Comparison of short-term outcomes of video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) plication of diaphragmatic eventration - a six-year prospective cohort study.

Diaphragmatic eventration is one of the rarest conditions characterized by elevation of the hemidiaphragm while maintaining its normal attachments. In recent years, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has gained popularity for diaphragmatic surgery. In this study, we share our experience over six years with VATS plication of diaphragmatic eventration. We conducted a prospective study at our institute for six years from April 2016 to March 2021, which included 37 symptomatic patients with diaphragmatic eventration. The sample size reported in this study is one of the largest to date for VATS diaphragmatic plication. Of these, 18 patients underwent combined stapler and suture plication, and 19 patients underwent single modality approach (10-stapled resection, 9-suture alone plication). All patients were followed-up for a minimum of 2 years. Comparative analysis of the combined approach and the single modality approach was performed. The mean operative time was significantly longer with the combined approach (p value < 0.01). However, there was no difference in postoperative pain (p value = 0.50), analgesia requirement (p value = 0.72), or pleural drainage (p value = 0.32) between the two approaches. Although not statistically significant, the combined approach had fewer post-operative complications (p value = 0.32). Besides, the Single modality approach resulted in one recurrence (p value = 0.32) and one mortality (p value = 0.32). VATS diaphragmatic plication using staplers and/or sutures is safe and efficacious in the management of diaphragmatic eventration. Surgeons should consider using both staplers and sutures whenever possible, rather than selecting one over the other.

Erb's palsy complicating a case of annular pancreas.

We report an unusual presentation of annular pancreas with pneumoperitoneum in a newborn with an associated left sided Erb's palsy. The neurological deficit caused considerable confusion in the diagnosis and unexpected complications after surgery. We highlight the importance of clinical examination and the complications that an Erb's palsy can cause. This unusual triad of Erb's palsy, eventration of diaphragm and annular pancreas has hitherto not been described in literature.

VATS Plication of the Diaphragm: A Descriptive Observational 10-Year Southampton Experience.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to report the safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) plication of the diaphragm at our institution between 2006 and 2016. METHODS: Adult patients selected on etiology and combination of investigations including plain chest x-ray, computed tomography of chest and abdomen, lung functions in supine and sitting positions, radiological/ultrasonic screening for diaphragmatic movement, and phrenic nerve conduction studies. We incorporated a triportal VATS and Endostitch device for plication, using CO2 insufflation to maximum 12 mm Hg. Bilateral simultaneous plication and high-risk patients were electively admitted to intensive therapy unit postoperatively. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (24 males) had their diaphragm plicated. The mean age was 56.6 years (range = 23-76 years). The mean body mass index was 32.1 (range = 22.2-45.4). Twenty one were right, 13 left, 2 patients had VATS simultaneous bilateral plication, and 1 had sequential VATS bilateral plication. Paralysis was idiopathic in 17, posttraumatic in 5, postremoval of mediastinal tumor in 4, and postcardiac surgery in 3. All patients presented with lifestyle-limiting dyspnea and orthopnea, three were on nocturnal noninvasive ventilation. Five were diabetic and 16 were smokers. The mean supine forced expiratory volume in the first second was 62.5% of predicted. Twenty two were performed by VATS (63%), three converted to thoracotomy, and 13 were open limited thoracotomy (historic). The mean hospital stay was 4.5 days (range = 1-18, mode 2 days). Intensive therapy unit admission was required in six patients for mechanical ventilation 0 to 3 days. Five patients (14%) had no improvement in symptoms. There were no deaths, no 30-day readmissions, and no long-term neuralgia in this series. CONCLUSIONS: We found minimal access VATS plication of the diaphragm to be feasible and safe, but no firm conclusions should be drawn from our limited resources. We report the feasibility of concomitant bilateral VATS plication of the diaphragm in two adults, and this was not previously reported in the adult population. There is a need for further good quality, prospective studies, and randomized controlled studies evaluating efficacy of VATS diaphragmatic plication.

