Evaluating life history trade-offs through the presence of linear enamel hypoplasia at Pueblo Bonito and Hawikku: A biocultural study of early life stress and survival in the Ancestral Pueblo Southwest.

OBJECTIVES: Due to the indelible nature of enamel, bioarchaeologists use linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) to detect early investments in surviving stress and have identified an association between LEH presence and constraints in growth and maintenance as well as an increased susceptibility to future stress events. This study evaluates heterogenous frailty and susceptibility to death in relation to episodes of early life stress, as reflected by LEH presence, in the Ancestral Pueblo Southwest. This study hypothesizes that LEH presence will be associated with decreased survivorship and an increased likelihood of mortality in both samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study uses two samples, one from Pueblo Bonito (A.D. 800-1200; n = 28) and the second from Hawikku (A.D. 1300-1680; n = 103). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with a log-rank test was used to evaluate the effect of LEH presence on survivorship for the two samples. RESULTS: Survival analysis reveals statistically significant differences in mortality risk between individuals with and without LEH for the Hawikku sample, but no significant differences for the Pueblo Bonito sample. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate differences in the response to early life stress at the Hawikku and Pueblo Bonito sites, likely reflecting context. The Pueblo Bonito sample represents a high-status group, and survival following LEH may be the result of cultural buffering. Hawikku dates to a period associated with increased levels of disease and malnutrition as well as Spanish colonization. This environment may have exacerbated mortality risk for individuals in the region who survived early life stress and signifies the consequences of European colonialism in the New World.

Yo solo soy: Os processos de transições corporais de estudantes trans no Bachillerato Popular Trans Mocha Celis / Yo solo soy: The processes of corporal transitions of trans students in the Bachillerato Popular Trans Mocha Celis / Yo solo soy: Procesos de transiciones corporales de estudiantes en el Bachillerato Popular Trans Mocha Celis

Resumo Este artigo surgiu como parte de uma pesquisa que investiga o surgimento de uma escola para a população trans - travestis, transexuais e transgêneros - na cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina: o Bachillerato Popular Trans Mocha Celis. Os pressupostos deste texto revelam-se a partir de depoimentos de discentes que vivenciaram seus processos de transições identitárias e corporais, como travestis e transexuais, e nos apontam os olhares sobre seus corpos, suas masculinidades/feminilidades e a respeito do acolhimento, ou não, de seus fa-miliares e amigos/as. Utilizando a metodologia etnográfica, de convivência diária e entrevis-tas semiestruturadas, esta pesquisa qualitativa com cinco discentes apresenta suas histórias, que nos permitem compreender como é viver em um mundo sexualmente binário (feminino--masculino), machista, heterossexual e compulsoriamente cisgênero. Ademais, esta pesquisa visa contribuir para reflexões sobre a vigilância dos corpos que acompanham as vivências das pessoas trans, demonstrada na rejeição social da feminilidade expressa por um corpo ainda visto como biologicamente masculino.

Abstract This article appeared as part of a research that investigates the emergence of a school for trans - transvestites, transsexuals and transgender -people in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina: the Bachillerato Popular Trans Mocha Celis. The assumptions of this text are revealed from the testimonies of students who have experienced their processes of identity and body transitions, such as transvestites and transsexuals, and show us their looks on their bodies, their masculinities / femininities and about the reception or not, family and friends. Using the ethnographic methodology, daily living and semi-structured interviews, this quali-tative research with five students presents their stories, which allow us to understand how it is to live in a sexually binary (female-male), sexist, heterosexual and compulsorily cisgender. In addition, this research aims to contribute to reflections on the surveillance of bodies that accompany the experiences of trans people, demonstrated in the social rejection of femininity expressed by a body still seen as biologically masculine.

Resumen Este artículo apareció como parte de una investigación que analiza el surgimiento de una escuela para la población trans - travestis, transexuales y transgéneros - en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina: el Bachillerato Popular Trans Mocha Celis. Los supuestos de este texto se revelan a partir de los testimonios de estudiantes que experimentaron sus procesos de transiciones identitarias y corporales, como travestis y transexuales, y señalan sus puntos de vista sobre sus cuerpos, sus masculinidades / feminidades y sobre la recepción, o no, de sus familiares y amigos/as. A partir de una metodología etnográfica, por la convivencia diaria y entrevistas semiestructuradas, esta investigación cualitativa con cinco estudiantes presenta sus historias, que nos permiten comprender cómo es vivir en un mundo sexualmente bina-rio (femenino-masculino), sexista, heterosexual y compulsivamente cisgénero. Además, esta investigación tiene como objetivo contribuir a reflexionar sobre la vigilancia de los cuerpos que acompañan las experiencias de las personas trans, demostradas en el rechazo social de la feminidad expresada por un cuerpo aún visto como biológicamente masculino.