Expressão de DMP-1, DSPP, VEGF e FGF2 em células derivadas da polpa de dentes decíduos após o uso do laser de baixa intensidade / FGF2, VEGF, DSPP, and DMP-1 expression in cells of the pulp deciduous teeth with a low intensity laser

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes densidades de energia do Laser de Baixa Intensidade na viabilidade e proliferação celular de fibroblastos derivados da polpa de dentes decíduos humanos e na expressão de RNAm para DMP- 1, DSPP, VEGF e FGF-2. Amostras de fibroblastos pulpares da polpa de dentes decíduos humanos foram obtidas de um Biorrepositório. Foram utilizadas células entre a 4ª e a 7ª passagem, irradiadas com Laser de Baixa Intensidade (InGaAlP) de acordo com os seguintes grupos experimentais: Grupo 1: 1,2 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 10s; Grupo 2: 2,5 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 20s; Grupo 3: 3,7 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 30s; Grupo 4: 5,0 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 40s; Grupo 5: 6,2 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 50s; Grupo 6: 2,5 J/cm2 - 10 mW - 10s; Grupo 7: 3,7 J/cm2 - 15 mW - 10s; Grupo 8: 5,0 J/cm2 - 20 mW - 10s; Grupo 9: 6,2 J/cm2 - 25 mW - 10s; Controle Negativo: DMEM 1% SFB ­ não irradiado; Controle Positivo: DMEM 10% SFB ­ não irradiado. As técnicas utilizadas para as análises de viabilidade e proliferação celular foram MTT e CV. A técnica utilizada para avaliação da expressão de RNAm para os alvos DMP-1, DSPP, VEGF e FGF-2 foi RT-PCR. Os resultados foram analisados pelo método ANOVA a dois critérios, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Para o teste MTT, na comparação intragrupos observou-se que houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os períodos 6h, 12h e 24h, diminuindo a viabilidade com o passar do tempo, exceto para o Grupo 1. Na comparação intergrupos, o MTT mostrou menor viabilidade para o controle negativo em comparação com os outros grupos (p<0,05), exceto com grupo 5 (5mW/50 seg). Observou-se que os grupos com maiores potências (10mW, 15mW, 20mW e 25mW), menores tempos de aplicação (10 segundos) e densidades de energia entre 2,5 J/cm2 e 6,2 J/cm2, apresentaram estatisticamente maior viabilidade que o grupo com menor potência (5mW), maior tempo de aplicação (50 segundos) e densidade de energia de 6,2 J/cm2. Para o teste CV não houve diferença intragrupos, mas houve diferença intergrupos entre os controles positivo e negativo. Para a expressão de RNAm por RTPCR, os fatores de crescimento VEGF e FGF-2 foram expressos em grande quantidade no primeiro período experimental, enquanto que DMP-1 e DSPP não foram expressos de maneira significativa. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, frente as diferentes densidades de energia, sugere-se que a terapia a laser de baixa intensidade manteve os fibroblastos viáveis e aumentou a expressão de RNAm para VEGF e FGF-2.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different energy densities of Low Level Laser (LLL) on cell viability and proliferation of fibroblasts from the pulp of human primary teeth (DHPF) and on the RNAm expression of DMP-1, DSPP, VEGF and FGF-2. DHPF were obtained from a biorepository and used at passages 4th to 7th. The cells were irradiated with LLL (InGaAlP) according to the following experimental groups: Group 1: 1.2 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 10s; Group 2: 2.5 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 20s; Group 3: 3.7 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 30s; Group 4: 5.0 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 40s; Group 5: 6.2 J/cm2 - 05 mW - 50s; Group 6: 2.5 J/cm2 - 10 mW - 10s; Group 7: 3,7 J/cm2 - 15 mW - 10s; Group 8: 5.0 J/cm2 - 20 mW - 10s; Group 9: 6.2 J/cm2 - 25 mW - 10s; Negative Control: DMEM 1% SFB ­ not irradiated; Positive Control: DMEM 10% SFB ­ not irradiated. The techniques used to evaluate the cell viability/proliferation were MTT and Crystal Violet (CV) assays. RT-PCR was used to verify the RNAm expression of DMP-1, DSPP, VEGF, and FGF-2. Two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey test (p<0.05) was used to analyze the results. In the intragroup comparison, MTT assay revealed statistically significant differences among the periods of 6h, 12h, and 24h, with viability reduction as time went by, except for Group 1. In the intergroup comparison, the MTT assay showed that the negative control had statistically lower viability than that of the other groups (p<0.05), except for Group 5 (5mW/50 s). The groups with higher powers (10mW, 15mW, 20mW, and 25mW), shortest application periods (10 s), and energy densities between 2.5 J/cm2 and 6.2 J/cm2 exhibited statistically higher viability than that of the group with small power (5mW), longer application period (50 s), and energy density of 6.2 J/cm2 . CV assay did not show intergroup statistically differences. In the intragroup comparison, CV assay revealed statistically significant differences between positive and negative controls (p<0.05). RT-PCR revealed increased RNAm expression of the growth factors VEGF and FGF-2 at the first experimental period, while DMP-1 and DSPP was not significant. Based on the results and different energy densities used, LLL maintained DHPF viability and increased the RNAm expression of VEGF and FGF-2.(AU)

