IRF11 synergizes with STAT1 and STAT2 to promote type I IFN production.

Interferon regulatory factor 11 (IRF11), a fish specific member of IRF family, is a transcription factor known for its positive role in teleost antiviral defense by regulating IFN expression. Despite its recognized function, the precise mechanism of IRF11 in type I IFNs production remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified IRF11 in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, (AjIRF11) and determined its involvement in the later phase of fish IFN production. Our results demonstrate that IRF11-induced IFN production operates through ISRE binding. Mutations in each ISRE site within the promoter of AjIFN2 or AjIFN4 abolished IRF11-mediated activation of IFN promoters. In addition, the overexpression of AjIRF11 does not significantly impact the activation of AjIFN promoters induced by RLR-related signaling pathway proteins. Furthermore, IRF11-knockdown in ZFLs (zebrafish liver cells) has no effect on the RLRs-induced expression of zebrafish IFN-φ1 and IFN-φ3, indicating that IRF11 is not involved in the RLR-mediated IFN production. However, AjIRF11 can form transcription complexes with AjSTAT1 or AjSTAT2, or form homo- or heterodimers with AjIRF1 to stimulate the transcription of type I IFNs. Overall, it is shown in this study that IRF11 can act synergistically with STAT1 and/or STAT2 for the induction of IFN.

CD11c+ and IRF8+ cell densities in rectal cancer biopsies predict outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Approximately 20% of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients treated preoperatively with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) achieve pathologically confirmed complete regression. However, there are no clinically implemented biomarkers measurable in biopsies that are predictive of tumor regression. Here, we conducted multiplexed immunophenotyping of rectal cancer diagnostic biopsies from 16 LARC patients treated preoperatively with CRT. We identified that patients with greater tumor regression had higher tumor infiltration of pan-T cells and IRF8+HLA-DR+ cells prior to CRT. High IRF8+HLA-DR+ cell density was further associated with prolonged disease-specific survival with 83% survival at 5 y compared to 28% in patients with low infiltration. Contrastingly, low CD11c+ myeloid cell infiltration prior to CRT was a putative biomarker associated with longer 3- and 5-y disease-free survival. The results demonstrate the potential use of rectal cancer diagnostic biopsies to measure IRF8+ HLA-DR+ cells as predictors of CRT-induced tumor regression and CD11c+ myeloid cells as predictors of LARC patient survival.

GBP2 acts as a member of the interferon signalling pathway in lupus nephritis.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and serious clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the pathogenesis of LN is not fully understood. The currently available treatments do not cure the disease and appear to have a variety of side effects in the long term. The purpose of this study was to search for key molecules involved in the LN immune response through bioinformatics techniques to provide a reference for LN-specific targeted therapy. The GSE112943 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and 20 of the samples were selected for analysis. In total, 2330 differentially expressed genes were screened. These genes were intersected with a list of immune genes obtained from the IMMPORT immune database to obtain 128 differentially expressed immune-related genes. Enrichment analysis showed that most of these genes were enriched in the interferon signalling pathway. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the sample was significantly enriched for expression of the interferon signalling pathway. Further analysis of the core gene cluster showed that nine genes, GBP2, VCAM1, ADAR, IFITM1, BST2, MX2, IRF5, OAS1 and TRIM22, were involved in the interferon signalling pathway. According to our analysis, the guanylate binding protein 2 (GBP2), interferon regulatory factor 5 and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) genes are involved in three interferon signalling pathways. At present, we do not know whether GBP2 is associated with LN. Therefore, this study focused on the relationship between GBP2 and LN pathogenesis. We speculate that GBP2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of LN as a member of the interferon signalling pathway. Further immunohistochemical results showed that the expression of GBP2 was increased in the renal tissues of LN patients compared with the control group, confirming this conjecture. In conclusion, GBP2 is a member of the interferon signalling pathway that may have implications for the pathogenesis of LN and serves as a potential biomarker for LN.

microRNA-144/451 decreases dendritic cell bioactivity via targeting interferon-regulatory factor 5 to limit DSS-induced colitis.

