Comprehensive Analysis and Biological Characterization of Venom Components from Solitary Scoliid Wasp Campsomeriella annulata annulata.

Venoms of solitary wasps are utilized for prey capture (insects and spiders), paralyzing them with a stinger injection to be offered as food for their larvae. Thus, the identification and characterization of the components of solitary wasp venoms can have biotechnological application. In the present study, the venom components profile of a solitary scoliid wasp, Campsomeriella annulata annulata, was investigated through a comprehensive analysis using LC-MS and -MS/MS. Online mass fingerprinting revealed that the venom extract contains 138 components, and MS/MS analysis identified 44 complete sequences of the peptide components. The peptides are broadly divided into two classes: bradykinin-related peptides, and linear α-helical peptides. Among the components of the first class, the two main peptides, α-campsomerin (PRLRRLTGLSPLR) and ß-campsomerin (PRLRRLTGLSPLRAP), had their biological activities evaluated. Both peptides had no effects on metallopeptidases [human neprilysin (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)] and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and had no cytotoxic effects. Studies with PC12 neuronal cells showed that only α-campsomerin was able to enhance cell viability, while ß-campsomerin had no effect. It is noteworthy that the only difference between the primary structures from these peptides is the presence of the AP extension at the C-terminus of ß-campsomerin, compared to α-campsomerin. Among the linear α-helical peptides, annulatin (ISEALKSIIVG-NH2) was evaluated for its biological activities. Annulatin showed histamine releasing activity from mast cells and low hemolytic activity, but no antimicrobial activities against all microbes tested were observed. Thus, in addition to providing unprecedented information on the whole components, the three peptides selected for the study suggest that molecules present in solitary scoliid wasp venoms may have interesting biological activities.

Eventos toxicológicos em idosos atendidos por centro de informação e assistência toxicológica: análise de tendência / Toxicological events in older adults attended by toxicological information center: a trend analysis / Eventos toxicológicos en ancianos atendidos por centro de información y asistencia toxicológica: análisis de tendencia

Por produzir elevado impacto socioeconômico, promovendo custos e danos evitáveis, além de ter efeitos nocivos ao organismo humano, a intoxicação humana é considerada um problema importante em saúde pública. Com o envelhecimento, os indivíduos ficam suscetíveis a diversas doenças e agravos em saúde, e dentre eles, é importante notar-se os eventos toxicológicos ocorridos por várias circunstâncias, como o uso de polifarmácia, tentativa de suicídio, erro de prescrição médica, erro na administração do medicamento, entre outros, causas cada vez mais presente nessa população. Dessa forma, este artigo tem o objetivo de determinar o perfil e a tendência dos eventos toxicológicos ocorridos em idosos. Trata-se de estudo de tendência, realizado com indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, notificados por um Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica de Londrina (CIATox-Londrina), de 1985 a 2014. As variáveis foram coletadas através do banco de dados do CIATox-Londrina, e a análise de tendência realizada por meio de modelos de regressão linear simples. Identificou-se 2.042 casos de eventos toxicológicos em idosos, predominando a faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos (61,9%). A maioria (69,1%) foram casos de evento acidental, de forma aguda (98,2%), envolvendo animais (64,6%), pesticidas (16,5%) e medicamentos (10,8%) como principais agentes. Casos com animais apresentaram tendências de aumento significativas (R2 = 0,682; p = 0,03; ß1 = 1,542). Tal tendência também foi observada no sexo masculino (R2 = 0,766; p = 0,001; ß1 = 1,855). Observou-se predominância de eventos envolvendo animais, pesticidas e medicamentos, com tendência de aumento significativo em casos com animais, tanto em toda população avaliada como no sexo masculino.

Human intoxication is considered an important public health problem because it produces a high socioeconomic impact, promoting avoidable costs and damages, in addition to having harmful effects on the human body. With aging, individuals are susceptible to various diseases and health problems. Among several health problems, it is important to note the toxicological events that occurred due to various circumstances, such as polypharmacy, suicide attempt, wrong medical prescription, wrong medication administration, among others, causes increasingly present in this population. This study aims at determining the profile and trend of toxicological events among older adults. A trend study was conducted with individuals aged 60 years or older that were notified by a Center for Information and Toxicological Assistance of Londrina CIATox, from 1985 to 2014. Variables were obtained from the CIATox database. Trend analysis performed using simple linear regression models. In total, 2042 cases of toxicological events were identified, predominating from 60 to 69 years (61.9%). The events were mostly accidental (69.1%) and acute (98.2%), involving animals (64.6%), pesticides (16.5%) and drugs (10.8%) as main agents. Cases with animals showed significant increase tendencies (R2 = 0.682, p = 0.03, ß1 = 1.542). This trend was also observed in males (R2 = 0.766, p = 0.001, ß1 = 1.855). There was predominance of events involving animals, pesticides and drugs, with tendency to increase in cases with animals, both among the total population and among males.