"Hernia transilíaca". Una original modalidad de eventración probablemente no tan infrecuente / "Iliac hernia", an original form of ventral hernia that is probably not so uncommon

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Elevación hemidiafragmática / Elevated hemidiaphragm

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Laparoscopic Diaphragmatic Hemiplication in Children with Acquired Diaphragmatic Eventration After Congenital Heart Surgery.

PURPOSE: To report our technique and experiences in the laparoscopic diaphragmatic hemiplication (LDHP) in children with acquired diaphragmatic eventration after congenital heart surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between October 2007 to December 2013, 3498 children with congenital heart disease underwent cardiac surgery in our hospital, and 40 (1.14%) of them had unilateral diaphragmatic elevation on postoperative chest X-ray (mean elevation, 2.5 ± 0.26 intercostal spaces [ICS]) and were diagnosed as having diaphragmatic eventration due to diaphragmatic hemiparesis as a result of phrenic nerve injury. These 40 patients were followed up, and 22 of them recovered after conservative treatment; the other 18 needed surgical intervention. We conducted a retrospective study relating to surgical indications, surgical technique, complications, and outcomes. RESULTS: There were 24 boys and 16 girls with a mean age of 10.0 ± 4.5 months old (range, 2 months-4 years). Twenty-two patients did not require surgical intervention. Eighteen patients underwent LDHP (12 cases left-sided and 6 cases right-sided); 2 of them had emergency LDHP with a history of ventilator dependency after cardiac surgery, and 16 of them had planned LDHP with a history of recurrent pneumonia and dyspnea. The operative time was 60 ± 7.9 minutes (range, 45-105 minutes), with minimal blood loss (3 ± 1.5 mL [range, 1-9 mL]), no intra- or postoperative complications, and postoperative hospital stay of 7 ± 1.3 days (range, 5-10 days). The diaphragmatic drop was 2.4 ± 0.2 (range, 2-4 ICS) without recurrence, and the follow-up time for all 40 patients was 14.8 ± 1.6 months (range, 11-36 months). CONCLUSIONS: Our study further shows that LDHP is feasible and effective in selected patients after congenital heart surgery. Our technique is convenient and provides excellent clinical and radiological results.

Distocia de hombros y eventración diafragmática / Shoulder dystocia and diaphragmatic hernia

La distocia de hombros es un evento impredecible que puede ser leve o grave. En el período neonatal constituye el factor de riesgo más importante para lesión del plexo braquial y una causa excepcional de eventración diafragmática por injuria del nervio frénico. Se presenta un recién nacido producto de parto distócico por distocia de hombros, que nace severamente deprimido y en su evolución requiere soporte ventilatorio prolongado. El estudio fluoroscópico concluyó una eventración diafragmática derecha, permaneciendo con un síndrome de dificultad respiratoria de aproximadamente un mes de evolución y sin requerir tratamiento quirúrgico hasta el momento actual. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron la bronconeumonía y las atelectasias a repetición. Se realizó una revisión actualizada del tema destacándose diagnóstico etiológico. Se presentan fotos previo consentimiento familiar(AU)

Shoulder dystocia is an unpredictable event that can be mild or severe. In the neonatal period is the most important risk factor for brachial plexus injury and an exceptional cause of diaphragmatic hernia by phrenic nerve injury. A newborn is presented after a shoulder dystocia delivery, born severely depressed and whose evolution requires prolonged ventilatory support. In the fluoroscopic study we concluded right diaphragmatic hernia, with respiratory distress syndrome approximately of one month of evolution and without requiring surgical treatment to date. The most frequent complications were repeated bronchopneumonia and atelectasis. An updated review of the literature highlighting etiologic diagnosis was made. Photos are presented prior parental consent(AU)

Neumoperitoneo preoperatorio progresivo en pacientes con hernias gigantes de la pared abdominal / Progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum in patients with giant hernias of the abdominal wall

