Mulher e esporte: o preconceito com as atletas de Rugby da cidade de Maringá-PR / Women and sport: the prejudice against Rugby athletes in the city of Maringa ­ PR / Mujeres y deporte: el prejuicio con las atletas de Rugby de la ciudad de Maringá-PR

Este trabalho relata os resultados de uma pesquisa, que investigou a relação entre preconceito e um grupo de mulheres que jogam Rugby na cidade de Maringá, no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, questionamos quinze atletas por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, baseada em sete perguntas. Os resultados apontam para o fato de que essas sofrem preconceito, embora afirmem que não se incomodem e/ou perturbem com isso. Os comentários direcionados a elas são de que este é um esporte de/para homens. Concluímos também que o preconceito é oriundo principalmente de suas famílias, e as participantes sustentam que ele ocorre em resultado da falta de conhecimento adequado da modalidade esportiva.

This paper reports the results of a study that investigated whether a group of women playing Rugby in Maringa, Parana, Brazil. To collect data, fifteen athletes were questioned through a semi-structured interview based on seven questions. The results pointed to the fact that they suffer prejudice, although they asseverate not to bother with that. Most comments directed to them are that this is a sport for men. It was concluded that prejudice is mainly derived from their own families and the participants maintain that it occurs as a result of lack of proper knowledge of this sport.

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio que investigó si un grupo de mujeres que juegan al Rugby en Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Para recoger los datos, cuestionamos quince atletas a través de entrevista semiestructurada basada en siete preguntas. Los resultados apuntan al hecho de que sufren prejuicios, aunque no se molesten o perturben con eso. Comentarios direccionados a ellas son que este es un deporte de/para los hombres. También se concluye que el prejuicio se deriva principalmente de sus familias, y las participantes sostienen que se produce como resultado de la falta de conocimiento adecuado sobre este deporte.

Ethical implications of an incidentally discovered asymptomatic Chiari malformation in a competitive athlete.

The clinical and ethical implications of an asymptomatic 17-year-old competitive football player incidentally found to have a type 1 Chiari malformation without a syrinx on brain imaging are discussed. Considering that patients with Chiari malformations can sustain irreversible neurologic injury or death after a mild head injury, and given the lack of data describing the risk of catastrophic injury after head trauma, the ethics of clearing this athlete to return to play are reviewed.

Reporting doping in sport: national level athletes' perceptions of their role in doping prevention.

This paper qualitatively explores national level athletes' willingness to report doping in sport. Following ethical approval, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine national level athletes from rugby league (n = 5) and track and field athletics (n = 4). Thematic analysis established the main themes within the data. Contextual differences existed around the role that athletes perceived they would play if they became aware of doping. Specifically, track and field athletes would adopt the role of a whistle-blower and report individuals who were doping in their sport. In comparison, the rugby league players highlighted a moral dilemma. Despite disagreeing with their teammates' actions, the players would adhere to a code of silence and refrain from reporting doping. Taking these findings into account, prevention programs might focus on changing broader group and community norms around doping. In doing so, community members' receptivity to prevention messages may increase. Moreover, developing skills to intervene (e.g., speaking out against social norms that support doping behavior) or increasing awareness of reporting lines could enhance community responsibility for doping prevention. In sum, the findings highlight the need to consider the context of sport and emphasize that a one-size-fits-all approach to anti-doping is problematic.

Sports medicine and ethics.

Physicians working in the world of competitive sports face unique ethical challenges, many of which center around conflicts of interest. Team-employed physicians have obligations to act in the club's best interest while caring for the individual athlete. As such, they must balance issues like protecting versus sharing health information, as well as issues regarding autonomous informed consent versus paternalistic decision making in determining whether an athlete may compete safely. Moreover, the physician has to deal with an athlete's decisions about performance enhancement and return to play, pursuit of which may not be in the athlete's long-term best interests but may benefit the athlete and team in the short term. These difficult tasks are complicated by the lack of evidence-based standards in a field influenced by the lure of financial gains for multiple parties involved. In this article, we review ethical issues in sports medicine with specific attention paid to American professional football.

The moral disengagement in sport scale--short.

A scale has recently been developed to measure moral disengagement in sport (Boardley & Kavussanu, 2007). It consists of 32 items that measure the eight mechanisms of moral disengagement proposed by Bandura (1991). In the present study, we aimed to: (a) examine whether a subset of these items could form a short version of the scale; (b) provide evidence for the construct validity of the short version; and (c) test its measurement invariance across sex and sport type. A total of 992 football, rugby, hockey, basketball, and netball players from three different samples completed the long version of the scale. Data analyses indicated that the short version of the scale consisted of eight items and had high internal consistency. Construct validity of the scale was evidenced via correlations with sport moral disengagement and prosocial and antisocial behaviour. Multisample confirmatory factor analyses established measurement invariance across sex and partial measurement invariance across four team sports. In conclusion, the short version of the scale is a reliable and valid measure of moral disengagement in sport.