Dado que la intoxicación humana produce un alto impacto socioeconómico, con costos y daños evitables, además de tener efectos nocivos sobre el cuerpo humano, se considera este trastorno un importante problema de salud pública. Con el envejecimiento, las personas son susceptibles a diversas enfermedades y problemas de salud; entre los cuales es importante tener en cuenta los eventos toxicológicos que ocurrieron debido a diversas circunstancias, como el uso de polifarmacia, intento de suicidio, error de prescripción médica, error en la administración de medicamentos, entre otros, causas cada vez más presentes en esta población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el perfil y la tendencia de eventos toxicológicos que ocurrieron con los ancianos. Este es un estudio de tendencias, realizado con individuos de 60 años o más, notificados por un Centro de Información y Asistencia Toxicológica (CIATox) en Londrina, de 1985 a 2014. Las variables fueron recopiladas por la base de datos CIATox; y el análisis de tendencias se realizó con el uso de modelos de regresión lineal simple. Se identificaron 2.042 casos de eventos toxicológicos en ancianos, con una predominancia de edad de 60 a 69 años (61,9%). La mayoría (69,1%) fueron casos accidentales, agudos (98,2%), involucrando animales (64,6%), pesticidas (16,5%) y medicamentos (10,8%) como principales agentes. Los eventos con animales mostraron tendencias significativas al alza (R2 = 0,682; p = 0,03; ß1 = 1,542). Esta tendencia también se observó en varones (R2 = 0,766; p = 0,001; ß1 = 1,855). Hubo un predominio de eventos que involucraron animales, pesticidas y medicamentos, con una tendencia a un aumento significativo en los casos con animales, tanto en toda la población evaluada como en el sexo masculino.

Toxicological effects of bioactive peptide fractions obtained from Bothrops jararaca snake venom on the structure and function of mouse seminiferous epithelium

Pathogenesis of Bothrops envenomations is complex and despite numerous studies on the effects of this snake venom on various biological systems, relatively little is known about such effects on the male reproductive system. In the present study, the toxicological outcomes of the low molecular weight fraction (LMWF) of B. jararaca snake venom - containing a range of bioactive peptides - were investigated on the dynamics and structure of the seminiferous epithelium and 15P-1 Sertoli cells viability. Methods: LMWF (5 µg/dose per testis) venom was administered in male Swiss mice by intratesticular (i.t.) injection. Seven days after this procedure, the testes were collected for morphological and morphometric evaluation, distribution of claudin-1 in the seminiferous epithelium by immunohistochemical analyses of testes, and the nitric oxide (NO) levels were evaluated in the total extract of the testis protein. In addition, the toxicological effects of LMWF and crude venom (CV) were analyzed on the 15P-1 Sertoli cell culture. Results: LMWF induced changes in the structure and function of the seminiferous epithelium without altering claudin-1 distribution. LMWF effects were characterized especially by lost cells in the adluminal compartment of epithelium (spermatocytes in pachytene, preleptotene spermatocytes, zygotene spermatocytes, and round spermatid) and different stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. LMWF also increased the NO levels in the total extract of the testis protein and was not cytotoxic in concentrations and time tested in the present study. However, CV showed cytotoxicity at 10 μg/mL from 6 to 48 h of treatment. Conclusions: The major finding of the present study was that the LMWF inhibited spermatozoa production; principally in the spermiogenesis stage without altering claudin-1 distribution in the basal compartment. Moreover, NO increased by LMWF induce open of complexes junctions and release the germ cells of the adluminal compartment to the seminiferous tubule.(AU)

Histopathological study on gills of Rhamdia quelen juveniles submitted to chronic toxicological test with ibuprofen / Estudo histopatológico em brânquias de juvenis de Rhamdia quelensubmetidos a ensaio toxicológico crônico com ibuprofeno