Acoustic droplet-hydrogel composites for spatial and temporal control of growth factor delivery and scaffold stiffness.

Wound healing is regulated by temporally and spatially restricted patterns of growth factor signaling, but there are few delivery vehicles capable of the "on-demand" release necessary for recapitulating these patterns. Recently we described a perfluorocarbon double emulsion that selectively releases a protein payload upon exposure to ultrasound through a process known as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). In this study, we describe a delivery system composed of fibrin hydrogels doped with growth factor-loaded double emulsion for applications in tissue regeneration. Release of immunoreactive basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from the composites increased up to 5-fold following ADV and delayed release was achieved by delaying exposure to ultrasound. Releasates of ultrasound-treated materials significantly increased the proliferation of endothelial cells compared to sham controls, indicating that the released bFGF was bioactive. ADV also triggered changes in the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the fibrin as bubble formation and consolidation of the fibrin in ultrasound-treated composites were accompanied by up to a 22-fold increase in shear stiffness. ADV did not reduce the viability of cells suspended in composite scaffolds. These results demonstrate that an acoustic droplet-hydrogel composite could have broad utility in promoting wound healing through on-demand control of growth factor release and/or scaffold architecture.

Low-level laser irradiation affects the release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and receptor of IGF-I (IGFBP3) from osteoblasts.

OBJECTIVE: It was the aim of the present study to evaluate whether the laser irradiation of osteoblasts could enhance the release of growth factors including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and receptor of IGF-I (IGFBP3). BACKGROUND DATA: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been shown to have biostimulatory effects on various cell types by enhancing production of some cytokines and growth factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded in osteogenic medium and differentiated into osteoblasts. Three groups were formed: in the first group (single dose group), osteoblasts were irradiated with laser (685 nm, 25 mW, 14.3 mW/cm(2), 140 sec, 2 J/cm(2)) for one time; and in the second group, energy at the same dose was applied for 2 consecutive days (double dose group). The third group was not irradiated with laser and served as the control group. Proliferation, viability, bFGF, IGF-I, and IGFBP3 levels were compared between groups. RESULTS: Both of the irradiated groups revealed higher proliferation, viability, bFGF, IGF-I, and IGFBP3 expressions than did the nonirradiated control group. There was increase in bFGF and IGF-I expressions and decrease in IGFBP3 in the double dose group compared to single dose group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that LLLT increases the proliferation of osteoblast cells and stimulates the release of bFGF, IGF-I, and IGFBP3 from these cells. The biostimulatory effect of LLLT may be related to the enhanced production of the growth factors.

Expression of bone morphogenetic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor in irradiated mandibles during distraction osteogenesis.

PURPOSE: The present study evaluated the expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-2, -4, -7, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in irradiated mandibles during distraction osteogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 rabbits were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. Each rabbit in the experimental group underwent preoperative radiation to 9 Gy in 5 fractions. After 1 month, all rabbits underwent osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis with 7 days of latency. Three rabbits in the control and experimental groups were killed at day 7 (end of the latency period), day 12 (middle of active distraction), day 18 (end of active distraction), and day 25 (1 week after consolidation). The specimens were used for immunohistochemical staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS: Histologically, at day 25, cortical bone formation was much better in the control group than in the radiotherapy group. In the radiotherapy group, the bone spicules were aligned in the direction of tension stress. At day 12, the expression of BMP-2, -4, and -7 was elevated in the radiotherapy group compared with the control group. At day 25, the expression of BMP-2 was significantly greater in the radiotherapy group. At day 7, the expression of bFGF was significantly suppressed in the radiotherapy group. At day 12, the expression of bFGF and VEGF was significantly elevated in the radiotherapy group compared with the control group. At day 25, the expression of VEGF was significantly greater in the radiotherapy group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study have shown that radiotherapy changes the expression pattern of BMPs, VEGF, and bFGF.

