Systematic assessment of fluid responsiveness during early septic shock resuscitation: secondary analysis of the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial.

BACKGROUND: Fluid boluses are administered to septic shock patients with the purpose of increasing cardiac output as a means to restore tissue perfusion. Unfortunately, fluid therapy has a narrow therapeutic index, and therefore, several approaches to increase safety have been proposed. Fluid responsiveness (FR) assessment might predict which patients will effectively increase cardiac output after a fluid bolus (FR+), thus preventing potentially harmful fluid administration in non-fluid responsive (FR-) patients. However, there are scarce data on the impact of assessing FR on major outcomes. The recent ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial included systematic per-protocol assessment of FR. We performed a post hoc analysis of the study dataset with the aim of exploring the relationship between FR status at baseline, attainment of specific targets, and clinically relevant outcomes. METHODS: ANDROMEDA-SHOCK compared the effect of peripheral perfusion- vs. lactate-targeted resuscitation on 28-day mortality. FR was assessed before each fluid bolus and periodically thereafter. FR+ and FR- subgroups, independent of the original randomization, were compared for fluid administration, achievement of resuscitation targets, vasoactive agents use, and major outcomes such as organ dysfunction and support, length of stay, and 28-day mortality. RESULTS: FR could be determined in 348 patients at baseline. Two hundred and forty-two patients (70%) were categorized as fluid responders. Both groups achieved comparable successful resuscitation targets, although non-fluid responders received less resuscitation fluids (0 [0-500] vs. 1500 [1000-2500] mL; p 0.0001), exhibited less positive fluid balances, but received more vasopressor testing. No difference in clinically relevant outcomes between FR+ and FR- patients was found, including 24-h SOFA score (9 [5-12] vs. 8 [5-11], p = 0.4), need for MV (78% vs. 72%, p = 0.16), need for RRT (18% vs. 21%, p = 0.7), ICU-LOS (6 [3-11] vs. 6 [3-16] days, p = 0.2), and 28-day mortality (40% vs. 36%, p = 0.5). Only thirteen patients remained fluid responsive along the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic assessment allowed determination of fluid responsiveness status in more than 80% of patients with early septic shock. Fluid boluses could be stopped in non-fluid responsive patients without any negative impact on clinical relevant outcomes. Our results suggest that fluid resuscitation might be safely guided by FR assessment in septic shock patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03078712. Registered retrospectively on March 13, 2017.

Implementation of a timed, electronic, assessment-driven potassium-replacement protocol.

PURPOSE: The adherence to and effectiveness and safety of a timed, electronic, assessment-driven potassium-replacement protocol (TARP) were compared with an electronic nurse-driven replacement protocol (NRP) are reported. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a community hospital evaluating protocol adherence, effectiveness, and safety for 2 potassium-replacement protocols. All adults on medical units with an order for potassium replacement per protocol during the 3-month trial periods were reviewed. All patients requiring potassium replacement per protocol were included in the analysis. Adherence to the protocol was assessed by evaluating the dose of potassium administered and performance of reassessments. Effectiveness of the protocol was assessed by evaluating the time to achieve target potassium levels. Safety was assessed by evaluating the route of administration and occurrence of hyperkalemia. RESULTS: A total of 300 patients treated using potassium-replacement protocols required potassium replacement during the study period, with 148 patients in the NRP group requiring 491 instances of potassium replacement. In the TARP group a total of 564 instances requiring potassium replacement corresponded to 152 patients. Of the 491 instances requiring replacement in the NRP group, the correct dose was administered and reassessment performed 117 times (23.8%). Overall adherence (p < 0.05), correct dose given (p < 0.05), average time from blood draw to potassium replacement (p < 0.0001), use of oral replacement (p < 0.05), and time to achieve target potassium level within 12 hours (p < 0.05) were significantly improved in the TARP group. CONCLUSION: The TARP improved the effectiveness and safety of potassium-replacement therapy over the traditional NRP without negatively affecting timeliness of care.