The present study aimed at evaluating histopathological changes in gills of Rhamdia quelen juveniles submitted to different concentrations of ibuprofen (0.0; 0.5; 5.0 and 50.0 mg/L); concentrations were determined from LC50 acute assays of 5.0 mg/L (120h). For each concentration four replicates were made, with four copies each.  The experiment had a total duration of 120 hours in a chronic toxicological trial. After completion, the animals were euthanized, laparotomized, and the gills were localized, isolated and fixed in 10% formaldehyde, preserved in 70% alcohol and subsequently submitted to histological routine technique for paraffin inclusion. Five cuts (6µM) per specimen were made and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The Average Alteration Score (AAS) and Histopathological Alteration Indices (HAI) were determined according to the degree of the lesion and then classified in stages I, II and III which produced respectively Lamellar derangement, Lamellas epithelium rupture and aneurysm with more expressive alterations. For all concentrations the drug led to histological alterations for Rhamdia quelen, putting in evidence damages that go from moderate to severe in the gills of the analysed fishes. Ibuprofen caused branchial lesions in R. quelen with a progressive effect in high concentrations, suggesting that the presence of this drug could cause(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações histopatológicas, em brânquias de juvenis de Rhamdia quelen, submetidos a diferentes concentrações do fármaco ibuprofeno (0,0; 0,5; 5,0 e 50,0 mg/L); as concentrações foram determinadas à partir de ensaio agudo com CL50de 5,0mg/L (120h). Para cada concentração foram feitas quatro replicas, com quatro exemplares cada. O experimento teve uma duração total de 120 horas em um teste toxicológico crônico. Após o término, os animais foram eutanasiados, laparatomizados, sendo as brânquias isoladas e fixadas em formaldeído 10%, preservadas em álcool 70% e posteriormente submetidas a técnica histológica de rotina para inclusão em parafina. Foram realizados cincocortes (6μM) por exemplar, os quais foram corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina (H&E). Foi determinado os Valores Médios das Alterações e o Índice das Alterações Histológicas, este através do grau das lesões e classificados em estágios I, II e III, os quais tiveram respectivamente, o desarranjo lamelar, a ruptura do epitélio da lamela e o aneurisma, como as alterações mais expressivas. Em todas as concentrações o fármaco ocasionou alterações histológicas para Rhamdia quelen, sendo evidenciados danos que vão de moderados a severos nas brânquias dos peixes analisados. O ibuprofeno provocou lesões branquiais em R. quelen com efeito progressivo em elevadas concentrações, sugerindo que a presença deste fármaco poderia provocar anormalidades e favorecer a mortalidade nesta espécie.(AU)

Histopathological study on gills of Rhamdia quelen juveniles submitted to chronic toxicological test with ibuprofen / Estudo histopatológico em brânquias de juvenis de Rhamdia quelensubmetidos a ensaio toxicológico crônico com ibuprofeno

The present study aimed at evaluating histopathological changes in gills of Rhamdia quelen juveniles submitted to different concentrations of ibuprofen (0.0; 0.5; 5.0 and 50.0 mg/L); concentrations were determined from LC50 acute assays of 5.0 mg/L (120h). For each concentration four replicates were made, with four copies each.  The experiment had a total duration of 120 hours in a chronic toxicological trial. After completion, the animals were euthanized, laparotomized, and the gills were localized, isolated and fixed in 10% formaldehyde, preserved in 70% alcohol and subsequently submitted to histological routine technique for paraffin inclusion. Five cuts (6µM) per specimen were made and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The Average Alteration Score (AAS) and Histopathological Alteration Indices (HAI) were determined according to the degree of the lesion and then classified in stages I, II and III which produced respectively Lamellar derangement, Lamellas epithelium rupture and aneurysm with more expressive alterations. For all concentrations the drug led to histological alterations for Rhamdia quelen, putting in evidence damages that go from moderate to severe in the gills of the analysed fishes. Ibuprofen caused branchial lesions in R. quelen with a progressive effect in high concentrations, suggesting that the presence of this drug could cause