Transcriptional regulation of bone sialoprotein gene by CO(2) laser irradiation.

Bone sialoprotein (BSP), an early marker of osteoblast differentiation, has been implicated in the nucleation of hydroxyapatite during de novo bone formation. Low-power laser irradiation has a stimulating effect on cells and tissues. Although the carbon dioxide (CO(2)) laser is a hard surgical laser, we have attempted to use it at low energy density to achieve biological alterations. To investigate the effects of CO(2) laser irradiation on BSP gene transcription, we used rat osteoblast-like ROS17/2.8 cells. BSP mRNA levels were increased at 12 h after irradiation with the CO(2) laser (2 W, 20 s). Transient transfection assays using various sizes of the rat BSP gene promoter linked to the luciferase reporter gene showed that CO(2) laser irradiation induced luciferase activity of a -116 to +60 BSP promoter construct (pLUC3) at 12 h in the cells. Transcriptional stimulation by CO(2) laser irradiation was abrogated in the pLUC3 construct containing a 2-bp mutation in the fibroblast growth factor 2 response element (FRE). Gel shift analyses showed that CO(2) laser irradiation increased the binding of nuclear protein to FRE. These studies demonstrate that CO(2) laser irradiation increases BSP transcription via FRE in the rat BSP gene promoter.

Change in fibroblast growth factor 2 expression as an early phase radiotherapy-responsive marker in sequential biopsy samples from patients with cervical cancer during fractionated radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The authors previously demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression levels in tumor cells (FGF2-T) may be an indicator of the efficacy of radiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer (CC). In the current study, this finding was extended in newly enrolled patients and was investigated further in stromal FGF2 (FGF2-S) expression. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with CC were recruited as a validation set for the immunohistochemical detection of FGF2-T from biopsy samples that were taken before (pretreatment) or 1 week after the initiation of radiotherapy (midtreatment). The authors also investigated the expression of FGF2 in tumor FGF2-S and investigated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) (also called platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) in these patients and in an additional 35 patients from a previous study. RESULTS: FGF2 expression was detected in tumor cells from all patients and in stromal cells from 87% of patients. FGF2-T was significantly higher in midtreatment samples (P=.0002), and a high ratio of midtreatment/pretreatment FGF2-T was related significantly to a better prognosis (P=.025). Increased VEGF expression after the initiation of radiotherapy was related significantly to positive FGF2-S in pretreatment samples (P=.035); however, it was not related to prognosis or microvessel density detected by CD31 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Radiation causes a response in tumor cells and adjacent normal cells and changes the extracellular matrix environment. In this study, the authors confirmed their previous findings and demonstrated that changes in FGF2-T expression may be used as a marker to monitor the effectiveness of radiotherapy in patients with CC. These findings should improve patient selection for molecular targeted therapies, such as cytokine inhibitors, after standard-of-care treatment.

Impact of vascular endothelial growth factor release on radiation resistance.

There is increasing evidence of an angiogenic response of irradiated tumors resulting in decreased radiation sensitivity. However, little is known about the contribution of tumor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-release induced by irradiation to the individual level of resistance. In this in vitro study, we analysed the VEGF- and bFGF-release of six epithelial tumor cell lines before and after irradiation and correlated these data to the corresponding irradiation resistance. Two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), two renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and two ovarian cancer (OC) cell lines were each exposed to 2 or 6 Gy single dose using a 137Cs-source. Non-irradiated controls were processed in parallel. Survival rates were assessed by colony assays as a measure of resistance. The released VEGF and bFGF was quantified by ELISA assays. Additionally, the expression of VEGF and its respective receptors (FLK, FLT, and NRP1) was visualized by immunohistochemistry. VEGF-release was significantly increased (p<0.05) in all cell lines after irradiation. Release was most prominent in the RCC cell lines, less in the HNSCC cell lines and lowest in the OC cell lines. Radiation resistance correlated to the absolute level of released VEGF after irradiation as well as to its relative increase (r>0.9, p<0.01). bFGF levels were not correlated to resistance. VEGF and all three VEGF-receptors were detected in all cell lines analyzed supporting the concept of an autocrine protective mechanism. We suggest that tumor cell survival after irradiation may be enhanced by released VEGF and that the level of released VEGF directly corresponds to the resistance of the tumor to irradiation.

