Stability as a key factor for bone repair in nonunion of mandibular osteotomy / Estabilidad como factor clave en la reparación de la nonunión de la osteotomía mandibular

Stability is necessary to ensuring proper bone repair after osteotomies and fractures. The aim of this research was to analyze how the repair of pseudoarthrosis sites was affected by different conditions in related to soft tissue. An experimental study was designed with 18 New Zealand rabbits. Six study groups were formed. An osteotomy was performed on the mandibular body of each animal and muscle was installed at the osteotomy site to model pseudoarthrosis. Fixation by surgery was then carried out, using plates and screws. The animals were submitted to euthanasia after 21, 42 and 63 days to make a descriptive comparison of the histological results. No animal was lost during the experiment. In all the samples, bone formation was observed with different degrees of progress. Defects treated with or without removal of the tissue involved in pseudoarthrosis presented comparable bone repair, showing that stability of the bone segments allows the repair of adjacent tissue. In some samples cartilaginous tissue was associated with greater bone formation. Stabilization of the fracture is the key in bone repair; repair occurs whether or not the pseudoarthrosis tissue is removed.

La estabilidad de las osteotomías y de las fracturas son fundamentales para asegurar la adecuada reparación ósea; el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la reparación presente en sitios de pseudoartrosis realizando la limpieza de la zona previo a la fijación o manteniendo el tejido de la nounión en el mismo lugar durante la osteosíntesis. Se diseñó un estudio experimental incluyendo 18 conejos de raza Neozelandesa. Se formaron 6 grupos de estudios a quienes se relizó una osteotomía en el cuerpo mandibular y posterior instalación de músculo en el lugar de la osteotomía para fabricar un modelo de pseudoartrosis. En cirugía posterior se fijó con placa y tornillos. Se realizaron eutanasias a los 42 y 63 días para comparar los resultados de forma descriptiva mediante estudio histológico. No fue perdido ningún animal durante el experimento. En todas las muestras evaluadas se observó formación ósea en diferentes niveles de avance; defectos tratados con o sin el retiro del tejido involucrado en la pseudoartrosis presentaron una condición de reparación ósea comparables, determinando que la estabilidad de los segmentos óseos permite la reparación del tejido adyacente. El tejido cartilaginoso se presentó en algunas muestras asociadas a sectores con mayor presencia de formación ósea. La estabilización de la fractura es clave en la reparación ósea; la reparación se produce manteniendo o retirando el tejido presente en la pseudoartrosis.

Pacientes con retardo de consolidación, infiltrados con lisado plaquetario autólogo / Delayed consolidation patients infiltrated with autologous platelet lysate

Introducción: El retardo de consolidación es una complicación que resulta de un proceso de consolidación ósea anormal. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con retardo de consolidación, infiltrados con lisado plaquetario autólogo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos, observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo, en el Hospital General Docente Comandante Pinares, de enero 2008 a diciembre de 2017. Se revisaron 186 historias clínicas y se seleccionaron 80, que cumplían los criterios para el estudio. Se infiltró entre 6 mL de lisado plaquetario autólogo en los focos de fracturas, se evaluó el tiempo de consolidación ósea mediante radiografías seriadas y se registraron las complicaciones. Las variables del estudio fueron: edad, sexo, color de la piel, localizaciones óseas afectadas, sitios anatómicos del hueso, tiempo de consolidación ósea, complicaciones. Se empleó la distribución de frecuencias absoluta y relativa en el análisis de las variables cualitativas y la media aritmética para la variable cuantitativa edad. Para la relación entre variables cualitativas independientes se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: Hubo más frecuencia de retardo de la consolidación en hombres de piel blanca, con edades comprendidas entre 26 y 45 años. Predominó en el tercio inferior de la tibia. El hueso que más tiempo requirió para su consolidación fue la tibia, con más de 16 semanas. No se describen complicaciones asociadas al implante. Conclusiones: El retardo de consolidación continúa siendo una complicación de difícil manejo. Es frecuente en hombres jóvenes y blancos. El lisado plaquetario autólogo es un buen coadyuvante en el tratamiento de esta complicación(AU)

Introduction: The delay of consolidation is a complication that results from an abnormal bone consolidation process. Objective: To characterize patients with delayed consolidation infiltrated with autologous platelet lysate. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective case study was conducted at Comandante Pinares General Teaching Hospital, from January 2008 to December 2017. One hundred eighty six (186) medical records were reviewed and eighty (80) were selected, since they met the study criteria. 6 mL of autologous platelet lysate was infiltrated in the foci of fractures. Serial radiographs were used to assess the bone healing time and complications were recorded. The variables of the study were age, sex, color of the skin, affected bone locations, anatomical sites of the bone, time of bone consolidation, complications. The distribution of absolute and relative frequencies was used in the analysis of qualitative variables and arithmetic mean for the quantitative age variable. Chi-square test was used for the relationship between independent qualitative variables. Results: The delayed consolidation was more frequency in white men, aged between 26 and 45 years. It predominated in the lower third of the tibia. Tibia was the bone that required more time for consolidation, more than 16 weeks. No complications associated with the implant are described. Conclusions: The delayed consolidation continues being a complication of difficult treatment. It is frequent in young and white men. The autologous platelet lysate is a good adjuvant in the treatment of this complication(AU)