The microRNAs miR-144/451 are highly conserved miRNA that is strongly induced during erythropoiesis. Despite the biological functions of miR-144/451 have been extensively studied in erythropoiesis and tumorigenesis, few studies have been conducted in immune responses. In this study, we showed that miR-144/451-/- DCs exhibit increased activation. Mechanistically, the miR-144 directly targets the 3`-UTR of IRF5 and represses the expression of IRF5 in DCs. Ectopic expression of miR-144/451 by lentiviruses downregulates the levels of IRF5 and suppresses DCs function. In addition, knockdown of IRF5 by shRNA significantly inhibits activities of the miR-144/451-/- DCs. Expression of miR144/451 was decreased in DCs from both patients with IBD and mice with DSS-colitis compared with controls. Human PBMC derived DCs were downregulated expression of miR144/451 after LPS stimulation. In the DSS-induced colitis mice model, we showed that ablation of the miR-144/451 gene causes severe colitis, and their DCs from both periphery and MLN expressed higher co-stimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines than wild-type mice. In addition, DCs isolated from miR-144/451-/- mice transfusion exacerbates mice colitis. In the bone marrow transplanted chimeric mice model, we show that miR-144/451-/- bone marrow transplantation deteriorated DSS-induced colitis. At last, we treat the mice with miR-144/451 delivered by chitosan nanoparticles revealing protective effects in DSS-induced colitis mice. Thus, our results reveal a novel miR144/451-IRF5 pathway in DCs that protects experimental colitis. The manipulation of miR-144/451 expression and DCs activation in IBD patients may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

CXCL4 synergizes with TLR8 for TBK1-IRF5 activation, epigenomic remodeling and inflammatory response in human monocytes.

Regulation of endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses by the chemokine CXCL4 is implicated in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, with CXCL4 proposed to potentiate TLR responses by binding to nucleic acid TLR ligands and facilitating their endosomal delivery. Here we report that in human monocytes/macrophages, CXCL4 initiates signaling cascades and downstream epigenomic reprogramming that change the profile of the TLR8 response by selectively amplifying inflammatory gene transcription and interleukin (IL)-1ß production, while partially attenuating the interferon response. Mechanistically, costimulation by CXCL4 and TLR8 synergistically activates TBK1 and IKKε, repurposes these kinases towards an inflammatory response via coupling with IRF5, and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. CXCL4 signaling, in a cooperative and synergistic manner with TLR8, induces chromatin remodeling and activates de novo enhancers associated with inflammatory genes. Our findings thus identify new regulatory mechanisms of TLR responses relevant for cytokine storm, and suggest targeting the TBK1-IKKε-IRF5 axis may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases.

Host Cells Actively Resist Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection via the IRF8-MicroRNA-10a-SRP14 Regulatory Pathway.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the virus-host interaction. Our previous work has indicated that the expression level of miR-10a increased in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection and further inhibited viral replication through downregulates the expression of host molecule signal-recognition particle 14 (SRP14) protein. However, the molecular mechanism of miR-10a increased after PRRSV infection remains unknown. In the present study, transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) was identified as a negative regulator of miR-10a. PRRSV infection decreases the expression level of IRF8 in PAMs, leading to upregulating miR-10a expression to play an anti-PRRSV role. Meanwhile, this work first proved that IRF8 promoted PRRSV replication in an miR-10a-dependent manner. Further, we explained that SRP14, the target gene of miR-10a, promotes the synthesis of the PRRSV genome by interacting with the viral components Nsp2, thus facilitating PRRSV replication. In conclusion, we identified a novel IRF8-miR-10a-SRP14 regulatory pathway against PRRSV infection, which provides new insights into virus-host interactions and suggests potential new antiviral strategies to control PRRSV. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has rapidly spread to the global pig industry and caused incalculable economic damage since first discovered in the 1980s. However, conventional vaccines do not provide satisfactory protection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of host resistance to PRRSV infection is necessary to develop safe and effective strategies to control PRRSV. During viral infection, miRNAs play vital roles in regulating the expression of viral or host genes at the posttranscriptional level. The significance of our study is that we revealed the transcriptional regulation mechanism of the antiviral molecule miR-10a after PRRSV infection. Moreover, our research also explained the mechanism of host molecule SRP14, the target gene of miR-10a regulating PRRSV replication. Thus, we report a novel regulatory pathway of IRF8-miR-10a-SRP14 against PRRSV infection, which provides new insights into virus-host interactions and suggests potential new control measures for future PRRSV outbreaks.