Differential expression of melanoma-associated growth factors in keratinocytes and fibroblasts by ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

BACKGROUND: Besides the direct DNA-damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on cells, indirect effects on the microenvironment of the skin may facilitate melanoma development. A stimulation of growth factor production by cells in the immediate environment of melanocytes may lead to a paracrine activation and proliferation of melanocytes that in turn become more susceptible to transformation. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether the expression of growth factors for melanocytes can be modulated in keratinocytes and fibroblasts by UVA or UVB. METHODS: After irradiation with different doses of UVA or UVB, protein expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), endothelin (ET)-1, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, stem cell factor (SCF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was analysed by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expression of bFGF and ET-1 was analysed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: In keratinocytes, UVB and UVA increased bFGF protein levels up to 2.6-fold. This increase was paralleled by elevated mRNA levels. UVB also induced ET-1 protein up to 1.8-fold, while UVA led to an 80% decrease. Secreted TGF-beta1 and PDGF-AA were downregulated by UVA by less than 50%, while there was no significant alteration by UVB. Secreted SCF was not changed significantly by UVA or UVB. In fibroblasts, bFGF protein levels were increased 11-64-fold by UVA and 34-61-fold by UVB. This was paralleled by elevated mRNA levels for bFGF up to 2.7-fold. HGF protein was stimulated by UVA up to 2.8-fold and by UVB up to 6.7-fold, while TGF-beta1 protein was increased up to 2.7-fold by UVB and 1.7-fold by UVA. CONCLUSIONS: UVA and UVB can stimulate and inhibit the production of growth factors for melanocytes in keratinocytes and fibroblasts dependent on the cell type and wavelength. We show for the first time that UVA and UVB can activate bFGF, HGF and TGF-beta1 in fibroblasts, while bFGF was the most inducible factor both in fibroblasts and in keratinocytes. The induction of bFGF and HGF in fibroblasts by UVA suggests that stroma cells in the dermis may be involved in the UV activation of melanocytes via paracrine ways and thus promote melanoma development.

Effect of beta radiation on TGF-beta1 and bFGF expression in hyperplastic prostatic tissues.

AIM: To investigate the transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expressions in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the effect of beta-radiation. METHODS: TGF-beta1 and bFGF expression was studied by means of an immunohistochemical method in nine normal prostatic (NP) tissues, 15 hyperplastic prostatic tissues and 35 hyperplastic prostatic tissues treated with 90Sr/90Y. RESULTS: The TGF-beta1 expression in the epithelium and stroma of normal prostatic tissues was 68.2 % +/- 10.5 % and 29.7 % +/- 4.6 %, respectively, while it was 64.8 % +/- 9.3 % and 28.6 % +/- 4.1 %, respectively, in hyperplastic prostatic tissues. Compared with the controls, TGF-beta1 expression in the epithelia and stroma of BPH treated with 90Sr/90Y increased significantly (P <0.01). The bFGF expression in epithelia and stroma of normal prostatic tissues was 17.4 % +/- 3.7 % and 42.5 % +/- 6.8 %, respectively, and was 46.3 % +/- 8.2 % and 73.2 % +/- 12.1 %, respectively, in hyperplastic prostatic tissues. Compared with the controls, expressions of bFGF in the epithelia and stroma of BPH treated with a 90Sr/90Y prostatic hyperplasia applicator decreased significantly (P <0.01). CONCLUSION: Exposure of beta-rays had noticeable effects on BPH tissues, enhancing TGF-beta1 expression and inhibiting bFGF expression.

[A study on expression of basic fibroblast growth factors in periodontal tissue following orthodontic tooth movement associated with low power laser irradiation].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low power laser on basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF) expression in periodontal tissue during tooth movement. METHODS: 18 white rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 rabbits in each group, including groups of 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days. Under an anesthesia condition by 2% pentobarbital sodium, the stainless coil springs were fixed between the first maxillary molar and the incisor producing the force of 80 g. The right side of maxilla was considered as the experimental group under the irradiation of low power laser with the left side as the control groups. The expression of bFGF was investigated half-quantitatively through immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: The expression of bFGF in periodontal tissue with irradiation of low power laser was higher than the control side. There were significant differences among the 5, 7, and 14 day groups. In the tension area of the experimental side, the expression of bFGF in the osteoblastic surface of alveolar bone was characteristically greater than that of the control side. CONCLUSION: The laser of low power promotes the expression of bFGF in the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone remodeling.

