and educational situations and the authors that shaped it. To that end, scientific and legal documents were examined in order to elaborate on the object of study. Secondly, the study used informal interviews conducted during non-participant ethnographic observation and 16 semi-structured interviews. It found that Bodily Expression in Spain has been influenced by the country's historical context and educational system. Furthermore, it identified a Bodily Expression of the NorthEast and a Body Expression of the Centre and South-West. its authors were classified into two generations that contributed to the process of creation, institutionalization and consolidation of the discipline

Inflexões epistemológicas: a Etnopsiquiatria / Epistemological inflexions: the etnopsychiatry

A Etnopsiquiatria, fundada por Geroges Devereux, surge enquanto possibilidade de refletir o encontro intercultural e seus desdobramentos quanto à compreensão do adoecimento psíquico e à coerência entre terapêuticas e etiologias deste adoecimento. A síntese teórica que levou à criação da disciplina emerge de inflexões baseadas principalmente nos estudos de Freud, Malinowski, Róheim e de contribuições posteriores de Lévi-Strauss e Bastide. Tobie Nathan é responsável pela criação do modelo de intervenção que coloca em prática a aplicação da teoria. Este artigo visa apresentar o histórico dos princípios precursores que levaram Devereux à síntese teórica e à criação da Etnopsiquiatria e expor as considerações da experiência adquirida na aplicação da disciplina pelo modelo proposto por Nathan e multiplicado por outros clínicos. Do postulado da universalidade do psiquismo que se constitui na particularidade da cultura, compreende-se uma relação intrínseca existente entre cultura e psiquismo, em que a cultura utiliza-se dos mesmos elementos, processos e mecanismos de defesa do psiquismo. Adotando o duplo discurso - Psicanálise e Etnologia - a disciplina define-se complementarista. A Etnopsiquiatria surge enquanto possibilidade diante da lacuna que a lógica da psiquiatria ocidental deixou para explicar o adoecimento psíquico e seu modelo de intervenção viabiliza o posicionamento de aprendiz no encontro intercultural.(AU)

The Ethnopsychiatry founded by Geroges Devereux emerged as a possibility to reflectabout the intercultural encounter and its unfolding regarding the understanding of psychological disorders and the coherence between therapeutics and etiologies of this psychopathological states. The theoretical thesis that led to the creation of the discipline arises from inflections based mainly on the studies from Freud's, Malinowski's and Rheheim's theory, along with later contributions by Lévi-Strauss and Bastide. Tobie Nathan is later credited for creating an intervention clinical model and a practice. This article aims to present the history of the precursory principles that led Devereux to the theoretical thesis and the resulting creation of Ethnopsychiatry and also to make considerations about the experience acquired in the application of the model of practice proposed by Nathan and multiplied by other clinicians. From the postulate of the universality of the psychological structure which is particularily constituted by culture, the discipline comprises an intrinsic relation existing between culture and the psychic functioning, in which culture uses the same elements, processes and defense mechanisms as the psyche. Adopting the double discourse method - Psychoanalysis and Ethnology -the discipline defines itself as complementary. Ethnopsychiatry emerges as a possibility to look at the gap that Western psychiatry left to explain psychological disorders, as well as to show how its model of intervention advocates to position the discipline as an apprentice in the intercultural encounter.(AU)

Trazas del deporte en los juegos de Brueghel (S. XVI) y Rodrigo Caro (S.XVII) / Traces of Sport in the Games of Brueghel (16th century) and Rodrigo Caro (17th century)

El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en desvelar en dos contextos europeos en qué medida se incorporan rasgos etnomotores del deporte en los juegos de los siglos XVI y XVII. Se aplican los fundamentos de praxiología motriz y se realiza un estudio comparado de 117 juegos recogidos en la obra de Brueghel (Bélgica, 1560) y Rodrigo Caro (España, 1626). Se analizan cuatro dimensiones etnomotrices de la lógica interna (13 categorías) y la lógica externa o institucional (8 categorías) del deporte moderno: codificación (presencia o ausencia de reglas); enfrentamiento motor (tipo de interacción motriz); contabilidad (existencia o ausencia de marcador final); materialidad (acondicionamiento del terreno y objetos de juego). Los resultados muestran un patrón de cambio hacia rasgos etnomotores del deporte moderno, con mayor presencia de: exhaustividad de reglas (codificación); duelos simétricos sin agresividad corporal (control del enfrentamiento motor); marcador final (contabilidad); uso de zonas y objetos específicos (materialidad)

