Lymph or Chyle Leak After Neck Dissection in Patients With Thyroid Carcinoma: Results of a Study on 1724 Patients.

BACKGROUND: To discuss the prevention and treatment of lymph or chyle leak following neck dissection in patients with thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: A total of 1724 patients with thyroid carcinoma received neck dissection in the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between November 2009 and October 2014. The incidence and management of leak were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 92 (5.34%) patients developed leak, 28 (1.62%) developed lymph leak, 59 (3.42%) developed chyle leak, and 5 (.29%) developed chylothorax. Medical management to stop postoperative lymph or chyle leak included pressure dressing, reoperation, fasting, or low-fat diet therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph or chyle leak may occur in thyroid carcinoma patients who underwent neck dissection. Clinicians should alert to leak when there were IV + VI region lymph node metastasis and should become aware of chylothorax after pressure dressing. A careful identification and ligation of lymphatic duct may be an effective way to avoid lymph or chyle leak.

Serum thyroglobulin elevation after needle aspiration of the lymph nodes: the predictive value for detecting metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer patients - a pilot study.

Ultrasonography (USG)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) is widely used for diagnosis of lymph node (LN) metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, FNA cytology sometimes shows inconclusive results. Recently, the measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg) in FNA washout fluid (aspirate-Tg) has been widely adopted, but there are some difficulties in the preparation of the sample and standardization of the procedure. Here, we examined serum Tg after FNA as a new predictive marker for LN metastasis of PTC. We performed USG-guided FNA cytology and examined aspirate-Tg in PTC patients showing suspicious metastatic LNs during follow-up. We measured baseline serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Tg, and Tg antibody levels before FNA, and serum Tg level within an hour after FNA. We defined aspirate-Tg level above 0.9 ng/mL as positive, and a 30% increase in serum Tg level after FNA compared to the baseline as elevation of serum Tg. Twenty-two patients were included in our study. Nine patients (40.9%) showed elevation of Tg level after FNA, and the mean value of Tg elevation was 24.8 ±â€Š48.0 ng/mL. Among these 9 patients, 8 were diagnosed with PTC and 1 patient showed cellular atypia on cytopathology. All these patients showed positive aspirate-Tg. Thirteen patients (59.1%) did not show elevation of Tg level after FNA. Among these patients, 2 had PTC, 2 had cellular atypia, and 9 yielded negative results for malignancy on cytopathology. Elevation of serum Tg level after FNA might have a diagnostic role for predicting LN metastasis of PTC.

Regulatory T Cells Mediate Local Immunosuppression in Lymphedema.

Patients who suffer from lymphedema have impaired immunity and, as a result, are at an increased risk for infections. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that lymphadenectomy impairs acquisition of adaptive immune responses and antibody production in response to foreign antigens. Although it is clear that antigen presentation in lymph nodes plays a key role in adaptive immunity, the cellular mechanisms that regulate impaired immune responses in patients with lymphedema or following lymphatic injury remain unknown. We have previously found that axillary lymph node dissection, both clinically and in a mouse model, results in a marked increase in the number of regulatory T cells in the ipsilateral limb. In this study, we focus on the role of regulatory T cells in immunosuppression and show that regulatory T-cell proliferation in tissues distal to site of lymphatic injury contributes to impaired innate and adaptive immune responses. More importantly, using Foxp3-DTR transgenic mice, we show that depletion of regulatory T cells in the setting of lymphatic injury restores these critical immune-mediated responses. These findings provide additional evidence that immune responses following lymphatic injury play a key role in mediating the pathology of lymphedema.

Seom guidelines for the treatment of gastric cancer 2015

Gastric cancer is the fourth cause of death by cancer in Spain and a significant medical problem. Molecular biology results evidence that gastroesophageal junction tumors and gastric cancer should be considered as two independent entities with a different prognosis and treatment approach. Endoscopic resection in very early tumors is feasible. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy in locally advanced resectable tumor increase overall survival and should be considered standard treatments. In stage IV tumors, platinum-fluoropyrimidine-based schedule, with trastuzumab in HER2-overexpressed tumors, is the firstline treatment. Different therapies in second line have demonstrated in randomized studies their clear benefit in survival improvement (AU)

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SEOM clinical guidelines for the treatment of follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (FL) is a nodal B lymphoid malignancy that originates from the germinal center of a lymph node. FL is the second most frequent lymphoma subtype. The course of the disease is usually characterised by a typically indolent clinical course, with a median survival rate of 8-10 years, although most patients relapse after treatment. Diagnosis should always be based on a surgical specimen like an excisional node lymph biopsy. The first-line treatment of FL will depend of extension disease, tumour burden, patient symptoms, performance status and also patient decision. The addition of rituximab to conventional chemotherapy has improved ORR, PFS and OS. As first line in patients that need treatment, a combination of chemotherapy with rituximab induction followed by 2 years of rituximab maintenance is the best option. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation in first line has not shown improvement and is not recommended as first-line therapy. Before any treatment decision in relapsed patients, a repeat biopsy is mandatory to rule out a transformation into large cell aggressive lymphoma. Standard treatment is controversial, depends on the efficacy of prior treatment, duration of the time-to-relapse, patient’s age and histological findings at relapse (AU)