Photoreactivation of ultraviolet radiation-induced basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the role of bFGF in corneal lesion formation in Monodelphis domestica.

Chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure to the eyes of Monodelphis domestica causes corneal opacification, neovascularization, and fibrosarcoma induction. By immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, we have shown that one to four exposures of the eyes of this opossum to UVR enhances basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression by the corneal epithelium. Treatment with photoreactivating light, which selectively removes UVR-induced pyrimidine dimers, suppresses bFGF induction, indicating that UVR induction of bFGF is ultimately due to DNA damage. Furthermore, UVR-induced corneal tumors derived from corneal keratocytes express bFGF mRNA and protein, as determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Taken together, these findings suggest that bFGF acts in both an autocrine and a paracrine manner to stimulate corneal fibroplasia, neovascularization, and tumor development.

The effect of superpulsed carbon dioxide laser energy on keloid and normal dermal fibroblast secretion of growth factors: a serum-free study.

An in vitro model was used to determine the effect of superpulsed CO2 laser energy on normal dermal and keloid-producing fibroblast proliferation and release of growth factors. Growth factors assayed included basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1). bFGF is mitogenic, inhibits collagen production, and stabilizes cellular phenotype. TGF-beta1 stimulates growth and collagen secretion and is thought to be integral to keloid formation. Growth in a serum-free medium allowed measurement of these growth factors without confounding variables. Keloid and normal dermal fibroblasts cell lines were established from facial skin samples using standard explant techniques. Samples consisted of three separate keloid and three separate normal dermal fibroblast cell lines. Cells were used at passage 4 to seed 24-well trays at a concentration of 6 x 10(4) cells per milliliter in serum-free medium. At 48 hours, 18.8 percent of each cell well was exposed to a fluence of 2.4, 4.7, and 7.3 J/cm2 using the superpulsed CO2 laser. Cell viability and counts were established at four time points: 0 (time of superpulsed CO2 laser treatment), 24, 72, and 120 hours. Supernatants were collected and assessed for bFGF and TGF-beta1 using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. All cell lines demonstrated logarithmic growth through 120 hours (conclusion of experiment), with a statistically significant shorter population doubling time for keloid fibroblasts (p < 0.05). Use of the superpulsed CO2 laser shortened population doubling times relative to that of controls; the differences were statistically significant in keloid dermal fibroblasts when fluences of 2.4 and 4.7 J/cm2 were used (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). bFGF was present in greater levels in normal dermal fibroblasts than in keloid dermal fibroblasts. Application of superpulsed CO2 demonstrated a trend toward increased bFGF secretion in both fibroblast types; the increase was significant in the keloid group at 4.7J/cm2. A consistent trend in suppression of TGF-beta1 was seen in both groups exposed to superpulsed CO2, with the maximal effect occurring at 4.7 J/cm2. Serum-free culture sustains logarithmic cell growth and allows growth factor measurement without confounding variables from serum-containing media. Superpulsed CO2 enhances fibroblast replication and seems to stimulate bFGF secretion and to inhibit TGF-beta1 secretion. Given the function of these growth factors, the application of superpulsed CO2 may support normalized wound healing. These findings may explain the beneficial effects of laser resurfacing on a cellular level and support the use of superpulsed CO2 in the management of keloid scar tissue.

Mass spectral characterization of a protein-nucleic acid photocrosslink.

A photocrosslink between basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF155) and a high affinity ssDNA oligonucleotide was characterized by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). The DNA was a 61-mer oligonucleotide photoaptamer bearing seven bromodeoxyuridines, identified by in vitro selection. Specific photocrosslinking of the protein to the oligonucleotide was achieved by 308 nm XeCl excimer laser excitation. The cross-linked protein nucleic acid complex was proteolyzed with trypsin. The resulting peptide crosslink was purified by PAGE, eluted, and digested by snake venom phosphodiesterase/alkaline phosphatase. Comparison of the oligonucleotide vs. the degraded peptide crosslink by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer showed a single ion unique to the crosslinked material. Sequencing by collision induced dissociation (MS/MS) on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer revealed that this ion was the nonapeptide TGQYKLGSK (residues 130-138) crosslinked to a dinucleotide at Tyr133. The MS/MS spectrum indicated sequential fragmentation of the oligonucleotide to uracil covalently attached to the nonapeptide followed by fragmentation of the peptide bonds. Tyr133 is located within the heparin binding pocket, suggesting that the in vitro selection targeted this negative ion binding region of bFGF155.