The aim of this study was to establish the extent to which the ethnomotor features of sport were incorporated into games of the 16th and 17th centuries within two European contexts. Motor praxeology concepts were applied and a comparative study of 117 games contained in the works of Bruegel (Belgium, 1560) and Rodrigo Caro (Spain, 1626) was conducted. Four ethnomotor dimensions of the internal logic (13 categories) and the external or institutional logic (8 categories) of modern sport were analysed: codification (presence or absence of rules); motor confrontation (type of motor interaction); counting (presence or absence of a final score); and materiality (preparation of playing field and equipment). The results show a pattern of change towards the ethnomotor features of modern sport, with a higher presence of: comprehensive rules (codification); symmetrical matches without bodily aggression (control of motor confrontation); final score (counting); and use of specific areas and objects (materiality)

O envelhecimento sob a perspectiva da Umbanda: o Arquétipo do velho representado por Orixás e Entidades / Aging from the perspective of Umbanda: the old archetype represented by Orixás and Entities / Envejecimiento desde la perspectiva de Umbanda: el viejo arquetipo representado por Orixás y Entidades

Em busca de aprofundamento de algumas das representações do velho na sociedade brasileira, propusemos este trabalho que tem como objetivo estudar o Arquétipo do Velho na perspectiva de uma religião tipicamente brasileira: a Umbanda. Dois Orixás, Nanã Buruquê e Obaluaê, e as Entidades chamadas de Pretos Velhos, são aqueles que melhor representam o Arquétipo do Velho. A própria manifestação corporal de tais energias nos rituais de Umbanda traz, de modo inequívoco, símbolos ligados à velhice. É comum que os participantes dos rituais incorporem conhecimentos simbólicos e significados relativos aos Orixás e Entidades nela cultuados. O Arquétipo do Velho nessa religião representa o conhecimento adquirido ao longo do tempo, as experiências vividas, a sabedoria adquirida, a maturidade e a paciência. Estes são alguns de seus traços mais marcantes. A Umbanda lida com o envelhecimento e o Arquétipo do Velho como elementos essenciais para o processo de evolução da vida e sua importância no processo de individuação de cada um de nós. Neste estudo buscamos fazer uma correlação desse princípio arquetípico com o Arquétipo Puer-Senex da teoria de Carl Gustav Jung. No desenvolvimento da Psicologia Analítica, Jung mostra esse Arquétipo como elemento fundamental para a constituição do sujeito no seu processo de individuação.

In order to deepen some of the representations of the old in Brazilian society, we proposed this work that aims to study the Archetype of the Old from the perspective of a typical Brazilian religion: Umbanda. Two Orixás, Nanã Buruquê and Obaluaê, and the Entities called Old Blacks are the ones that best represent the Old Archetype. The very bodily manifestation of such energies in Umbanda rituals unmistakably carries symbols linked to old age. It is common for ritual participants to incorporate symbolic knowledge and meanings concerning the Orixás and Entities worshiped there. The Old Man Archetype in this religion represents knowledge gained over time, lived experience, acquired wisdom, maturity, and patience. These are some of its most striking traits. Umbanda deals with aging and the Old Archetype as essential elements in the process of life evolution and its importance in the individuation process of each of us. In this study we seek to correlate this archetypal principle with the Puer-Senex Archetype of Carl Gustav Jung's theory. In the development of Analytical Psychology, Jung shows this Archetype as a fundamental element for the constitution of the subject in his individuation process.

Para profundizar algunas de las representaciones de lo antiguo en la sociedad brasileña, propusimos este trabajo que tiene como objetivo estudiar el Arquetipo de lo Antiguo desde la perspectiva de una religión típica brasileña: Umbanda. Dos Orixás, Nanã Buruquê y Obaluaê, y las Entidades llamadas Viejos Negros son las que mejor representan el Arquetipo Antiguo. La manifestación muy corporal de tales energías en los rituales de Umbanda lleva inequívocamente símbolos relacionados con la vejez. Es común que los participantes en rituales incorporen conocimiento simbólico y significados relacionados con los Orixás y las Entidades adoradas allí. El arquetipo del anciano en esta religión representa el conocimiento adquirido con el tiempo, la experiencia vivida, la sabiduría adquirida, la madurez y la paciencia. Estos son algunos de sus rasgos más llamativos. Umbanda se ocupa del envejecimiento y del arquetipo antiguo como elementos esenciales en el proceso de evolución de la vida y su importancia en el proceso de individualización de cada uno de nosotros. En este estudio buscamos correlacionar este principio arquetípico con el Arquetipo de Puer-Senex de la teoría de Carl Gustav Jung. En el desarrollo de la Psicología Analítica, Jung muestra este Arquetipo como un elemento fundamental para la constitución del sujeto en su proceso de individuación.