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A new open door for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS); the colon

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Nódulos frontales asociados a adenopatías generalizadas / Nodules on the Forehead Associated With Generalized Lymphadenopathy

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Adenopatía pigmentada por tinta de tatuaje como hallazgo accidental en cirugía de mama. Caso clínico / Pigmented adenopathy by tattoo ink as an accidental finding in breast surgery. Case report

Damos a conocer el hallazgo de una adenopatía axilar pigmentada durante la realización de una mastectomía bilateral profiláctica en una paciente de 35 años. El estudio anatomopatológico reveló pigmento compatible con tinta en el interior del ganglio. Esto, junto con la presencia de un tatuaje próximo a la axila de la paciente, permitió identificar el tatuaje como causa de la coloración de la adenopatía. Discutimos el diagnóstico diferencial a realizar en casos similares. Hasta un tercio de la población joven en España se ha realizado algún tatuaje, y las series de autopsias muestran la alta incidencia de presencia de pigmento en ganglios próximos a esos tatuajes. Creemos necesario realizar un correcto diagnóstico diferencial con melanoma y otras etiologías en pacientes tatuados para llevar a cabo una adecuada indicación quirúrgica (AU)

We report the finding of an axillary pigmented adenopathy during a bilateral profilactic mastectomy in a 35- year-old patient. The anatomopathologycal analysis revealed pigmentation compatible with ink inside the lymphatic node. The presence of a tattoo close to the axillary region of the patient made us identify the tattoo as the cause of the adenopathy coloration. We discuss the differential diagnosis to be considered in this cases. Around one third of the spanish population wears a tattoo, and series of autopsies show an elevated incidence of the presence of pigment in nodes adjacent to tattoos. The correct differential diagnosis with melanoma and other etiologies in tattooed patients is necessary to establish an adequate surgical indication (AU)

Lymph node infarction: role of underlying malignancy, tumour proliferation fraction and vascular compromise--a study of 35 cases and a comprehensive review of the literature.

AIMS: To determine the roles of the presence of malignancy, tumour proliferation fraction, vascular compromise and therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations in lymph node infarction (LNI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-five cases of LNI were identified over a 20-year period. Of the 35 patients, 31 (89%) had an underlying malignancy: 27 of the 31 (87%) were haematologic malignancies, the rest being metastatic carcinoma (two), melanoma, and seminoma. Of the four patients without evidence of malignancy, two were diagnosed with viral infection, one had LNI adjacent to a thrombosed pancreas graft, and one was lost to follow-up. Ki67 immunostaining in viable tumour demonstrated a range (5-60%) of proliferation fractions. A history of fine needle aspiration alone was present in seven of the 35 patients (20%), a history of chemotherapy alone in 11 (31%), and a history of both in two (5.7%). Factor VIII immunostaining highlighted thrombosed and recanalized vessels next to the infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Infarction of lymph nodes is associated with previous, concurrent or subsequent diagnosis of malignancy in the vast majority of cases. Chemotherapy or previous fine needle aspiration can precipitate infarction in some cases, but infarction may occur without such intervention, possibly because of an underlying subacute or chronic vascular compromise produced by vascular thrombosis.

Correlação entre as medidas antropométricas e o comprometimento linfonodal de pacientes pós-menopausadas com câncer de mama / Correlation between anthropometric measurements an lymph node metastases in postmenopausal women with breast cancer

Introdução: Diversos estudos epidemiológicos observaram que mulheres obesas na pós-menopausa apresentam aumento de risco e mortalidade do câncer de mama. Apesar de não haver consenso, alguns estudos demonstraram maior grau de comprometimento dos linfonodos axilares nessas pacientes, o que pode contribuir para o pior prognóstico da doença nesse grupo. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre as medidas antropométricas e o grau de comprometimento linfonodal axilar em pacientes pós-menopausadas com câncer de mama hormônio-responsivo. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo analítico com 57 mulheres com carcinoma ductal invasivo no estágio II, na pós-menopausa, com receptores hormonais positivos (receptor estrogênico e/ou receptor de progesterona - RE/RP), tratadas nos hospitais São Paulo e Pérola Byington. Logo após o diagnóstico foram realizadas as medidas antropométricas (IMC, CA, CQ e RCQ) das pacientes e, após o tratamento cirúrgico e avaliação histopatológica dos linfonodos axilares, realizou-se o estudo estatístico. Resultados: Observou-se associação significativa entre o número de linfonodos acometidos e o sobrepeso (IMC> 25 kg/m2) (p = 0,0329). Cerca de 64% das pacientes com mais de três linfonodos acometidos apresentaram IMC> 25 kg/m2. Entretanto, não houve diferença estatística entre as medidas antropométricas e a positividade dos linfonodos axilares de forma global. Conclusão: O número de linfonodos axilares comprometidos foi maior em pacientes com índice de massa corpórea entre 25 e 30 kg/m2.

