Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 1.661
Filtrar
1.
Molecules ; 29(9)2024 Apr 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38731536

RESUMEN

The quality of fat in infant milk is determined by the fatty acid profile and selected indices describing nutritional value. The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile and lipid quality indices of infant formulas and compare these data with breast milk. The study material included seven types of cow's milk-based follow-on infant formulas and samples of mature breast milk. The determination of fatty acids was performed using the gas chromatography (GC) technique. Lipid quality indices were calculated based on the relevant equations. Infant formulas contained more medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and oleic acid. Moreover, they contained more than 30% more linoleic acid and more than twice as much α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In contrast, significant amounts of trans fatty acids (TFAs) were noted in breast milk, while infant formulas contained trace amounts. Infant formulas were characterized by a lower AI (Index of Atherogenicity) (0.49-0.98) and TI (Index of Thrombogenicity) (0.48-0.60) and a higher H/H (hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic) ratio (1.93-2.30) compared with breast milk (1.47, 1.60, and 1.21, respectively). The composition of infant formulas depended on the type of fat added at the production stage and differed significantly from breast milk, particularly in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid quality indices.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos , Fórmulas Infantiles , Lípidos , Leche Humana , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Fórmulas Infantiles/análisis , Humanos , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Leche Humana/química , Lactante , Lípidos/análisis , Femenino , Valor Nutritivo , Animales
2.
Food Res Int ; 186: 114317, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38729709

RESUMEN

Lipids play a pivotal role in the nutrition of preterm infants, acting as a primary energy source. Due to their underdeveloped gastrointestinal systems, lipid malabsorption is common, leading to insufficient energy intake and slowed growth. Therefore, it is critical to explore the reasons behind the low lipid absorption rate in formulas for preterm infants. This study utilized a simulated in intro gastrointestinal digestion model to assess the differences in lipid digestion between preterm human milk and various infant formulas. Results showed that the fatty acid release rates for formulas IF3, IF5, and IF7 were 58.90 %, 56.58 %, and 66.71 %, respectively, lower than human milk's 72.31 %. The primary free fatty acids (FFA) and 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) released during digestion were C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9, and C18:2n-6, in both human milk and formulas. Notably, the higher release of C16:0 in formulas may disrupt fatty acid balance, impacting lipid absorption. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate lipid absorption differences, which will inform the optimization of lipid content in preterm infant formulas.


Asunto(s)
Digestión , Fórmulas Infantiles , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Leche Humana , Leche Humana/química , Leche Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Recién Nacido , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Lípidos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/análisis , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Monoglicéridos/metabolismo , Monoglicéridos/análisis , Grasas de la Dieta/metabolismo , Grasas de la Dieta/análisis
3.
Food Res Int ; 186: 114348, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38729721

RESUMEN

During production of soy-based infant formula, soy protein undergoes heating processes. This study investigated the differential impact of heating modes on the immunogenic potential of peptides in soy protein digests. Wet or dry heating was applied, followed by in vitro gastrointestinal infant digestion. The released peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Bioinformatics tools were utilized to predict and identify potential linear B-cell and T-cell epitopes, as well as to explore cross-reactivity with other legumes. Subsequently, the peptide intensities of the same potential epitope across different experimental conditions were compared. As a result, we confirmed the previously observed enhancing effect of wet heating on infant digestion and inhibitory effect of dry heating. A total of 8,546 peptides were detected in the digests, and 6,684 peptides were with a score over 80. Among them, 29 potential T-cell epitopes and 27 potential B-cell epitopes were predicted. Cross-reactivity between soy and other legumes, including peanut, pea, chickpea, lentil, kidney bean, and lupine, was also detected. Overall, heating and digestion time could modulate the potential to trigger peptide-induced immune responses.