Introducción Los pacientes con hernias gigantes con pérdida de domicilio requieren una adecuada planificación de la reparación quirúrgica, porque en la mayoría se asocia una elevada comorbilidad. La técnica del neumoperitoneo progresivo preoperatorio descrita por Goñi Moreno permite una adaptación más fisiológica del paciente y de la cavidad abdominal al reintegro de las vísceras al abdomen, lo que permite una reparación quirúrgica adecuada. El objetivo es analizar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de este tipo de hernias. Materiales y métodos Estudio retrospectivo en que se analizan 11 pacientes portadores de grandes defectos de pared abdominal, con pérdida de domicilio, tratados mediante dicha técnica, en 2 centros entre los años 2005 y 2010.ResultadosDel total, ocho pacientes presentaban eventraciones abdominales y los otros 3 tenían hernias inguinales. El tiempo medio de insuflación fue de 2 semanas y la cantidad total de aire varió entre 6,6 y 18 l. Dos pacientes presentaron descompensación de su enfermedad pulmonar y se debió posponer temporalmente la insuflación. Otros 2 presentaron enfisema subcutáneo durante los últimos días de insuflación, que se resolvió espontáneamente y sin secuelas. Se utilizaron técnicas de eventroplastia abierta con malla en los 8 casos de eventraciones y técnica preperitoneal para las hernias inguinoescrotales. En el seguimiento posterior se objetivó un caso de recidiva. Conclusiones La técnica de Goñi Moreno sigue siendo una técnica segura para preparar a los pacientes con hernias gigantes con pérdida de domicilio, pues consigue reducir la morbilidad ocasionada por la hiperpresión abdominal tras la reparación de la pared abdominal (AU)

Introduction Patients with giant hernias with loss of domain require proper planning of surgical repair, because of the high associated comorbidity. The progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum technique described by Goñi Moreno allows a more physiological adaptation of the patient and the abdominal cavity to the reinstatement of the viscera to the abdomen, enabling adequate surgical repair. The objective of this study was to analyze our experience in the treatment of this type of hernia. Materials and methods We carried out a retrospective study that included 11 patients with major abdominal wall defects and loss of domain who were treated with this technique in 2 centers between 2005 and 2010.ResultsEight patients had abdominal hernias and 3 had inguinal hernias. The average insufflation time was 2 weeks and the total amount of air was between 6.6 and 18 l. In 2 patients who showed pulmonary disease decompensation, insufflation had to be temporarily postponed. A further 2 patients had subcutaneous emphysema during the last few days of insufflation, which resolved spontaneously without sequelae. The open mesh repair technique was used in ventral hernias and the preperitoneal technique in all inguinal hernias. There was one recurrence during the 1-year follow-up. Conclusions Goñi Moreno's technique remains safe to prepare patients with giant hernias with loss of domain. This procedure can reduce the morbidity caused by the increase in abdominal pressure after abdominal wall repair (AU)

[Plication of diaphragm for eventration of diaphragm caused by megacolon; report of a case].

A 70-year-old woman with severe respiratory distress was admitted to our hospital by ambulance. Chest X-ray revealed marked elevation of left diaphragm and invagination of megacolon. Colectomy was performed to improve the respiratory distress, but continuous mechanical ventilation was necessary after operation due to hypoxia and hypercapnea. Therefore, plication of diaphragm was additionally performed. With 10 rows of nonabsorbable sutures, 6 to 8 pleats were formed. The following day of operation, she was successfully relieved from the ventilator.

Imaging of the diaphragm: anatomy and function.

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of ventilation. Dysfunction of the diaphragm is an underappreciated cause of respiratory difficulties and may be due to a wide variety of entities, including surgery, trauma, tumor, and infection. Diaphragmatic disease usually manifests as elevation at chest radiography. Functional imaging with fluoroscopy (or ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging) is a simple and effective method of diagnosing diaphragmatic dysfunction, which can be classified as paralysis, weakness, or eventration. Diaphragmatic paralysis is indicated by absence of orthograde excursion on quiet and deep breathing, with paradoxical motion on sniffing. Diaphragmatic weakness is indicated by reduced or delayed orthograde excursion on deep breathing, with or without paradoxical motion on sniffing. Eventration is congenital thinning of a segment of diaphragmatic muscle and manifests as focal weakness. Treatment of diaphragmatic paralysis depends on the cause of the dysfunction and the severity of the symptoms. Treatment options include plication and phrenic nerve stimulation. Supplemental material available at http://radiographics.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/rg.322115127/-/DC1.