Batf-mediated epigenetic control of effector CD8+ T cell differentiation.

The response of naive CD8+ T cells to their cognate antigen involves rapid and broad changes to gene expression that are coupled with extensive chromatin remodeling, but the mechanisms governing these changes are not fully understood. Here, we investigated how these changes depend on the basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor Batf, which is essential for the early phases of the process. Through genome scale profiling, we characterized the role of Batf in chromatin organization at several levels, including the accessibility of key regulatory regions, the expression of their nearby genes, and the interactions that these regions form with each other and with key transcription factors. We identified a core network of transcription factors that cooperated with Batf, including Irf4, Runx3, and T-bet, as indicated by their colocalization with Batf and their binding in regions whose accessibility, interactions, and expression of nearby genes depend on Batf. We demonstrated the synergistic activity of this network by overexpressing the different combinations of these genes in fibroblasts. Batf and Irf4, but not Batf alone, were sufficient to increase accessibility and transcription of key loci, normally associated with T cell function. Addition of Runx3 and T-bet further contributed to fine-tuning of these changes and was essential for establishing chromatin loops characteristic of T cells. These data provide a resource for studying the epigenomic and transcriptomic landscape of effector differentiation of cytotoxic T cells and for investigating the interdependency between transcription factors and its effects on the epigenome and transcriptome of primary cells.

Estrogen enhanced the expression of IL-17 by tissue-resident memory γδT cells from uterus via interferon regulatory factor 4.

Tissue-resident memory γδT cells at mucosal and epithelial sites play an important role for pathogen clearance, immunosurveillance, and participating in physiological processes. Different from other barrier sites, the immune cells in uterus face the protection against infections and tolerate an allogeneic fetus during a successful pregnancy. In the previous study, we found that tissue-resident memory γδT cells were enriched both in human and murine uterus and highly expressed IL-17 that promoted the invasion of trophocytes in vitro. In the current study, we found that γδT cells in uterus but not in blood or spleens expressed higher levels of estrogen receptors. The injection of estrogen into mice increased the proportion of γδT cells in uterus but not in spleens in vivo via CXCR3-CXCL10 chemokine axis. In addition, we found that estrogen enhanced the production of IL-17 but not IFN-γ in vivo and in vitro via interferon regulatory factor 4 but not RORγt and pSTAT3 at mRNA and protein levels. The analysis of cell transcriptome sequence further identified multiple differentially expressed genes between estrogen and control γδT cells. Our study demonstrated that estrogen directly act on γδT cells in uterus to enhance the production of IL-17 that might promote the invasion of trophocytes. Furthermore, our study might provide a new idea that estrogen increased the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in women by enhancing γδT cell-derived IL-17 production in uterus and uncover the critical pathological roles for estrogen in the development of autoimmune diseases.

Altered increase in STAT1 expression and phosphorylation in severe COVID-19.