Introduction: Le retard de consolidation est une complication résultant d'un processus de consolidation osseuse anormal.Objectif: Caractériser les patients atteints de retard de consolidation qui sont traités par infiltration de lysat plaquettaire autologue. Méthodes: Une étude observationnelle, descriptive, transversale et rétrospective a été réalisée à l'hôpital général universitaire Comandante Pinares, depuis janvier 2008 jusqu'à décembre 2017. Sur 186 dossiers médicaux révisés, on a sélectionné 80 respectant les critères d'inclusion de l'étude. Six millilitres de lysat plaquettaire autologue ont été injectés dans les foyers des fractures ; le temps de consolidation osseuse a été estimé par des radiographies en série, et les complications ont été enregistrées. On a utilisé des variables telles que l'âge, le sexe, la couleur de la peau, les localisations osseuses affectées, le site anatomique de l'os, le temps de consolidation osseuse, et les complications. On a employé la distribution de fréquences absolue et relative pour l'analyse des variables qualitatives et la moyenne d'âge, tandis que pour la relation entre les variables qualitatives indépendantes on a utilisé le test du chi-carré. Résultats: Le retard de consolidation a été beaucoup plus fréquent chez les hommes blancs entre 26 et 45 ans. Le tiers inférieur du tibia a été touché en prédominance. L'os qui a exigé beaucoup plus de temps de consolidation a été le tibia (plus de seize semaines). Des complications associées à l'implant n'ont pas été décrites. Conclusions: Le retard de consolidation demeure une complication difficile à traiter. Il est fréquemment observé chez les hommes jeunes et blancs. Le lysat plaquettaire autologue est un bon adjuvant dans le traitement de cette complication(AU)

Desfechos clínicos de tratamento cirúrgico de más uniões ou não consolidadas do tálus / Clinical outcomes of surgical treatment for talar malunions and nonunions

Objetivo: apresentar nossas experiências no tratamento de más uniões ou não consolidações talares. Método: entre janeiro de 2000 e setembro de 2009, 26 pacientes com má união ou nãounião depois de fraturas do tálus foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de acordo com os diferentes tipos de deformidade talar. Os desfechos do tratamento foram avaliados pela escala tornozelo-retropé da AOFAS, assim como por radiografias simples. Resultados: 20 pacientes ficaram disponíveis para acompanhamento por 30 (24 a 60) meses. Não houve problema de cicatrização ou infecção das feridas e foram obtidas uniões sólidas em todos os pacientes. As uniões radiológicas foram atingidas em tempo médio de 14 (faixa de 12 a 18) semanas. O tempo médio para concluir o apoio de carga foi 16 (faixa de 14 a 20) semanas. O escore AOFAS médio aumentou significantemente de 36,2 (27 a 43) para 85,8 (74 a 98). Conclusão: as intervenções cirúrgicas das fraturas mal-unidas ou não consolidadas dos tálus podem produzir resultados satisfatórios e o procedimento apropriado deve ser adotado, de acordo com diferentes tipos de deformidades pós-traumáticas. Nível de Evidência: IV, Estudo Retrospectivo.

Objective: To present our experiences of treating talar malunions and nonunions. Method: between January 2000 and September 2009, 26 patients with malunions or nonunions after talar fractures underwent surgical treatment according to different types of talar deformities. The treatment outcomes were evaluated using AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale as well as plain radiographs. Results: 20 patients were available for follow-up for 30 (range, 24 to 60) months. No wound healing problems or infections occurred and solid unions were achieved in all patients. Radiological unions were achieved at a mean time of 14 (range, 12 to 18) weeks. The mean time to complete weight-bearing was 16 (range, 14 to 20) weeks. The mean AOFAS score increased significantly from 36.2 (range, 27 to 43) to 85.8 (range, 74 to 98). Conclusion: surgical interventions for malunions and nonunions after talar fractures can bring about satisfactory outcomes, and the appropriate procedure should be adopted according to different types of posttraumatic deformities. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Study.

Functional outcomes of conservatively treated clavicle fractures.

OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the study was to analyze the outcomes of clavicle fractures in adults treated non-surgically and to evaluate the clinical effects of displacement, fracture patterns, fracture location, fracture comminution, shortening and fracture union on shoulder function. METHODS: Seventy clavicle fractures were non-surgically treated in the Orthopedics Department at the Tuanku Ja'afar General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Seremban, Malaysia, an average of six months after injury. The clavicle fractures were treated conservatively with an arm sling and a figure-eight splint for three weeks. No attempt was made to reduce displaced fractures, and the patients were allowed immediate free-shoulder mobilization, as tolerated. They were prospectively evaluated clinically and radiographically. Shoulder function was evaluated using the Constant scoring technique. RESULTS: There were statistically significant functional outcome impairments in non-surgically treated clavicle fractures that correlated with the fracture type (comminution), the fracture displacement (21 mm or more), shortening (15 mm or more) and the fracture union (malunion). CONCLUSION: This article reveals the need for surgical intervention to treat clavicle fractures and improve shoulder functional outcomes.

