Evaluation of virucidal activity of three commercial disinfectants and formic acid using bovine enterovirus type 1 (ECBO virus), mammalian orthoreovirus type 1 and bovine adenovirus type 1.

A modified version of the test method of the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) was developed using formic acid and three commercial disinfectants to evaluate virucidal activity against three non-enveloped viruses, bovine enterovirus type 1 (ECBO virus), mammalian orthoreovirus type 1 and bovine adenovirus type 1 (BAV 1). Determination of the effects of temperature was carried out at 20 and 10 degrees C. All tests with protein load used bovine serum albumin (BSA) and yeast extract. The investigations were performed in suspension tests and in carrier tests using poplar wood virus carriers. The carrier tests showed that ECBO virus could be inactivated at 20 degrees C with 1% formic acid within a 60 min reaction time. For disinfection of ECBO virus at 10 degrees C within 60 min, a 2% concentration of formic acid was necessary. Formic acid was ineffective against reovirus and bovine adenovirus and cannot be recommended as a reference disinfectant. Inactivation of ECBO virus and adenovirus type 1 using a disinfectant containing aldehydes and alcohols could be achieved, but only at room temperature. The disinfection of reovirus type 1 at room temperature with this product was possible without a protein load. This disinfectant exhibited disinfection ability at 10 degrees C at a concentration of more than 2% or with a longer exposure time. A disinfectant containing aldehydes was effective at room temperature but its effect was reduced in the presence of organic matter. Inactivation at 10 degrees C was found only against adenovirus. The fourth disinfectant, which contained peroxiacetic acid, inactivated all test viruses at a concentration of 0.5% within 15 min independent of temperature and protein load.

[Hygienic assessment of components of smoking fume]. / Gigienicheskaia otsenka komponentov koptil'nogo dyma.

Analyzing the chemical composition of smoking fume has indicated that maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) have been established for 50 of 400 well-known compounds, working area MACs were standardized for 42 of the 50 compounds, the maximum single and daily average concentrations were standardized for 34 and 30 compounds, respectively. All standards were established for 25 compounds. Despite the fact that there a large list of MACs, it is difficult to calculate the objective hygienic risk of smoking smoke since 32 compounds are contained in traces. Hygienic assessment of fume discharges from the smoking chamber by taking into account their mass and MACs demonstrated that phenols, carbonyl compounds, acids, and benz(a)pyrene which should be used to work out the unified hygienic standard are of the greatest importance.

[Problems of development, production and clinical use of highly effective blood substitutes]. / Problemy razrabotki, proizvodstva i klinicheskogo primeneniia vysokoéffektivnykh krovezamenitelei.

An analysis of biological properties of blood substitutes has shown the expedience of wider clinical use instead of polyglucin of such substitutes as polyglucol, polifer, rondex, neorondex, polyoxidin, volecam; instead of rheopolyglucin--the rheopolyglucin with glucose, rheogluman and rheoglusol prepared for clinical tests; instead of haemodesin--haemodesin-H, neohaemodesin, gluconeodesin; instead of protein hydrolysates--polyamine and purified from peptides infusamine, hydromine, amicin; instead of 0.9% solution of sodium chloride--disol, quintasol, lactasol, mafusol. They have polyfunctional properties and considerably increase the effectiveness of the infusion--transfusion therapy.