The interferon pathway, a key antiviral defense mechanism, is being considered as a therapeutic target in COVID-19. Both, substitution of interferon and JAK/STAT inhibition to limit cytokine storms have been proposed. However, little is known about possible abnormalities in STAT signaling in immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We investigated downstream targets of interferon signaling, including STAT1, STAT2, pSTAT1 and 2, and IRF1, 7 and 9 by flow cytometry in 30 patients with COVID-19, 17 with mild, and 13 with severe infection. We report upregulation of STAT1 and IRF9 in mild and severe COVID-19 cases, which correlated with the IFN-signature assessed by Siglec-1 (CD169) expression on peripheral monocytes. Interestingly, Siglec-1 and STAT1 in CD14+ monocytes and plasmablasts showed lower expression among severe cases compared to mild cases. Contrary to the baseline STAT1 expression, the phosphorylation of STAT1 was enhanced in severe COVID-19 cases, indicating a dysbalanced JAK/STAT signaling that fails to induce transcription of interferon stimulated response elements (ISRE). This abnormality persisted after IFN-α and IFN-γ stimulation of PBMCs from patients with severe COVID-19. Data suggest impaired STAT1 transcriptional upregulation among severely infected patients may represent a potential predictive biomarker and would allow stratification of patients for certain interferon-pathway targeted treatments.

MUM-1 immunohistochemistry has high accuracy and reliability in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis: a multi-centre comparative study with CD-138 immunostaining.

PURPOSE: The current gold standard for chronic endometritis (CE) diagnosis is immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD-138. However, IHC for CD-138 is not exempt from diagnostic limitations. The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of MUM-1 IHC, as compared with CD-138. METHODS: This is a multi-centre, retrospective, observational study, which included three tertiary hysteroscopic centres in university teaching hospitals. One hundred ninety-three consecutive women of reproductive age were referred to our hysteroscopy services due to infertility, recurrent miscarriage, abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial polyps or myomas. All women underwent hysteroscopy plus endometrial biopsy. Endometrial samples were analysed through histology, CD138 and MUM-1 IHC. The primary outcome was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MUM-1 IHC for CE, as compared with CD-138 IHC. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of CD-138 and MUM-1 IHC were respectively 89.13%, 79.59% versus 93.48% and 85.03%. The overall diagnostic accuracy of MUM-1 and CD-138 IHC were similar (AUC = 0.893 vs AUC = 0.844). The intercorrelation coefficient for single measurements was high between the two techniques (ICC = 0.831, 0.761-0.881 95%CI). However, among CE positive women, MUM-1 allowed the identification of higher number of plasma cells/hpf than CD-138 (6.50 [SD 4.80] vs 5.05 [SD 3.37]; p = 0.017). Additionally, MUM-1 showed a higher inter-observer agreement as compared to CD-138. CONCLUSION: IHC for MUM-1 and CD-138 showed a similar accuracy for detecting endometrial stromal plasma cells. Notably, MUM-1 showed higher reliability in the paired comparison of the individual samples than CD-138. Thus, MUM-1 may represent a novel, promising add-on technique for the diagnosis of CE.

Identification and antiviral effect of Cherry Valley duck IRF4.

Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a multifunctional transcription factor that plays an important regulatory role in the interferon (IFN) signaling. IRF4 participates in the process of antivirus, Th cell differentiation and B cell maturation by regulating the expression of IFN and some lymphokines. In this study, Cherry Valley duck IRF4 (duIRF4) was cloned and its cDNA was analyzed. Expression of duIRF4 in a wide variety of tissues and changes in duIRF4 expression due to viral infection also was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results show that duIRF4 contains 1,341 bp of ORF encoding a protein with 446 amino acids and contains 3 domains: DNA-binding domain (DBD), IRF-association domain (IAD) and nuclear localization signal (NLS). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that duIRF4 was evenly expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression in the spleen, followed by the bursa of Fabricius, and lower in the skin and brain. In addition, expression of duIRF4 in the brain and spleen was significantly upregulated after being infected by duck plague virus, duck Tembusu virus, and novel duck reovirus. These data suggest that duIRF4 may be involved in innate immune response.