Asunto(s)
Digestión , Calor , Péptidos , Proteínas de Soja , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Humanos , Proteínas de Soja/inmunología , Proteínas de Soja/química , Péptidos/inmunología , Péptidos/química , Lactante , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito B/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas , Calefacción , Cromatografía Liquida
4.
Food Res Int ; 187: 114343, 2024 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38763636

RESUMEN

Human breast milk promotes maturation of the infant gastrointestinal barrier, including the promotion of mucus production. In the quest to produce next generation infant milk formula (IMF), we have produced IMF by membrane filtration (MEM-IMF). With a higher quantity of native whey protein, MEM-IMF more closely mimics human breast milk than IMF produced using conventional heat treatment (HT-IMF). After a 4-week dietary intervention in young pigs, animals fed a MEM-IMF diet had a higher number of goblet cells, acidic mucus and mucin-2 in the jejunum compared to pigs fed HT-IMF (P < 0.05). In the duodenum, MEM-IMF fed pigs had increased trypsin activity in the gut lumen, increased mRNA transcript levels of claudin 1 in the mucosal scrapings and increased lactase activity in brush border membrane vesicles than those pigs fed HT-IMF (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MEM-IMF is superior to HT-IMF in the promotion of mucus production in the young gut.


Asunto(s)
Filtración , Fórmulas Infantiles , Moco , Animales , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Moco/metabolismo , Porcinos , Proteína de Suero de Leche/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Tripsina/metabolismo , Humanos , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Claudina-1/metabolismo , Claudina-1/genética , Lactasa/metabolismo , Lactasa/genética , Mucina 2/metabolismo , Mucina 2/genética , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Duodeno/metabolismo , Yeyuno/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis
5.
Food Res Int ; 187: 114389, 2024 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38763651

RESUMEN

Ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins whose exposure is associated with various adverse health effects, including cancer and renal disorders, estrogenic effects, and immunosuppressive and gastrointestinal disorders, respectively. Infants (<2 years) are the most vulnerable group to mycotoxins, representing a unique combination of restricted food consumption types, low body weight, lower ability to eliminate toxins, and more future years to accumulate toxins. This study aimed to estimate the infant́s exposure to OTA, DON, and ZEN due to the consumption of milk formula and baby cereals in Chile. Milk formula samples (n = 41) and baby cereals (n = 30) were collected and analyzed using commercial ELISA kits for OTA, DON, and ZEA determination. Exposure was assessed by the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) approach (mean and worst-case scenario, WCS) with the levels found in a modified Lower Bound (mLB) and Upper Bound (UB); ideal consumption (<6m, 7-12 m, and 13-24 m); adjusted by the weight of each group. The risk was estimated by comparing the EDI with a reference tolerable daily intake or by the margin of exposure (MOE) in the case of OTA. DON and OTA occurrence in infant formula were 34 % and 41 %, respectively. The co-occurrence between these mycotoxins was 22 %. Mycotoxin contents were below LOQ values except for OTA determined in one sample (0.29 ng/ml). No milk formulae were contaminated with ZEN. In the case of baby cereals, the occurrences were 17 % for OTA, 30 % for DON, and 7 % for ZEN, all below LOQ. Co-occurrence was seen in two samples between ZEN and OTA. According to exposure calculations, the MOE for OTA was less than 10,000 in all models for milk formula between 0 to 12 months of age and in the UB and WCS for cereal consumption. Health concerns were observed for DON in the WCS and UB for milk consumption in all ages and only in the UB WCS for cereal consumption. Considering the high consumption of milk formula in these age groups, regulation of OTA and other co-occurring mycotoxins in infant milk and food is strongly suggested.


Asunto(s)
Exposición Dietética , Grano Comestible , Contaminación de Alimentos , Fórmulas Infantiles , Ocratoxinas , Tricotecenos , Zearalenona , Humanos , Zearalenona/análisis , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Chile , Grano Comestible/química , Lactante , Tricotecenos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Ocratoxinas/análisis , Exposición Dietética/análisis , Exposición Dietética/efectos adversos , Medición de Riesgo , Recién Nacido , Alimentos Infantiles/análisis
6.
Food Res Int ; 187: 114412, 2024 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38763662