Introduction: Several epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk and mortality in breast cancer of obese postmenopausal women. The higher number of lymph node metastases in these patients could contribute to poor prognosis. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the anthropometric measurements and lymph node metastases in postmenopausal women with breast cancer expressing hormone receptors (ER/PgR). Methods: Prospective study with 57 women with invasive ductal carcinoma, stage II and estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor (ER/PgR) positivity treated in São Paulo and Pérola Byington Hospital. Anthropometric datawere obtained after the diagnoses, and statistical analysis was done after surgery treatment and definitive pathology results of axillary lymph nodes dissection. Results: There was a significant association (p = 0.0329) between the number of axillary lymph node metastases and overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2). Almost 64% of patients with more than three lymph node metastases had more than 25 kg/m2. However, there were no statistical significance between the correlation of anthropometric measurements and the global number of axillary lymph node metastases. Conclusion: The number of axillary lymph node metastases was higher in patients with body mass index between 25 and 30 kg/m2.

Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in migration and inflammation

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) emerges as a key modulator of G protein-coupled receptors and other plasma membrane receptors triggered by chemotactic messengers. In addition, GRK2 has been reported to interact with a variety of signal transduction proteins related to cell migration. Interestingly, the levels of expression and activity of this kinase are altered in several inflammatory disorders, thus suggesting that it may play an important role in the onset or progression of these pathologies. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in the control of GRK2 expression and function and highlights novel functional interactions of this protein that might help to explain how altered GRK2 levels affects cell migration in different cell types and pathological settings (AU)

La quinasa GRK2 (G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2) se perfila como un modulador clave de receptores acoplados a proteínas G y de otros receptores de membrana plasmática que responden a estímulos migratorios. Además, GRK2 es capaz de interaccionar con diferentes proteínas señalizadoras relacionadas con la migración celular. Por otra parte, puesto que los niveles de expresión y actividad de esta quinasa se encuentran alterados en distintas en enfermedades inflamatorias, se sugiere que GRK2 puede desempeñar un papel importante en el desencadenamiento o la progresión de estos procesos. Esta revisión resume los mecanismos implicados en el control de la expresión y función de GRK2 y resalta nuevas interacciones funcionales de esta proteína que pueden contribuir a explicar cómo las alteraciones en los niveles de GRK2 afectan a la migración de distintos tipos celulares y a diversas situaciones patológicas (AU)

EUS-FNA of enlarged necrotic lymph nodes may cause infectious mediastinitis.

Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive technique to investigate the mediastinum. Although EUS-FNA can be considered in general as a safe technique, complications do occur. We here report an infectious complication of EUS-FNA that occurred after puncture of a large malignant necrotic mediastinal lymph node.

Carbohydrate supplementation before operation retains intestinal barrier function and lowers bacterial translocation in a rat model of major abdominal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Overnight fasting of rats augments the susceptibility of the small intestine to ischemia-reperfusion damage. Feeding before surgery may improve injuries to distant organs that were induced by ischemia-reperfusion. The present study tested the hypothesis that one of the food constituents, namely carbohydrates, may be responsible for the protective effect of preoperative feeding on postoperative organ dysfunction. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum for 5 d and had either free access to water or free access to a carbohydrate drink and water. Then they were fasted for 16 h and access remained to either water or a carbohydrate drink and water. Following this, the arteria mesenterica superior was clamped for 60 min followed by 180 min of reperfusion. Subsequently, the intestinal permeability of stripped ileum was determined by measuring the mucosal to serosal flux in Ussing chambers. For assessment of bacterial content, organs were aseptically removed and assessed for bacterial content by culture under anaerobic conditions. RESULTS: Preoperative supplementation with carbohydrates resulted in a better maintenance of intestinal barrier function when compared with water supplemented animals. Moreover, carbohydrate supplementation resulted in a reduction in the ischemiareperfusion-induced increase in bacterial content of the liver, kidney, and mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative intake of carbohydrates by rats retains both the intestinal barrier function and prevents translocation of bacteria to distant organs.