Mutation in Irf8 Gene (Irf8R294C ) Impairs Type I IFN-Mediated Antiviral Immune Response by Murine pDCs.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the key producers of type I interferons (IFNs), thus playing a central role in initiating antiviral immune response. Besides robust type I IFN production, pDCs also act as antigen presenting cells post immunogenic stimulation. Transcription factor Irf8 is indispensable for the development of both pDC and cDC1 subset. However, the mechanism underlying the differential regulation by IRF8 in cDC1- and pDC-specific genomic architecture of developmental pathways still remains to be fully elucidated. Previous studies indicated that the Irf8R294C mutation specifically abrogates development of cDC1 without affecting that of pDC. In the present study using RNA-seq based approach, we have found that though the point mutation Irf8R294C did not affect pDC development, it led to defective type I IFN production, thus resulting in inefficient antiviral response. This observation unraveled the distinctive roles of IRF8 in these two subpopulations-regulating the development of cDC1 whereas modulating the functionality of pDCs without affecting development. We have reported here that Irf8R294C mutation also caused defect in production of ISGs as well as defective upregulation of costimulatory molecules in pDCs in response to NDV infection (or CpG stimulation). Through in vivo studies, we demonstrated that abrogation of type I IFN production was concomitant with reduced upregulation of costimulatory molecules in pDCs and increased NDV burden in IRF8R294C mice in comparison with wild type, indicating inefficient viral clearance. Further, we have also shown that Irf8R294C mutation abolished the activation of type I IFN promoter by IRF8, justifying the low level of type I IFN production. Taken together, our study signifies that the single point mutation in Irf8, Irf8R294C severely compromised type I IFN-mediated immune response by murine pDCs, thereby causing impairment in antiviral immunity.

Elevated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody titer in Japanese multiple sclerosis.

To investigate whether antibody production against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is related to clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, IgG antibody against three MAP peptides and two human peptides homologous to MAP were measured in sera from 103 MS patients and 50 healthy controls (HCs). MS patients had higher IgG levels against MAP2694295-303 (MAP2694-IgG) than HCs, while the other antibodies were comparable. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher MAP2694-IgG titers were associated with higher EDSS scores, but not with HLA alleles or dairy product consumption. Immune response against MAP may worsen MS disability.

Stimulator of interferon gene (STING) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) are crucial for shrimp antiviral defense against WSSV infection.

The cytosolic DNA-sensing immune response is essential for recognizing and establishing an effective host immune response to pathogens. However, the importance of the cytosolic signalling molecules responsible for facilitating an appropriate immune response following infection with a DNA virus in shrimps remains unknown. Here, we report the discovery of the Penaeus monodon stimulator of interferon gene (PmSTING) and interferon regulatory factor (PmIRF) genes and their important roles in the host defense against viral infection. High expression levels of PmSTING transcripts were detected in the midgut, hepatopancreas, and hindgut, with lower levels in foregut, while PmIRF was highly expressed in the hindgut, foregut, and hepatopancreas of P. monodon. The mRNA expression level of both PmSTING and PmIRF was up-regulated in the foregut in response to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV; dsDNA virus) infection. RNA-interference-mediated gene silencing of PmSTING and PmIRF rendered shrimps to be more susceptible to WSSV infection; suppression of PmIRF decreased the mRNA transcript level of PmSTING; and silencing of the cytosolic sensor PmDDX41 suppressed both PmSTING and PmIRF gene transcript levels. Thus, PmSTING and PmIRF are likely to be important for the antiviral innate response against the dsDNA WSSV pathogen and may mediate the antiviral immune defenses via PmDDX41/PmSTING/PmIRF signaling cascade in P. monodon.

IRF8 Impacts Self-Renewal of Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Regulating TLR9 Signaling Pathway of Innate Immune Cells.

IRF8 is a key regulator of innate immunity receptor signaling and plays diverse functions in the development of hematopoietic cells. The effects of IRF8 on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are still unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that IRF8 deficiency results in a decreased number of long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs) in mice. However, the repopulation capacity of individual HSCs is significantly increased. Transcriptomic analysis shows that IFN-γ and IFN-α signaling is downregulated in IRF8-deficient HSCs, while their response to proinflammatory cytokines is unchanged ex vivo. Further tests show that Irf8-/- HSCs can not respond to CpG, an agonist of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in mice, while long-term CpG stimulation increases wild-type HSC abundance and decreases their bone marrow colony-forming capacity. Mechanistically, as the primary producer of proinflammatory cytokines in response to CpG stimulation, dendritic cells has a blocked TLR9 signaling due to developmental defect in Irf8-/- mice. Macrophages remain functionally intact but severely reduce in Irf8-/- mice. In NK cells, IRF8 directly regulates the expression of Tlr9 and its deficiency leads to no increased IFNγ production upon CpG stimulation. These results indicate that IRF8 regulates HSCs, at least in part, through controlling TLR9 signaling in diverse innate immune cells.