Combined Effects of A Body Shape Index and Serum C-reactive Protein on Ischemic Stroke Incidence among Mongolians in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#We aimed to evaluate the combined effects of a high body shape index (ABSI) and a high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level on the incidence of ischemic stroke in a Mongolian population in China.@*METHODS@#A prospective cohort study was conducted among 2,589 participants from June 2002 to July 2012 in Inner Mongolia, China. The participants were categorized into 4 groups according to their level of ABSI and CRP. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ischemic stroke among all groups.@*RESULTS@#The multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke for high ABSI and high CRP level were 1.46 (0.89-2.39) and 1.63 (0.95-2.79), respectively. Compared with the low ABSI/low CRP level group, the multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke in the low ABSI/high CRP, high ABSI/low CRP, and high ABSI/high CRP groups were 1.04 (0.46-2.35), 1.06 (0.58-1.95) and 2.52 (1.27-5.00), respectively. The HR of ischemic stroke for the high ABSI/high CRP level group was the highest and most statistically significant.@*CONCLUSION@#We found that participants with simultaneously high ABSI and high CRP levels had the highest risk of ischemic stroke in the Mongolian population. Our findings suggest that the combination of high ABSI and high CRP levels may increase the risk of ischemic stroke.

Julio Tello as a medical anthropologist: assessing the antiquity of syphilis in ancient Peru / Julio Tello como antropólogo médico: examinando la antigüedad de la sífilis en el antiguo Perú

Abstract This paper explores the methods used by Julio Tello to address the antiquity of syphilis in ancient Peru, examining his thesis La antigüedad de la sífilis en el antiguo Perú to understand the logic behind the procedures he used to test his hypothesis. The contention presented here is that despite being a medical thesis, his text can actually be considered an exploration of the origins of syphilis using a truly anthropological method, making Tello a pioneer in the subfield of medical anthropology in the Andes.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el método utilizado por Julio Tello en la investigación de la antigüedad de la sífilis en el antiguo Perú, examinando su tesis La antigüedad de la sífilis en el antiguo Perú, con la finalidad de comprender la lógica detrás de los procedimientos utilizados para evaluar su hipótesis. A pesar de ser una tesis en medicina, el trabajo de Tello puede ser considerado como un trabajo en el cual se utiliza el método antropológico en la evaluación del origen de la sífilis, convirtiéndose Tello en un pionero en el campo de la antropología médica en los Andes.

Gene Polymorphism Is not Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility in the Northern Chinese Han Population: A Case-Control Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Interleukin (IL)-37, also called IL1F7, is a natural inhibitor of inflammatory and immune responses. It is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to investigate the role of IL1F7 gene polymorphism in RA susceptibility in a large cohort of patients.@*METHODS@#Five selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL1F7 genes (rs2723186, rs3811046, rs4241122, rs4364030, and rs4392270) were genotyped by TaqMan Allelic Discrimination in Northern Chinese Han population. The allele and the genotype were compared between patients with RA and healthy controls. Association analyses were performed on the entire data set and on different RA subsets based on the status of the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and the rheumatoid factor by logistic regression, adjusting for age and gender.@*RESULTS@#Trend associations were detected between rs2723186, rs4241122, rs4392270, and RA in Stage I (160 patients with RA; 252 healthy controls). Further validation in Stage II comprised 730 unrelated patients with RA (mean age: 54.9 ± 12.6 years; 81.6% females) and 778 unrelated healthy individuals (mean age: 53.5 ± 15.7 years; 79.5% females). No significant differences in the distributions of alleles and genotypes were observed between the case and control groups in both the entire set and the different RA subsets. Disease activity and age of RA onset were also not associated with genotype distributions.@*CONCLUSION@#IL1F7 gene polymorphism does not significantly influence RA susceptibility in the Northern Chinese Han population.