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações histopatológicas, em brânquias de juvenis de Rhamdia quelen, submetidos a diferentes concentrações do fármaco ibuprofeno (0,0; 0,5; 5,0 e 50,0 mg/L); as concentrações foram determinadas à partir de ensaio agudo com CL50de 5,0mg/L (120h). Para cada concentração foram feitas quatro replicas, com quatro exemplares cada. O experimento teve uma duração total de 120 horas em um teste toxicológico crônico. Após o término, os animais foram eutanasiados, laparatomizados, sendo as brânquias isoladas e fixadas em formaldeído 10%, preservadas em álcool 70% e posteriormente submetidas a técnica histológica de rotina para inclusão em parafina. Foram realizados cincocortes (6μM) por exemplar, os quais foram corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina (H&E). Foi determinado os Valores Médios das Alterações e o Índice das Alterações Histológicas, este através do grau das lesões e classificados em estágios I, II e III, os quais tiveram respectivamente, o desarranjo lamelar, a ruptura do epitélio da lamela e o aneurisma, como as alterações mais expressivas. Em todas as concentrações o fármaco ocasionou alterações histológicas para Rhamdia quelen, sendo evidenciados danos que vão de moderados a severos nas brânquias dos peixes analisados. O ibuprofeno provocou lesões branquiais em R. quelen com efeito progressivo em elevadas concentrações, sugerindo que a presença deste fármaco poderia provocar anormalidades e favorecer a mortalidade nesta espécie.

Polypeptides secreted from the columnar vesicles of the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum and their in vivo effects on Caenorhabditis elegans.

In this study we provide new evidence that the columnar vesicles of the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum are toxic in vivo and contain at least two active polypeptides, a neurotoxic and an apoptosis inducing polypeptide. Here we show that it is also an effective inducer of apoptosis in vivo in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition, the anemone peptides rapidly paralyze C. elegans, and set in motion a sequence of events that result in the complete dissolution of the internal organs in adult animals within 60 min. Nematodes that survive the toxin treatment exhibit a decreased reproductive capacity. Interestingly, adult animals appear to be much more susceptible to the effects of the toxins than larval stages, suggesting possible developmentally dependent targets of the toxins. Here we also provide chemical characterization of the compounds through chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometry. Gel filtration chromatography coupled with reverse phase HPLC shows that our partially purified extract contains at least two principle components. Additionally, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of our extract shows three principal compounds at 814.6, 2914.1, and 4360.3 m/z plus three other minor components or fragments. Mass spectrometry analysis also indicates the presence of three disulfide bridges. Which is in agreement with other characterizations of anemone venoms.

Guia para a análise transcriptômica: potencial toxicológico e mecanismos de ação de produtos de origem natural / Guide to transcriptomic analysis: toxicological potential and mechanisms of natural products action

Nas últimas décadas houve um grande avanço nos ensaios in vitro, na tentativa de prever resultados de tratamentos in vivo e, com isso, reduzir a utilização de animais de laboratório. A toxicogenômica, que é a integração entre a toxicologia, a bioinformática e as tecnologias ômicas, tem se mostrado preditiva para os mecanismos de ação e toxicidade. Esta ferramenta possibilita a investigação da expressão de milhares de genes, permitindo a visualização de diferentes perfis de alteração e de assinatura gênica. A utilização da toxicogenômica se torna adequada para a compreensão de mecanismos genéticos de resposta de organismos expostos a formulações de origem natural que são capazes de modular múltiplos genes. Este trabalho objetivou destacar os pontos críticos das etapas que devem ser seguidas para se realizar, apropriadamente, uma análise toxicogenômica. Dentre essas etapas estão a análise das características desejáveis para os compostos, a escolha apropriada das linhagens celulares para realizar a exposição, a seleção das concentrações das amostras a serem testadas e dos controles que devem ser utilizados nos ensaios biológicos, a escolha do princípio a ser utilizado para o ensaio de viabilidade celular, a seleção dos procedimentos para tratar os dados gerados e avaliação dos resultados encontrados. As sugestões apresentadas têm a intenção de divulgar a técnica de toxicogenômica, bem como, estimular e facilitar o desenvolvimento de um estudo que utilize a análise toxicogenômica como ferramenta alternativa na investigação da toxicidade e de mecanismos/modo de ação de produtos de origem natural.(AU)