Lack of Interferon (IFN) Regulatory Factor 8 Associated with Restricted IFN-γ Response Augmented Japanese Encephalitis Virus Replication in the Mouse Brain.

Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), a myeloid lineage transcription factor, emerges as an essential regulator for microglial activation. However, the precise role of IRF8 during Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in the brain remains elusive. Here, we report that JEV infection enhances IRF8 expression in the infected mouse brain. Comparative transcriptional profiling of whole-brain RNA analysis and validation by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) reveals an impaired interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and related gene expression in Irf8 knockout (Irf8-/-)-infected mice. Further, Ifnγ knockout (Ifnγ-/-) mice exhibit a reduced level of Irf8. Both Ifnγ-/- and Irf8-/- mice exhibit significantly reduced levels of activated (CD11b+ CD45hi, CD11b+ CD45lo, Cd68, and CD86) and infiltrating immune cells (Ly6C+, CD4, and CD8) in the infected brain compared to those of wild-type (WT) mice. However, a higher level of granulocyte cell (Ly6G+) infiltration is evident in Irf8-/- mice as well as the increased concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) levels in the brain. Interestingly, neither the Irf8-/- nor the Ifnγ-/- conferred protection against lethal JEV challenge to mice and exhibit augmentation in JEV replication in the brain. The gain of function of Irf8 by overexpressing functional IRF8 in an IRF8-deficient cell line attenuates viral replication and enhances IFN-γ production. Overall, we summarize that in the murine model of JEV encephalitis, IRF8 modulation affects JEV replication. We also show that lack of Irf8 affects immune cell abundance in circulation and the infected brain, leading to a reduction in IFN-γ level and increased viral load in the brain. IMPORTANCE Microglial cells, the resident macrophages in the brain, play a vital role in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) pathogenesis. The deregulated activity of microglia can be lethal for the brain. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the regulators that drive microglia phenotype changes and induce inflammation in the brain. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a myeloid lineage transcription factor involved in microglial activation. However, the impact of IRF8 modulation on JEV replication remains elusive. Moreover, the pathways regulated by IRF8 to initiate and amplify pathological neuroinflammation are not well understood. Here, we demonstrated the effect of IRF8 modulation on JEV replication, microglial activation, and immune cells infiltration in the brain.

The adjuvanticity of manganese for microbial vaccines via activating the IRF5 signaling pathway.

Manganese (Mn2+) has been reported to activate macrophages and NK cells, and to induce the production of type-I interferons (IFNs) by activating the cGAS-STING pathway. Few studies have been conducted on its adjuvanticity to microbial vaccines, and on the involvement of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 5 signaling pathway in the adjuvanticity. In this study, we demonstrated that Mn2+ could facilitate various microbial vaccines to induce enhanced antibody responses, and facilitate the influenza virus vaccine to induce protective immunity against the influenza virus challenge. When formulated in vaccines, Mn2+ could activate murine CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and DCs, and induce the expression and phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IRF5 in the splenocytes of the immunized mice, resulting in the increased expression of type-I IFNs, TNF-α, B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). The induced TBK1 could recruit and bind the IRF5. Furthermore, the Mn2+ induced expression of IRF5 and Blimp-1 was prohibited by a IRF5 interfering oligonucleotide. The data suggest the Mn2+ could be used as a novel type of adjuvants for microbial vaccines, and the activation of IRF5 signaling pathway might involve in the adjuvanticity.