Machine Learning Models for Genetic Risk Assessment of Infants with Non-syndromic Orofacial Cleft / 基因组蛋白质组与生物信息学报·英文版

The isolated type of orofacial cleft, termed non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P), is the second most common birth defect in China, with Asians having the highest incidence in the world. NSCL/P involves multiple genes and complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, imposing difficulty for the genetic assessment of the unborn fetus carrying multiple NSCL/P-susceptible variants. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered dozens of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in different ethnic populations, the genetic diagnostic effectiveness of these SNPs requires further experimental validation in Chinese populations before a diagnostic panel or a predictive model covering multiple SNPs can be built. In this study, we collected blood samples from control and NSCL/P infants in Han and Uyghur Chinese populations to validate the diagnostic effectiveness of 43 candidate SNPs previously detected using GWAS. We then built predictive models with the validated SNPs using different machine learning algorithms and evaluated their prediction performance. Our results showed that logistic regression had the best performance for risk assessment according to the area under curve. Notably, defective variants in MTHFR and RBP4, two genes involved in folic acid and vitamin A biosynthesis, were found to have high contributions to NSCL/P incidence based on feature importance evaluation with logistic regression. This is consistent with the notion that folic acid and vitamin A are both essential nutritional supplements for pregnant women to reduce the risk of conceiving an NSCL/P baby. Moreover, we observed a lower predictive power in Uyghur than in Han cases, likely due to differences in genetic background between these two ethnic populations. Thus, our study highlights the urgency to generate the HapMap for Uyghur population and perform resequencing-based screening of Uyghur-specific NSCL/P markers.

Association between the dental caries and the human leucocyte antigen DQB1 allele polymorphisms among the Uygur and Han children in Xinjiang / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#This study aims to investigate the association between human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1 allele polymorphisms and the presence dental caries among the Uygur and Han children in Xinjiang.@*METHODS@#HLA-DQB1 allele in the Uygur and Han children with dental caries and healthy control in Xinjiang was tested (n=40) using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) DNA parting technology.@*RESULTS@#A total of five specific loci were detected in the HLA-DQB1 locus among the Uygur and Han children. The frequency of the HLA-DQB1*02 allele in the Han group with severe caries (12.5%) was significantly lower than in the control group (32.5%) (P<0.05, OR=0.297). Moreover, the frequency of the HLA-DQB1*05 allele in the Uygur group with severe caries (37.5%) was significantly higher than in the control group (17.5%) (P<0.05, OR=2.829).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Caries susceptibility among the Uygur and Han children in Xinjiang is related to the HLA-DQB1 allele. The HLA-DQB1*02 allele may protect against caries among the Han children, whereas the HLA-DQB1*05 allele may be responsible for the susceptibility of the Uygur children to caries.

Clinical Application of Chromosome Microarray Analysis in Han Chinese Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders / 神经科学通报·英文版

Chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) is a cost-effective molecular cytogenetic technique that has been used as a first-line diagnostic test in neurodevelopmental disorders in the USA since 2011. The impact of CMA results on clinical practice in China is not yet well studied, so we aimed to better evaluate this phenomenon. We analyzed the CMA results from 434 patients in our clinic, and characterized their molecular diagnoses, clinical features, and follow-up clinical actions based on these results. The overall diagnostic yield for our patients was 13.6% (59 out of 434). This gave a detection rate of 14.7% for developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID, 38/259) and 12% for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs, 21/175). Thirty-three recurrent (n ≥ 2) variants were found, distributed at six chromosomal loci involving known chromosome syndromes (such as DiGeorge, Williams Beuren, and Angelman/Prader-Willi syndromes). The spectrum of positive copy number variants in our study was comparable to that reported in Caucasian populations, but with specific characteristics. Parental origin tests indicated an effect involving a significant maternal transmission bias to sons. The majority of patients with positive results (94.9%) had benefits, allowing earlier diagnosis (36/59), prioritized full clinical management (28/59), medication changes (7/59), a changed prognosis (30/59), and prenatal genetic counseling (15/59). Our results provide information on de novo mutations in Chinese children with DD/ID and/or ASDs. Our data showed that microarray testing provides immediate clinical utility for patients. It is expected that the personalized medical care of children with developmental disabilities will lead to improved outcomes in long-term developmental potential. We advocate using the diagnostic yield of clinically actionable results to evaluate CMA as it provides information of both clinical validity and clinical utility.