RESUMEN

Lipid oxidation limits the shelf-life of dried microencapsulated oils (DMOs), such as infant formula. However, it is poorly understood how lipid oxidation is affected by different types of emulsifiers. To improve our understanding, we prepared DMOs with different emulsifiers (whey protein isolate (WPI), pea protein isolate (PPI), and non-proteinaceous CITREM) and studied lipid oxidation in both the free and encapsulated fat. Only a small difference in oxidation rate was observed between these fat fractions for all formulations. We ascribed this to a non-discrete distribution of the fractions and the subsequent low fractionation selectivity as shown by Raman microscopy. The DMO with PPI showed hardly any oxidation during a 7-week incubation at 40 °C, whereas the DMOs with WPI and CITREM both reached significantly higher contents of oxidation products (lipid hydroperoxides, aldehydes, and epoxides). The enhanced stability of DMO-PPI could not be ascribed to the presence of phytic acid. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential of using PPI to produce oxidatively stable DMOs.


Asunto(s)
Emulsionantes , Emulsiones , Oxidación-Reducción , Emulsionantes/química , Emulsiones/química , Proteína de Suero de Leche/química , Proteínas de Guisantes/química , Secado por Pulverización , Composición de Medicamentos , Lípidos/química , Fórmulas Infantiles/química
7.
J Chromatogr A ; 1726: 464967, 2024 Jul 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38749275

RESUMEN

Infant formulas (IF) can contain harmful chemical substances, such as pesticides and mycotoxins, resulting from the contamination of raw materials and inputs used in the production chain, which can cause adverse effects to infants. Therefore, the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) methodology prior ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPL-QqQ-MS/MS) analysis was applied for the determination of 23 contaminants, in 30 samples of Brazilian IF. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection (0.2 to 0.4 µg/kg), limits of quantification (1 and 10 µg/kg), and recovery (64 % to 122 %); precision values, in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD), were ≤ 20 %. Fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, and bifenthrin were the pesticides detected in the samples, but the values did not exceed the limit set by the European Union (EU), and ANVISA, and they were detected under their limits of quantification. Additionally, suspect screening and unknown analysis were conducted to tentatively identify 32 substances, including some compounds not covered in this study, such as pesticides, hormones, and veterinary drugs. Carbofuran was identified, confirmed and quantified in 10 % of the samples.


Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos , Fórmulas Infantiles , Límite de Detección , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Brasil , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Plaguicidas/análisis , Humanos , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Micotoxinas/análisis , Lactante , Piretrinas/análisis
8.
Luminescence ; 39(5): e4772, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38712470

RESUMEN

The current study presents the first spectrofluorimetric approach for the estimation of lactoferrin, depending on the measurement of its native fluorescence at 337 nm after excitation at 230 nm, without the need for any hazardous chemicals or reagents. It was found that the fluorescence intensity versus concentration calibration plot was linear over the concentration range of 0.1-10.0 µg/mL with quantitation and detection limits of 0.082 and 0.027 µg/mL, respectively. The method was accordingly validated according to the ICH recommendations. The developed method was applied for the estimation of lactoferrin in different dosage forms, including capsules and sachets with high percent recoveries (97.84-102.53) and low %RSD values (<1.95). Lactoferrin is one of the key nutrients in milk powder and a significant nutritional fortifier. In order to assess the quality of milk powder, it is essential to rapidly and accurately quantify the lactoferrin content of the product. Therefore, the presented study was successfully applied for the selective estimation of lactoferrin in milk powder with acceptable percent recoveries (96.45-104.92) and %RSD values (≤3.607). Finally, the green profile of the method was estimated using two assessment tools: Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), which demonstrated its excellent greenness.


Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Lactoferrina , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Lactoferrina/análisis , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Fórmulas Infantiles/análisis , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , Humanos , Lactante , Tecnología Química Verde , Leche/química , Límite de Detección , Animales
9.
Food Res Int ; 183: 114224, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38760143

RESUMEN

During infant formula production, proteins are always heated, potentially affecting their digestibility and the bioactivities of resulting peptides. Although plant proteins are a promising dairy alternative for infant formula, they remain understudied, necessitating further investigations. Therefore, this research aimed to fill this gap by assessing the impact of different heating modes on soy protein (SP) and pea protein (PP), focusing on glycation levels, peptide formation during in vitro infant digestion, and immune protection potential (sRAGE-binding and antimicrobial activities) of the resulting peptides. Consequently, dry heating led to increased glycation and glycated peptide production, particularly with higher glycation in PP than SP. Moreover, PP exhibited an overall stronger sRAGE-binding capacity than SP, regardless of heating and digestion conditions. Regarding antimicrobial activity, both SP and PP-derived peptides displayed reduced effectiveness against Enterobacter cloacae after dry heating. Additionally, Staphylococcus epidermidis was differently inhibited, where PP-derived peptides showed inherent inhibition. The primary determinant of sRAGE-binding and antimicrobial potential in digestion-derived peptides was the protein source. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis predicted 519 and 133 potential antimicrobial peptides in SP and PP, respectively. This study emphasises the importance of protein source for infant formula to ensure infant health.


Asunto(s)
Digestión , Calor , Fórmulas Infantiles , Proteínas de Guisantes , Proteínas de Soja , Proteínas de Soja/metabolismo , Humanos , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Lactante , Proteínas de Guisantes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Guisantes/química , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Péptidos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología
10.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf ; 23(3): e13337, 2024 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38578124

RESUMEN

Whey protein hydrolysates are recognized for their substantial functional and biological properties. Their high digestibility and amino acid composition make them a valuable ingredient to hydrolyzed whey infant formulas, enhancing both product functionality and nutritional values for infant growth. It is important to understand the functional and biological properties of whey protein hydrolysates for their applications in infant formula systems. This review explored preparation methods of whey protein hydrolysates for infant formula-based applications. The effects of whey protein hydrolysate on the physicochemical and biological properties of hydrolyzed whey infant formulas were summarized. The influences of whey protein hydrolysates on the functional and nutritional properties of formulas from manufacturing to infant consumption were discussed. Whey protein hydrolysates are crucial components in the preparation of infant formula, tailored to meet the functional and nutritional demands of the product. The selection of enzyme types and hydrolysis parameters is decisive for obtaining "optimal" whey protein hydrolysates that match the intended characteristics. "Optimal" whey protein hydrolysates offer diverse functionalities, including solubility, emulsification and production stability to hydrolyzed whey infant formulas during manufacturing processes and formulations. They simultaneously promote protein digestibility, infant growth and other potential health benefits, including reduced allergenic potential, as supported by in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials. Overall, the precise selection of enzymes and hydrolysis parameters in the production of whey protein hydrolysates is crucial in achieving the desired characteristics and functional benefits for hydrolyzed whey infant formulas, making them critical in the development of infant nutrition products.


Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Lactante , Humanos , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Suero Lácteo , Proteína de Suero de Leche/química , Alérgenos
11.
Food Chem Toxicol ; 188: 114677, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38641042

RESUMEN

Consumption of rice-based foods provides essential nutrients required for infants and toddlers' growth. However, they could contain toxic and excess essential elements that may affect human health. The study aims to determine the composition of rice-based baby foods in the USA and outside and conduct a multiple-life stages probabilistic exposure and risk assessment of toxic and essential elements in children. Elemental concentrations were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in thirty-three rice-based baby foods. This includes 2 infant formulas, 11 rice baby cereals, and 20 rice snacks produced primarily in the United States, China, and other countries. A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted to assess risks of adverse health effects. Results showed that infant formula had higher median concentrations of selenium (Se), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) compared to rice baby cereal and rice snacks. On the contrary, rice snacks had the highest median concentration of Arsenic (As) (127 µg/kg) while rice baby cereals showed the highest median concentration of Cd (7 µg/kg). A higher lifetime estimated daily intake was observed for samples manufactured in the USA compared to those from China and other countries. Hazard quotient (HQ < 1) values were suggestive of minimal adverse health effects. However, lifetime carcinogenic risk analysis based on total As indicated an unacceptable cancer risk (>1E-04). These findings show a need for ongoing monitoring of rice-based foods consumed by infants and toddlers as supplementary and substitutes for breast milk or weaning food options. This can be useful in risk reduction and mitigation of early life exposure to improve health outcomes.