Costos de la rehidratación oral y nasogástrica comparadas con la rehidratación endovenosa en niños con diarrea en Colombia / Costs of oral and nasogastric rehydration compared to intravenous rehydration in children under 5 years of age with diarrhea in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar los costos de las terapias de rehidratación oral (TRO) y de rehidratación nasogástrica (TRN) comparadas con la terapia de rehidratación endovenosa (TRE) para corregir la deshidratación por diarrea en niños. Metodología Análisis de minimización de costos desde la perspectiva del Sistema de Salud colombiano comparando TRO (seguida de TRN ante falla de la TRO), con la TRE. El horizonte temporal fue la duración de la rehidratación. La medida de efectividad se extrajo de una revisión sistemática de literatura. Para determinar costos, se construyó un caso típico y un árbol de decisiones, a partir de revisión de guías e historias clínicas, validado con expertos. Los costos unitarios se obtuvieron de bases de datos colombianas. Costos fueron calculados en pesos colombianos (COP) y dólares americanos (USD). Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad de una y dos vías. Resultados La TRO y la TRE son similares en efectividad para prevenir hospitalización y lograr rehidratación. En el caso base, el costo de la TRO fue $91,221COP (40.5 USD) y para TRE $112,944COP (50.14USD), es decir, un ahorro de $21,723 COP (9.64 USD). En los análisis de sensibilidad por regímenes de aseguramiento y complejidad del hospital, la TRO suele ser la estrategia menos costosa. Discusión Ambas intervenciones son similares en efectividad, pero la TRO, seguida de TRN ante falla de la primera resulta menos costosa que la TRE. La TRO es recomendable como primera opción para corregir la deshidratación. Deberían continuarse esfuerzos por implementar TRO y TRN en los servicios de salud en Colombia.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the costs of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and nasogastric rehydration therapy (NRT) compared with intravenous rehydration therapy (IRT) to treat dehydration in children under 5 years of age with diarrhea. Methodology Cost-minimization analysis from the perspective of the Colombian Health System, comparing ORT, (followed by NRT when ORT fails), with IRT. The time horizon was the duration of rehydration. The effectiveness measure was obtained from a systematic review of the literature. To determine costs, a typical case was created based on current guidelines and medical records; this case was validated by experts. Unit costs were obtained from Colombian databases and were provided in Colombian pesos (COP) and US dollars (USD) for 2010. One- and two-way sensitivity analyzes were performed. Results ORT and ERT are similarly effective to prevent hospitalization and to achieve rehydration. In the base case, the expected cost of ORT was $91,221 COP (40.5 USD) and for IRT was $112,944 COP ($50.14 USD), saving $21,723 COP ($9.64 USD) per case. In the sensitivity analyzes by health insurance and hospital level, ORT is often the least costly strategy. Discussion Both interventions are similarly effective, but ORT, followed by NRT when ORT fails, is less costly than IRT. ORT is recommended as the first option to treat dehydration since it is effective and less expensive. Efforts should be continued to implement TRO and NRT in the health services of Colombia.(AU)

Insuficiência renal aguda e rabdomiólise induzida pelo uso de estatina: relato de caso / Acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis induced by statin: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A habilidade das estatinas em reduzir a morbimortalidade dos pacientes com dislipidemia está bem estabelecida. Os efeitos adversos são geralmente leves e temporários. As complicações mais importantes e indesejáveis são a elevação das enzimas hepáticas, miopatia e rabdomiólise, que se caracteriza por necrose muscular, mioglobinúria e insuficiência renal aguda. No geral, as estatinas estão relacionadas a um pequeno risco de miopatia que pode progredir para rabdomiólise fatal ou não fatal. A incidência está relacionada com a dose e o uso concomitante de agentes que compartilham a mesma via metabólica das estatinas. A insuficiência renal aguda é a mais temida complicação da rabdomiólise e a principal causa de óbito. O reconhecimento e tratamento precoce podem prevenir a progressão da rabdomiólise. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 57 anos, sem história prévia de doença renal evolui com insuficiência renal aguda e rabdomiólise, induzida por alta dose de estatina (sinvastatina 80 mg/dia). CONCLUSÃO: Os clínicos devem estar alerta para as interações medicamentosas das estatinas a fim de minimizar o risco de miopatia. Ao prescrever estatinas o médico deve considerar as comorbidades e fatores de risco, incluindo uso de múltiplas medicações, e iniciar estatina com a menor dose possível em idosos. Se houver suspeita deste efeito adverso, o fármaco deve ser suspenso.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The ability of statins to reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbimortality in patients with dyslipidemia is well established. The adverse effects associated with statins are usually mild and transient. The most noteworthy adverse effects associated with statins are elevations in liver transaminasis, myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, which is characterized by massive muscle necrosis, myoglobinuria and acute renal failure. In general, statins are associated with a very small risk of myopathy (with may progress to fatal or nonfatal rhabdomyolysis). The incidence is dose related and is increased when statins are used in combination with agents that share common metabolic pathways. Acute renal failure is the most serious complication of rhabdomyolysis and the main cause of death. Early recognition and treatment may prevent the progression of rhabdomyolysis. CASE REPORT: A 57 year-old-man, with no history of renal dysfunction presented with acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis induced by high-dose statin (simvastatin 80 mg/day). CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be alert for drug-drug interactions to minimize the risk of myopathy. The prescribing physician should consider the co-morbid risk factors, including polypharmacy, and initiate statin at a lower dose in the elderly. If rhabdomyolysis is suspected the statin therapy should be withdrawn.(AU)

Catéteres centrales subcutáneos / Subcutaneous central catheters

El autor, con el propósito de describir la técnica de colocación de dispositivos implantables de acceso venoso, da una introducción sobre su origen, define su concepto; los tipos de catéteres existentes, las precauciones a tener en cuenta y las complicaciones más frecuentes de su implementación (AU)

The "two bag system" for variable intravenous dextrose and fluid administration: benefits in diabetic ketoacidosis management.