Transient elevation of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm associated with pneumonia.

Seventeen children with lobar or segmental pneumonia and ispilateral elevation of the diaphragm are described. These children did not differ significantly with respect to clinical and laboratory findings from their counterparts with pneumonia but without elevation of the hemidiaphragm. The elevation was transient and resolved by the time the repeat chest x-ray was taken six to eight weeks later.

Left diaphragmatic eventration associated with ipsilateral pulmonary sequestration and intrathoracic kidney in a fetus: reviewing the prenatal diagnosis and etiopathogenesis.

The prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic eventration, pulmonary extralobar sequestration and intrathoracic ectopic kidney in a single fetus is not reported yet according to the pubmed. Congenital diaphragmatic eventration is an abnormal elevation of the diaphragm. Differential diagnosis from hernia is essential for the perinatal management. Extralobar sequestrations are usually asymptomatic and detected incidentally. Intrathoracic kidney is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. Genitourinary and cardiac anomalies should be searched as common co-existing malformations. Besides prenatal ultrasound, fetal magnetic resonance imaging has a substantial support in counselling the family, planning the follow-up of the pregnancy and decision-making for the perinatal management.

Clinical and surgical specifications of adult unilateral diaphragmatic eventration according to their aetiology in 28 patients. Importance of using diaphragmatic patch and minimal thoracotomy incision.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the differences among various diaphragmatic eventration (DE) aetiologies and to compare the outcomes of the operation relative to the use of a diaphragmatic patch. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2009, 28 patients with a DE who underwent surgery were classified according to the following aetiology: (a) previous operation or disease, (b) congenital/idiopathic and (c) trauma. Patients who received diaphragmatic patches during their operations (plication+patch, P/P, 19 cases) were compared with the patients receiving sole plication during the operation (P, 9 cases). The operations had been performed through a minimal length lateral thoracotomy incision (12-14 cm). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 53.3+/-9.8 years. A high hemi-diaphragm (alone or associated with a blunt sinus or a wide mediastinum) was the most prominent chest X-ray (CXR) finding in 19 patients (68%). The postoperative mean forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV(1)) value (2.1+/-0.7) and the dyspnoea score (1.8+/-0.7) were better than the preoperative values (1.7+/-0.6; 3.4+/-0.9, respectively). The average height of the diaphragm (7.8+/-3.1cm) was not correlated with the dyspnoea score and the FEV(1) value. Postoperative complications (4/28 or 14.3%) were minimal, excluding one respiratory insufficiency. The mean follow-up time was 23.4+/-17.8 months. Patients with congenital aetiology were younger, had higher diaphragms, had earlier operations after symptoms started and had better preoperative FEV(1) values. P/P operations were done later than P operations. The P/P method patients had shorter postoperative hospital stays than the P method patients. Two diaphragmatic events (recurrence and herniation) occurred after the operations were performed with the P method. CONCLUSIONS: Buttressing the diaphragm by patch after the plication can protect from recurrence of a DE or any diaphragmatic insufficiency. Previous abdominal interventions may increase the complication rate after a DE operation.

Mediastinal lipoblastoma causing diaphragmatic eventration: a case report and review of the literature.

Lipoblastomatous tumors are quite rare neoplasms derived from embryonic white fatty tissues. The majority is seen in infancy and early childhood. Generally they arise in extremities. Here, we present a 12-month-old female infant presenting with a mediastinal and cervical mass, showing left diaphragmatic eventration. We reviewed these cases and discussed clinical manifestations, radiologic, and histopathologic findings and treatment of these tumors.

Diaphragmatic eventration.

Symptomatic diaphragmatic eventration is an uncommon condition and is sometimes impossible to distinguish clinically from paralysis. Patients who are asymptomatic require no treatment; patients who are symptomatic benefit significantly from diaphragm plication. The choice of plication approach is dependent upon the expertise of the surgeon.