Functional outcomes of conservatively treated clavicle fractures

OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the study was to analyze the outcomes of clavicle fractures in adults treated non-surgically and to evaluate the clinical effects of displacement, fracture patterns, fracture location, fracture comminution, shortening and fracture union on shoulder function. METHODS: Seventy clavicle fractures were non-surgically treated in the Orthopedics Department at the Tuanku Ja'afar General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Seremban, Malaysia, an average of six months after injury. The clavicle fractures were treated conservatively with an arm sling and a figure-eight splint for three weeks. No attempt was made to reduce displaced fractures, and the patients were allowed immediate free-shoulder mobilization, as tolerated. They were prospectively evaluated clinically and radiographically. Shoulder function was evaluated using the Constant scoring technique. RESULTS: There were statistically significant functional outcome impairments in non-surgically treated clavicle fractures that correlated with the fracture type (comminution), the fracture displacement (21 mm or more), shortening (15 mm or more) and the fracture union (malunion). CONCLUSION: This article reveals the need for surgical intervention to treat clavicle fractures and improve shoulder functional outcomes.

The effect of ultrasound on the healing of muscle-pediculated bone graft in scaphoid non-union

The use of pedicled vascularised bone grafts from the distal radius makes it possible to transfer bone with a preserved circulation and viable osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Experiments performed at the basic science level has provided substantial evidence that low-intensity ultrasound can accelerate and augment the fracture healing process. Only an adequate double-blind trial comparing treatment by ultrasound stimulation in patients treated by similar surgical techniques can provide evidence of the true effect of ultrasound. This paper describes the results of such a trial. From 1999 to 2004, 21 fractures of the scaphoid with established non-union treated with vascularised pedicle bone graft were selected for inclusion in a double-blind trial. All patients were males, with an average age of 26.7 years (range 17–42 years) and an average interval between injury and surgery of 38.4 months (range 3 months–10 years). Low-intensity ultrasound was delivered using a TheraMed 101-B bone-growth stimulator (30 mW/cm2, 20 min/day), which was modified to accomplish double-blinding. These modifications did not affect the designated active units. The placebo units were adjusted to give no ultrasound signal output across the transducer. Externally, all units appeared identical but were marked with individual code numbers. Patients were randomly allocated to either an active or placebo stimulation. Follow-up averaged 2.3 years (range 1–4 years). All patients achieved fracture union (active and placebo groups), but compared with the placebo device (11 patients), the active device (ten patients) accelerated healing by 38 days (56±3.2 days compared with 94±4.8 days, p<0.0001, analysis of variance)(AU)

El uso de injertos óseos vascularizados pediculado distal de radio hace que sea posible transferir los huesos conservados con una práctica y viable osteoclastos y osteoblastos. Experimentos realizados en la ciencia básica ha proporcionado pruebas de que la baja intensidad de ultrasonido puede acelerar y aumentar el proceso de curación de fracturas. Sólo una adecuada ensayo doble ciego que compararon el tratamiento de estimulación por ultrasonidos en pacientes tratados con técnicas quirúrgicas similares pueden aportar pruebas de los verdaderos efectos de la ecografía. Este artículo describe los resultados de dicho proceso. De 1999 a 2004, 21 de las fracturas de escafoides con la unión no tratados con injerto óseo vascularizado pedículo se seleccionaron para su inclusión en un ensayo doble ciego. Todos los pacientes fueron varones, con una edad media de 26,7 años (rango 17-42 años) y un intervalo promedio entre el perjuicio y la cirugía de 38,4 meses (rango 3 meses-10 años). Ultrasonido de baja intensidad se entregó mediante un TheraMed 101-B, estimulador del crecimiento de los huesos (30 mW/cm2, 20 min / día), que fue modificado para cumplir con doble cegamiento. Estas modificaciones no afectan a los designados unidades activas. El placebo se ajustaron a las unidades no ofrecen ninguna salida de señal de ultrasonido a través del transductor. Externamente, todas las unidades, pero parece idéntico fueron marcados con los números de código. Los pacientes fueron asignados al azar a uno, ya sea activa o placebo estimulación. Seguimiento promedio de 2,3 años (rango 1-4 años). Todos los pacientes alcanzaron la unión de fractura (en activo y placebo), pero en comparación con el placebo dispositivo (11 pacientes), el dispositivo activo (diez pacientes) acelerar la curación por 38 días (56 ± 3,2 días en comparación con 94 ± 4,8 días, p <0,0001 , el análisis de la varianza)