IRF8-Dependent Type I Conventional Dendritic Cells (cDC1s) Control Post-Ischemic Inflammation and Mildly Protect Against Post-Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury and Disease.

Post-ischemic acute kidney injury and disease (AKI/AKD) involve acute tubular necrosis and irreversible nephron loss. Mononuclear phagocytes including conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are present during different phases of injury and repair, but the functional contribution of this subset remains controversial. Transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is required for the development of type I conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) lineage and helps to define distinct cDC1 subsets. We identified one distinct subset among mononuclear phagocyte subsets according to the expression patterns of CD11b and CD11c in healthy kidney and lymphoid organs, of which IRF8 was significantly expressed in the CD11blowCD11chigh subset that mainly comprised cDC1s. Next, we applied a Irf8-deficient mouse line (Irf8fl/flClec9acre mice) to specifically target Clec9a-expressing cDC1s in vivo. During post-ischemic AKI/AKD, these mice lacked cDC1s in the kidney without affecting cDC2s. The absence of cDC1s mildly aggravated the loss of living primary tubule and decline of kidney function, which was associated with decreased anti-inflammatory Tregs-related immune responses, but increased T helper type 1 (TH1)-related and pro-inflammatory cytokines, infiltrating neutrophils and acute tubular cell death, while we also observed a reduced number of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the kidney when cDC1s were absent. Together, our data show that IRF8 is indispensable for kidney cDC1s. Kidney cDC1s mildly protect against post-ischemic AKI/AKD, probably via suppressing tissue inflammation and damage, which implies an immunoregulatory role for cDC1s.

Zebrafish otud6b Negatively Regulates Antiviral Responses by Suppressing K63-Linked Ubiquitination of irf3 and irf7.

Ovarian tumor domain-containing 6B (OTUD6B) belongs to the OTU deubiquitylating enzyme family. In this study, we report that zebrafish otud6b is induced upon viral infection, and overexpression of otud6b suppresses cellular antiviral response. Disruption of otud6b in zebrafish increases the survival rate upon spring viremia of carp virus and grass carp reovirus exposure. Further assays indicate that otud6b interacts with irf3 and irf7 and diminishes traf6-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of irf3 and irf7. In addition, the OTU domain is required for otud6b to repress IFN-1 activation and K63-linked polyubiquitination of irf3 and irf7. Moreover, otud6b also attenuates tbk1 to bind to irf3 and irf7, resulting in the impairment of irf3 and irf7 phosphorylation. This study provides, to our knowledge, novel insights into otud6b function and sheds new lights on the regulation of irf3 and irf7 by deubiquitination in IFN-1 signaling.

Th17 Immunity in the Colon Is Controlled by Two Novel Subsets of Colon-Specific Mononuclear Phagocytes.

Intestinal immunity is coordinated by specialized mononuclear phagocyte populations, constituted by a diversity of cell subsets. Although the cell subsets constituting the mononuclear phagocyte network are thought to be similar in both small and large intestine, these organs have distinct anatomy, microbial composition, and immunological demands. Whether these distinctions demand organ-specific mononuclear phagocyte populations with dedicated organ-specific roles in immunity are unknown. Here we implement a new strategy to subset murine intestinal mononuclear phagocytes and identify two novel subsets which are colon-specific: a macrophage subset and a Th17-inducing dendritic cell (DC) subset. Colon-specific DCs and macrophages co-expressed CD24 and CD14, and surprisingly, both were dependent on the transcription factor IRF4. Novel IRF4-dependent CD14+CD24+ macrophages were markedly distinct from conventional macrophages and failed to express classical markers including CX3CR1, CD64 and CD88, and surprisingly expressed little IL-10, which was otherwise robustly expressed by all other intestinal macrophages. We further found that colon-specific CD14+CD24+ mononuclear phagocytes were essential for Th17 immunity in the colon, and provide definitive evidence that colon and small intestine have distinct antigen presenting cell requirements for Th17 immunity. Our findings reveal unappreciated organ-specific diversity of intestine-resident mononuclear phagocytes and organ-specific requirements for Th17 immunity.