Correlación anatomoclínica: de los tumores malignos de mama / Anatomocínical correlation: of the malignant tumors of breat

El cáncer de mama es una de las causas más importantes de mortalidad en la mujer, su incidencia ha aumentado a nivel mundial. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, analítico; basado en la revisión de las historias clínicas de pacientes vistas en el Hospital General del Sur “Dr. Pedro Iturbe”, entre julio 2000-julio 2005; con el propósito de conocer la correlación anatomoclínica de los tumores malignos de mama. La muestra estuvo constituida por 59 pacientes. El grupo etario mayormente afectado fue el de 46 a 55 años de edad con un 45,76 por ciento. Predominó el sexo femenino 98 por ciento, el 18,64 por ciento presentaron antecedentes familiares de cáncer, sólo el 5,08 por ciento reportaron antecedentes familiares de cáncer de mama. El consumo de tabaco representó el 54,23 por ciento de los casos. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue carcinoma ductal 89,83 por ciento, seguido de carcinoma lobulillar y Phyllodes maligno ambos con 3,38 por ciento destacándose que el 100 por ciento eran infiltrantes, el 33,89 por ciento con metástasis a ganglio linfático en un 45 por ciento, y a pleura en un porcentaje menor de 40 por ciento. El cáncer de mama es un grave problema de salud pública, tomando en consideración que en el 100 por ciento de los casos estudiados se encontraron en estadio avanzado. Todo ello, evidencia la necesidad de una mayor atención por parte de los clínicos y el desarrollo de programas educativos y de control para lograr diagnóstico temprano.

Te breast cancer is one of the most important causes of death among women; its incidence has increased in worldwide. A descriptive, retrospective, analytical study was carried out; based on the review of the clinical sheets corresponding to patients with that diagnosis seen in Hospital General del Sur “Dr. Pedro Iturbe”, in a period of time ranging from July 2000 up to July 2005. The objective was to know the anatomic clinical correlation of malignant breast tumors. The sample was composed by 59 patients. The higher percentage corresponded to 46 to 55 age group with 45.76 %. The female group was affected in a 98 %. 18.64 % of patients had family backgrounds of some type of cancer; just 5.08 % reported family backgrounds of breast cancer. On the other hand, tobacco use was reported in 54.23 % of the cases. The more frequent histological type was the ductal carcinoma 89.83 %, followed by the lobulillar carcinoma and malignant Phyllodes with 3.38 % respectively. 100 % of them were infiltrating and 33.89 % with metastasis the lymphatic ganglia in 45 % of the cases, in a lower percentage 40 % to pleura. As a result, breast cancer is a serious public health problem, considering that 100 % of the cases were in a late stage. It is needed physicians to pay more attention to this, developing educative programs and controlling in order to make early diagnosis.

CT diagnosis of chyluria after partial nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the CT diagnosis of chyluria after partial nephrectomy. CONCLUSION: Fat in the bladder can be identified on CT after partial nephrectomy. This finding is caused by chyluria secondary to lymphatic injury and should not be mistaken for other abnormalities. Our study population did not need treatment of chyluria.

Paraganglioma de glomus carotídeo derecho / Paraganglioma of glomus carotid right

Los Paragangliomas son tumores de cabeza y cuello poco frecuentes, histológicamente benignos, vascularizados, de crecimiento lento pudiendo ser cromafines o no. Se originan en los paraganglios extra adrenales de la cabeza neural, se presentan con mayor frecuencia en abdomen, su porcentaje de metástasis es bajo. Es más frecuente en el caso femenino, tiene una sobrevida libre de enfermedad de hasta 15 años. El diagnóstico se establece por clínica, tomografía, resonancia magnética y medicina nuclear, antiguamente se utilizaba la arteriografía carotídea. El tratamiento ideal es cirugía, sólo los casos avanzados, recidivantes o enfermedad metastásica deben recibir radioterapia. En este trabajo se describe la evolución clínico patológica de un caso de paraganglioma en cuerpo carotídeo derecho, el cual se maligniza sin cambios histológicos de importancia en corto período de evolución. Se plantea el tratamiento con Metaiodobenzilguanidina I-131 ya utilizada en otras lesiones similares con buena respuesta e influencia positiva en la sobrevida.

Massive lymphatic fluid leakage during laparoscopic lymphnode biopsy for abdominal malignancy.

This report concerns massive lymphatic fluid leakage during laparoscopic abdominal lymphnode biopsy for mesenteric tumor of non-Hodgkin's disease. Laparoscopic lymphnode biopsy was performed on a 58-year-old man who presented with a huge abdominal mass. The initial diagnosis was based on abdominal computed tomography, which revealed a large mass. This was followed by laparoscopic abdominal lymphnode biopsy for a definitive diagnosis. During the operation, massive lymphatic leakage up to about 300 mL occurred, but was stopped completely by electric coagulation. Histological examination indicated the mass to be a B-cell type non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hospitalization was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 7 days postoperatively to the Department of Internal Medicine for chemotherapy. This new endoscopic approach offers a useful alternative to the traditional transabdominal excision of intra-abdominal lymphnodes, although attention must be paid to possible complications including massive intraoperative lymphatic leakage.