1 case-controlled retrospective analysis compared the "two bag system," based on the euglycemic clamp technique, versus the traditional "one bag" method for intravenous diabetic ketoacidosis management. The two bag system can provide more cost-effective intravenous dextrose and fluid delivery and enhance quality of care by improving the efficiency, timeliness, and flexibility of overall control.

[Intracardiac catheter fragment. Presentation of a clinical case]. / Fragmento de catéter intracardiaco. Presentación de un caso clínico.

This is a case report of a 2 year/5 month old female patient with a venous catheter fragment lodged in her right heart and pulmonary artery. The patient was familiar to us because of her ventricular septum defect and pulmonary hypertension secondary to the heart defect. Routine X-rays showed a fragment of the catheter lodged in the heart. The physical examination showed nothing more in addition to that derived from the ventricular defect. Her records included a clavicular phlebotomy at 2 months when suffering from a severe case of dehydration. The cardiac catheterization done at 16 months confirmed the finding of the fragment, which was extracted transluminally. The intracardiac extraction of the venous catheter and the simultaneous closure of the septal defect comprised the treatment applied.

Asepsia y antisepsia en el manejo del recien nacido / Asepsis and antisepsis in the management of the newborn

Trabajo dirigido al personal de enfermeria que tiene a su cargo el cuidado del recien nacido. Abarca temas relacionados con la asepsia y antisepsia que se debe tener, para prevenir infecciones en este bebe. El lavado de manos es de suma importancia en este cuidado, y se debe hacer hasta el tercer medio del antebrazo, utilizando jabon, frotando las manos vigorosamente, friccionando los espacion interdigitales y limpiando bien las unas. La administracion de medicamentos es un procedimiemnto facil pero requiere de la aplicacion de tecnicas limpias y aseptica. Las vias de administracion son basicamente oral y parenteral. Al aspirar secreciones del recien nacido todo el material debe estar esterilizado, aspirando suavemente y en forma intermitente para no traumatizar los tejidos. El sondeo nasogastrico se utiliza con fines diagnosticos preventivos y terapeuticos. Se debe utilizar una tecnica aseptica con el fin de prevenir infecciones

Flujo a través de catéteres usados en el tratamiento del shock hipovolémico / Flow through catheters used in the treatment of hipovolemic shock

El aporte rápido de volumen es vital para la recuperación inicial del shock hipovolémico. Para determinar el flujo de solución de Ringer y sangre entera, se testearon tres tipos diferentes de catéteres de longitud progresivamente mayor: Nº 18 para vena periférica, Nº 9 para subclavia y K 31 para subclavia o flebotomía. Se dejó perfundir por gravedad o aplicando 200 mmHg de presión al sachet y se midió el volumen emitido en un minuto dentro de una probeta graduada. Se observó que en un caté

Factores de riesgo asociados con la aparicion de flebitis / Risk factors associated with the appearing of phlebitis

Se estudiaron 41 pacientes a quienes se colocaron cateteres venosos perifericos entre Septiembre y Diciembre de 1987 en el servicio de medicina interna del Hospital San Ignacio, 8 de los cuales presentaro flebitis quimica o bacteriana. La incidencia del fenomeno fue igual para los pacientes que tenian entre 15 y 44 anos, y para los que tenian entre 45 y 74 anos. En relacion con la solucion administrada se observo que el 100 por ciento de los que recibieron Aminosyn al 3.5 por ciento tuvieron flebitis, al igual que el 17.6 por ciento de los que recieron D5 por ciento A.D. y el 20 por ciento de los que recibieron Na CL 0.9 por ciento . Teniendo en cuenta la enfermedad de base, se encontro flebitis en todos los pacientes con alteraciones inmunologicas. En los pacientes con flebitis bacteriana se encontro que la infusion fue preparada fuera del botiquin en el 22 por ciento de los casos, deficiente lavado y secado de manos de la persona que iba a hacer la venopuncion en el 34 por ciento de los casos, inapropiado almacenamiento y uso de los algodones o de las gasas para limpiar la piel del paciente en el 25 por ciento de los casos, y fallas en los procedimientos de limpieza de la piel y colocacion del torniquete en el 26.9 por ciento y el 16.6 por ciento respectivamente. Para el 80 por ciento de las desinfecciones de piel se empleo alcohol iodado, y al 16.13 de los pacientes no se les cambio el esparadrapo que fijaba el cateter, mientras este permanecio in situ. Las flebitis quimicas fueron mas frecuentes al aplicar antibioticos, cimetidina, electrolitos, heperina, lasix, epamin y buscapina