Asunto(s)
Alimentos Infantiles , Oryza , Oryza/química , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Alimentos Infantiles/análisis , Medición de Riesgo , Lactante , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , China , Fórmulas Infantiles/química
12.
J Agric Food Chem ; 72(14): 7980-7990, 2024 Apr 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38562102

RESUMEN

Prebiotic oligosaccharides have attracted immense interest in the infant formula (IF) industry due to their unique health benefits for infants. There is a need for the reasonable supplementation of prebiotics in premium IF products. Herein, we characterized the profile of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in human milk (HM) and IF using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometry (UPLC-cIM-MS) technique. Additionally, we further performed a targeted quantitative analysis of five essential HM oligosaccharides (HMOs) in HM (n = 196), IF (n = 50), and raw milk of IF (n = 10) by the high-sensitivity UPLC-MS/MS method. HM exhibited a more abundant and variable HMO composition (1183.19 to 2892.91 mg/L) than IF (32.91 to 56.31 mg/L), whereas IF contained extra GOS species and non-negligible endogenous 3'-sialyllactose. This also facilitated the discovery of secretor features within the Chinese population. Our study illustrated the real disparity in the prebiotic glycome between HM and IF and provided crucial reference for formula improvement.


Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Leche Humana , Lactante , Humanos , Leche Humana/química , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Prebióticos/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida con Espectrometría de Masas , Cromatografía Liquida , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Oligosacáridos/química
13.
Adv Nutr ; 15(5): 100217, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38579971

RESUMEN

Despite the widely recommended usage of partially hydrolyzed formula (PHF) or extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) of milk protein for preventing allergic diseases (ADs), clinical studies have been inconclusive regarding their efficacy compared with that of cow's milk formula (CMF) or breast milk (BM). We aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of PHF or EHF compared with those of CMF or BM on risk of ADs (cow's milk allergy, allergic rhinitis, eczema, asthma, wheeze, food allergy, and sensitization) in children. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for clinical trials published from inception to 21 October, 2022. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to grade the strength of evidence. Overall, 24 trials (10,950 infants) were included, 17 of which specifically included high-risk infants. GRADE was low for the evidence that, compared with CMF, infants early fed with EHF had lower risk of cow's milk allergy at age 0-2 y [relative risk (RR): 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.99]. Moderate evidence supported that PHF and EHF reduced risk of eczema in children aged younger or older than 2 y, respectively (RR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.96; and RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.94, respectively). We also identified moderate systematic evidence indicating that PHF reduced risk of wheeze at age 0-2 y compared with CMF (RR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.85), but PHF and EHF increased the risk compared with BM (RR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.31; and RR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.26, 2.14). Neither PHF nor EHF had significant effects on other ADs in children of any age. In conclusion, compared with CMF, PHF, or EHF had different preventive effect on cow's milk allergy, eczema, and wheeze. Compared with BM, both PHF and EHF may increase risk of wheeze but not other ADs. Given that most trials included only high-risk infants, more research on non-high-risk infants is warranted before any generalization is attempted. This protocol was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42022320787.


Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche , Proteínas de la Leche , Humanos , Lactante , Proteínas de la Leche/administración & dosificación , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche/prevención & control , Recién Nacido , Animales , Leche , Preescolar , Bovinos , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Hidrolisados de Proteína/administración & dosificación , Hipersensibilidad/prevención & control , Femenino , Masculino , Leche Humana/química , Eccema/prevención & control , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto
14.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) ; 70(2): 158-163, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38684386

RESUMEN

The Ussing chamber is a tool for analyzing drug absorption. We investigated whether the Ussing chamber can be used to analyze the process from digestion to absorption of protein in the gastrointestinal tract. Mixtures containing infant formula, whole cow's milk, processed soy milk, enteral nutrition, or human breast milk, were placed in the apical membrane side equipped with Caco-2 cells. After the addition of first pepsin then pancreatin, samples from the apical and basal membranes were collected. Infant formula showed the highest digestibility and absorption rate. This may be attributed to the presence of whey protein, which is rapidly digested and absorbed. The digestion and absorption of human breast milk showed different results in each donor, suggesting that digestion and absorption may vary among individuals. We concluded that the Ussing chamber can continuously analyze the process from digestion to absorption of proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.


Asunto(s)
Digestión , Tracto Gastrointestinal , Fórmulas Infantiles , Absorción Intestinal , Proteínas de la Leche , Leche Humana , Leche , Proteína de Suero de Leche , Digestión/fisiología , Humanos , Células CACO-2 , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Leche Humana/química , Leche Humana/metabolismo , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Animales , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Leche/química , Proteínas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacocinética , Nutrición Enteral/métodos , Leche de Soja/química , Lactante , Pepsina A/metabolismo
15.
Carbohydr Polym ; 332: 121911, 2024 May 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38431414

RESUMEN

Milk oligosaccharides (MOs), complex carbohydrates prevalent in human breast milk, play a vital role in infant nutrition. Serving as prebiotics, they inhibit pathogen adherence, modulate the immune system, and support newborn brain development. Notably, MOs demonstrate significant variations in concentration and composition, both across different species and within the same species. These characteristics of MOs lead to several compelling questions: (i) What distinct beneficial functions do MOs offer and how do the functions vary along with their structural differences? (ii) In what ways do MOs in human milk differ from those in other mammals, and what factors drive these unique profiles? (iii) What are the emerging applications of MOs, particularly in the context of their incorporation into infant formula? This review delves into the structural characteristics, quantification methods, and species-specific concentration differences of MOs. It highlights the critical role of human MOs in infant growth and their potential applications, providing substantial evidence to enhance infant health and development.


Asunto(s)
Leche Humana , Leche , Recién Nacido , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Leche/química , Leche Humana/química , Oligosacáridos/química , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Prebióticos/análisis , Mamíferos/metabolismo
17.
Cell Rep ; 43(3): 113817, 2024 Mar 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38412095

RESUMEN

Amino acid formula (AAF) is increasingly consumed in infants with cow's milk protein allergy; however, the long-term influences on health are less described. In this study, we established a mouse model by subjecting neonatal mice to an amino acid diet (AAD) to mimic the feeding regimen of infants on AAF. Surprisingly, AAD-fed mice exhibited dysbiotic microbiota and increased neuronal activity in both the intestine and brain, as well as gastrointestinal peristalsis disorders and depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation from AAD-fed mice or AAF-fed infants to recipient mice led to elevated neuronal activations and exacerbated depressive-like behaviors compared to that from normal chow-fed mice or cow's-milk-formula-fed infants, respectively. Our findings highlight the necessity to avoid the excessive use of AAF, which may influence the neuronal development and mental health of children.


Asunto(s)
Microbiota , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche , Humanos , Lactante , Femenino , Bovinos , Niño , Animales , Ratones , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Aminoácidos , Disbiosis
18.
Food Chem ; 444: 138623, 2024 Jun 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38309081

RESUMEN

The introduction of exogenous lipids in the production of infant formula induces significant alterations in milk lipid composition, content, and membrane structure, thus affecting the lipid digestion, absorption, and utilization. This study meticulously tracks these changes throughout the manufacturing process. Pasteurization has a significant effect on phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in the outer membrane, decreasing their relative contents to total polar lipids from 12.52% and 17.34% to 7.72% and 12.59%, respectively. Subsequent processes, including bactericidal-concentration and spray-drying, demonstrate the thermal stability of sphingomyelin and ceramides, while glycerolipids with arachidonic acid/docosahexaenoic acid and glycerophospholipids, particularly phosphatidylethanolamine, diminish significantly. Polar lipids addition and freeze-drying technology significantly enhance the polar lipid content and improve microscopic morphology of infant formula. These findings reveal the diverse effects of technological processes on glycerolipid and polar lipid compositions, concentration, and ultrastructure in infant formulas, thus offering crucial insights for optimizing lipid content and structure within infant formula.


Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Esfingomielinas , Humanos , Lactante , Animales , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Esfingomielinas/análisis , Leche/química , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/análisis , Ácido Araquidónico , Leche Humana/química
19.
Br J Nutr ; 131(9): 1506-1512, 2024 May 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38178715

RESUMEN

This study compared the concentrations, types and distributions of sialic acid (SA) in human milk at different stages of the postnatal period with those in a range of infant formulas. Breast milk from mothers of healthy, full-term and exclusively breastfed infants was collected on the 2nd (n 246), 7th (n 135), 30th (n 85) and 90th (n 48) day after birth. The SA profiles of human milk, including their distribution, were analysed and compared with twenty-four different infant formulas. Outcome of this observational study was the result of natural exposure. Only SA of type Neu5Ac was detected in human milk. Total SA concentrations were highest in colostrum and reduced significantly over the next 3 months. Approximately 68·7­76·1 % of all SA in human milk were bound to oligosaccharides. Two types of SA, Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc, have been detected in infant formulas. Most SA was present in infant formulas combined with protein. Breastfed infants could receive more SA than formula-fed infants with the same energy intake. Overall, human milk is a preferable source of SA than infant formulas in terms of total SA content, dynamics, distribution and type. These SA profiles in the natural state are worth to be considered by the production of formulas because they may have a great effect on infant nutrition and development.


Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Leche Humana , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Lactancia Materna , China , Calostro/química , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Leche Humana/química , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/análisis , Oligosacáridos/análisis
20.
Anal Chim Acta ; 1288: 342164, 2024 Feb 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38220296

RESUMEN

Infant formulae are the only possible alternative to breastfeeding during the first year of life, so it is crucial to assure their innocuousness. Infant formula undergoes heat treatments to ensure safety and shelf life. However, such processes impact health as they lead to the formation of malondialdehyde, acrolein, and α-dicarbonyl compounds, related to Maillard reaction. Thus, there is a need for improved analytical methods to ensure the safety, quality, and nutritional value of infant formulae, and also exploring the potential of specific compounds as indicators for quality control and monitoring purposes. We developed and validated a novel, efficient, and cost-effective method using gas-diffusion microextraction for the simultaneous quantification of carbonyl compounds in infant formula. Malondialdehyde, acrolein, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl were detected as o-phenylenediamine derivatives using HPLC with UV detection. Parameters influencing extraction efficiency were studied using an asymmetric screening design. The validated method has shown excellent linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. It was applied to analyze 26 infant formula samples, including starter, follow-up, and special formulated powdered infant formula. Methylglyoxal was found in all samples (0.201-3.153 µg mL-1), while malondialdehyde was present only in certain starter formulas (1.033-1.802 µg mL-1). Acrolein (0.510-3.246 µg mL-1), glyoxal (0.109-1.253 µg mL-1), and diacetyl (0.119-2.001 µg mL-1) were detected in various sample types. Principal components and hierarchical cluster analyses have showcased distinct sample clustering based on analyte contents. This study presents a novel methodology for the analysis of markers of thermal treatment and oxidative stability in infant formula. It contributes to the characterization of the products' composition and quality control of infant formulae, thereby enhancing their safety and nutritional adequacy. This study also presents the first reported quantification of acrolein in infant formula and introduces the application of the acrolein-o-phenylenediamine derivative for food analysis.


Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Fenilendiaminas , Piruvaldehído , Lactante , Humanos , Piruvaldehído/análisis , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Acroleína/análisis , Diacetil , Glioxal/análisis , Malondialdehído , Estrés Oxidativo
SELECCIÓN DE REFERENCIAS
DETALLE DE LA BÚSQUEDA
...