In the last decades there has been a great advance in the in vitro tests, in the attempt to predict results of treatments in vivo and, with that, to reduce the use of laboratory animals. Toxicogenomics, which is the integration between toxicology, bioinformatics and atomic technologies, has been shown to be predictive of mechanisms of action and toxicity. This tool allows the investigation of the expression of thousands of genes, allowing the visualization of different profiles of gene signature and change. The use of toxicogenomics becomes suitable for the understanding of genetic mechanisms of response of organisms exposed to formulations of natural origin that are able to modulate multiple genes. This work aimed to highlight the critical points of the steps that must be followed to carry out, properly, a toxicogenomic analysis. Among these steps are the analysis of the desirable characteristics for the compounds, the appropriate choice of the cell lines to carry out the exposure, the selection of the concentrations of the samples to be tested and the controls to be used in the biological assays, the choice of principle to be used for the cell viability assay, the selection of procedures to treat the generated data and evaluation of the results found. The suggestions presented are intended to stimulate and facilitate the developmentof a study that uses toxicogenomic analysis as an alternative tool in the investigation of the toxicity and mechanisms / mode of action of products of natural origin.(AU)

Guia para a análise transcriptômica: potencial toxicológico e mecanismos de ação de produtos de origem natural / Guide to transcriptomic analysis: toxicological potential and mechanisms of natural products action

Nas últimas décadas houve um grande avanço nos ensaios in vitro, na tentativa de prever resultados de tratamentos in vivo e, com isso, reduzir a utilização de animais de laboratório. A toxicogenômica, que é a integração entre a toxicologia, a bioinformática e as tecnologias ômicas, tem se mostrado preditiva para os mecanismos de ação e toxicidade. Esta ferramenta possibilita a investigação da expressão de milhares de genes, permitindo a visualização de diferentes perfis de alteração e de assinatura gênica. A utilização da toxicogenômica se torna adequada para a compreensão de mecanismos genéticos de resposta de organismos expostos a formulações de origem natural que são capazes de modular múltiplos genes. Este trabalho objetivou destacar os pontos críticos das etapas que devem ser seguidas para se realizar, apropriadamente, uma análise toxicogenômica. Dentre essas etapas estão a análise das características desejáveis para os compostos, a escolha apropriada das linhagens celulares para realizar a exposição, a seleção das concentrações das amostras a serem testadas e dos controles que devem ser utilizados nos ensaios biológicos, a escolha do princípio a ser utilizado para o ensaio de viabilidade celular, a seleção dos procedimentos para tratar os dados gerados e avaliação dos resultados encontrados. As sugestões apresentadas têm a intenção de divulgar a técnica de toxicogenômica, bem como, estimular e facilitar o desenvolvimento de um estudo que utilize a análise toxicogenômica como ferramenta alternativa na investigação da toxicidade e de mecanismos/modo de ação de produtos de origem natural.

In the last decades there has been a great advance in the in vitro tests, in the attempt to predict results of treatments in vivo and, with that, to reduce the use of laboratory animals. Toxicogenomics, which is the integration between toxicology, bioinformatics and atomic technologies, has been shown to be predictive of mechanisms of action and toxicity. This tool allows the investigation of the expression of thousands of genes, allowing the visualization of different profiles of gene signature and change. The use of toxicogenomics becomes suitable for the understanding of genetic mechanisms of response of organisms exposed to formulations of natural origin that are able to modulate multiple genes. This work aimed to highlight the critical points of the steps that must be followed to carry out, properly, a toxicogenomic analysis. Among these steps are the analysis of the desirable characteristics for the compounds, the appropriate choice of the cell lines to carry out the exposure, the selection of the concentrations of the samples to be tested and the controls to be used in the biological assays, the choice of principle to be used for the cell viability assay, the selection of procedures to treat the generated data and evaluation of the results found. The suggestions presented are intended to stimulate and facilitate the developmentof a study that uses toxicogenomic analysis as an alternative tool in the investigation of the toxicity and mechanisms / mode of action of products of natural origin.

Epidemiologia social aplicada às intoxicações humanas / Social epidemiology applied to human intoxications / Epidemiología social aplicada a las intoxicaciones humanas

As intoxicações constituem um grave problema de saúde pública, seja pelo largo impacto na saúde individual e coletiva, seja pelo importante custo econômico e social, ou pelos riscos que oferece ao meio ambiente. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar textos publicados em periódicos científicos acerca das intoxicações humanas, a fim de esclarecer o processo de adoecimento e a adequada tomada de decisão à luz dos pressupostos das teorias de Epidemiologia Social e da Teoria da História Natural da Doença. Trata-se de estudo com abordagem qualitativa que adota o método de revisão integrativa. Os estudos selecionados tratam de categorias de substâncias tóxicas e circunstâncias de envenenamento variadas. São esclarecidos aspectos referentes ao agente, ao ambiente e ao hospedeiro (tríade ecológica) envolvidos em eventos tóxicos. As prevenções primária, secundária e terciária das intoxicações humanas são elaboradas de acordo com características dos períodos pré-patológico e patológico. Concluiu-se que estudos com delineamento capaz de definir padrão, temporalidade e espacialização de agravos são indispensáveis e necessários para a formulação e implantação de políticas e programas preventivos de uso racional de substâncias químicas, orientando as ações em toxicovigilância.

Intoxication is a serious public health problem, due to the large impact on individual and collective health or to the significant economic and social cost, or risks to the environment. This study aims to analyze texts published in scientific journals about human intoxications, in order to clarify the process of illness and proper decision making in light of the assumptions of theories of Social Epidemiology and Theory of Natural History of Disease. It is a study with a qualitative approach that adopts the integrative review method. Selected studies address categories of toxic substances and varied poisoning circumstances. The aspects related to the agent, the environment and the host (ecological triad) involved in toxic events are clarified. The primary, secondary and tertiary preventions of human intoxications are elaborated according to characteristics of the pre-pathological and pathological periods. In conclusion, studies with a design capable of defining pattern, temporality and spatialization of diseases are indispensable and necessary for the formulation and implementation of policies and preventive programs for the rational use of chemical substances, guiding toxicovigilance actions.

Las intoxicaciones constituyen un grave problema de salud pública, sea por el amplio impacto en la salud individual y colectiva, sea por el importante costo económico y social, o riesgos que ofrece al medio ambiente. Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar textos publicados en periódicos científicos acerca de las intoxicaciones humanas, a fin de esclarecer el proceso de enfermedad y la adecuada toma de decisión a la luz de los presupuestos de las teorías de Epidemiología Social y Teoría de la Historia Natural de la Enfermedad. Tratase de un estudio con enfoque cualitativo que adopta el método de revisión integrativa. Los estudios seleccionados tratan de categorías de sustancias tóxicas y circunstancias de envenenamiento variadas. Son aclarados aspectos referentes al agente, al ambiente y al hospedador (tríada ecológica) involucrados en eventos tóxicos. Las prevenciones primarias, secundarias y terciarias de las intoxicaciones humanas son elaboradas de acuerdo con características de los períodos pre-patológico y patológico. Concluyóse que estudios con delineamiento capaz de definir padrón, temporalidad y espacialización de agravios son indispensables y necesarios para la formulación e implantación de políticas y programas preventivos de uso racional de sustancias químicas, orientando las acciones en toxicovigilancia.

Properties of realgar bioleaching using an extremely acidophilic bacterium and its antitumor mechanism as an anticancer agent.

Realgar is a naturally occurring arsenic sulfide (or Xionghuang, in Chinese). It contains over 90% tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (As4S4). Currently, realgar has been confirmed the antitumor activities, both in vitro and in vivo, of realgar extracted using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans). Bioleaching, a new technology to greatly improve the use rate of arsenic extraction from realgar using bacteria, is a novel methodology that addressed a limitation of the traditional method for realgar preparation. The present systematic review reports on the research progress in realgar bioleaching and its antitumor mechanism as an anticancer agent. A total of 93 research articles that report on the biological activity of extracts from realgar using bacteria and its preparation were presented in this review. The realgar bioleaching solution (RBS) works by inducing apoptosis when it is used to treat tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. When it is used to treat animal model organisms in vivo, such as mice and Caenorhabditis elegans, tumor tissues grew more slowly, with mass necrosis. Meanwhile, the agent also showed obvious inhibition of tumor cell growth. Bioleaching technology greatly improves the utilization of realgar and is a novel methodology to improve the traditional method.

Repellent effects of andiroba and copaiba oils against Musca domestica (common house fly) and ecotoxicological effects on the environment

Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2 ). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers [...]

Repellent effects of andiroba and copaiba oils against Musca domestica (common house fly) and ecotoxicological effects on the environment

Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2 ). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers [...](AU)

Properties of realgar bioleaching using an extremely acidophilic bacterium and its antitumor mechanism as an anticancer agent

Realgar is a naturally occurring arsenic sulfide (or Xionghuang, in Chinese). It contains over 90% tetra-arsenic tetrasulfide (As4S4). Currently, realgar has been confirmed the antitumor activities, both in vitro and in vivo, of realgar extracted using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans). Bioleaching, a new technology to greatly improve the use rate of arsenic extraction from realgar using bacteria, is a novel methodology that addressed a limitation of the traditional method for realgar preparation. The present systematic review reports on the research progress in realgar bioleaching and its antitumor mechanism as an anticancer agent. A total of 93 research articles that report on the biological activity of extracts from realgar using bacteria and its preparation were presented in this review. The realgar bioleaching solution (RBS) works by inducing apoptosis when it is used to treat tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. When it is used to treat animal model organisms in vivo, such as mice and Caenorhabditis elegans, tumor tissues grew more slowly, with mass necrosis. Meanwhile, the agent also showed obvious inhibition of tumor cell growth. Bioleaching technology greatly improves the utilization of realgar and is a novel methodology to improve the traditional method.

Sistema de informação para vigilância de riscos associados a eventos toxicológicos / Information system for surveillance of risks associated with toxicological events

Este título é o oitavo volume da Coleção Regionalização da Saúde Intercâmbio Goiás-Québec. O projeto tem como objetivo global melhorar a equidade no acesso aos serviços de saúde e aumentar a qualidade através da implantação de uma autêntica rede de serviços de saúde, oferecidos ao nível local (municipal) e regional, visando a continuidade dos serviços ao usuário entre os 3 níveis (federal, estadual, municipal) e entre os setores públicos, filantrópicos e privados, a contribuição significativa dos cidadãos das regiões quanto às escolhas a serem feitas em matéria de saúde e quanto à avaliação dos serviços prestados e também a mobilização dos dirigentes locais, regionais e da Secretaria de Estado de Goiás-SES-GO, Brasil, em um contexto de descentralização. Os objetivos específicos são: cadastrar os casos notificados de eventos toxicológicos, comparar o número de eventos toxicológicos humanos de acordo com diversos parâmetros de lugar, tempo e de determinadas características relativas aos indivíduos e aos eventos, mapear e comparar as frequências absolutas e relativas dos eventos toxicológicos de acordo com a região, o município e as zonas rurais e urbanas, identificar os estabelecimentos que produzem, armazenam e comercializam produtos que se relacionam aos eventos toxicológicos. O resultado final visado é a instauração de um sistema de saúde fortificado nas regiões e municípios, podendo adaptar-se ás realidades do meio e que garanta um acesso equitativo e eficaz aos serviços para toda a população. Neste volume utilizou-se a metodologia de vigilância em saúde com georreferenciamento, desenvolvida no Québec para a febre do Nilo Ocidental e adaptada em Goiás para as intoxicações por agrotóxicos e depois para outros agravos. Foi trabalhada pela equipe da Superintendência de Vigilância Sanitária, em parceria com consultores do Instituto Nacional da Saúde Pública do Québec

This title is the eighth volume of the Goiás-Québec Regionalization Health Collection. The project's overall objective is to improve equity in access to health services and increase quality through the implementation of an authentic network of health services, offered at the national level. local (municipal) and regional, aiming at the continuity of services to the user between the 3 levels (federal, state, municipal) and between the public, philanthropic and private sectors, the significant contribution of the citizens of the regions regarding the choices to be made in matters health and the evaluation of the services provided and also the mobilization of local, regional leaders and the Goiás State Secretariat-SES-GO, Brazil, in a context of decentralization. The specific objectives are to register the notified cases of toxicological events, to compare the number of human toxicological events according to different parameters of place, time and certain characteristics related to individuals and events, to map and compare the absolute and relative frequencies of toxicological events of According to the region, the municipality and the rural and urban areas, identify the establishments that produce, store and sell products related to toxicological events. The end result aimed at is the establishment of a fortified health system in the regions and municipalities, being able to adapt to the realities of the environment and guaranteeing equitable and effective access to services for the entire population. In this volume, the methodology of health surveillance with georeferencing was used, developed in Québec for West Nile fever and adapted in Goiás for poisoning by pesticides and then for other diseases. It was worked on by the team of the Health Surveillance Superintendence, in partnership with consultants from the National Institute of Public Health of Québec