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Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common sinonasal inflammatory disorder with high heterogeneity. Increasing evidence have indicated that the infiltration of macrophages especially M2 macrophages play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP, but the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. This study sought to identify potential biomarkers related to M2 macrophages in CRSwNP. Methods: The expression datasets of GSE136825 and GSE179265 were download from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and merged. Then, CIBERSORT and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) algorithms were applied to identify M2 macrophage-related gene modules. Thereafter, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to M2 macrophages were selected to perform functional enrichment analyses. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built to identify hub genes and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptions PCR was used to verify the bioinformatics results. Results: A total of 92 DEGs associated with M2 macrophages were identified for further analysis. The results of Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses illustrated that M2 macrophage-associated DEGs primarily enriched in immune responses and extracellular matrix structure. PPI network analysis identified 18 hub genes related to M2 macrophages that might be pivotal in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. After verification, AIF1, C1QA, C1QB, C3AR1, CCR1, CD163, CD4, CD53, CD86, CSF1R, CYBB, FCER1G, FCGR3A, IL10RA, ITGB2, LAPTM5, PLEK, TYROBP were identified as potential M2 macrophage-related biomarkers for CRSwNP. Conclusion: These findings yield new insights into the hub genes and mechanisms related to M2 macrophages in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Further studies of these hub genes would help better understand the disease progression and identify potential treatment targets.
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Pólipos Nasales , Sinusitis , Humanos , Pólipos Nasales/genética , Sinusitis/genética , Genes fms , Enfermedad Crónica , MacrófagosRESUMEN
Sense-antisense mRNA pairs generated by convergent transcription is a way of gene regulation. c-fms gene is closely juxtaposed to the HMGXB3 gene in the opposite orientation, in chromosome 5. The intergenic region (IR) between c-fms and HMGXB3 genes is 162 bp. We found that a small portion (â¼4.18%) of HMGXB3 mRNA is transcribed further downstream, including the end of the c-fms gene generating antisense mRNA against c-fms mRNA. Similarly, a small portion (â¼1.1%) of c-fms mRNA is transcribed further downstream, including the end of the HMGXB3 gene generating antisense mRNA against the HMGXB3 mRNA. Insertion of the strong poly(A) signal sequence in the IR results in decreased c-fms and HMGXB3 antisense mRNAs, resulting in up-regulation of both c-fms and HMGXB3 mRNA expression. miR-324-5p targets HMGXB3 mRNA 3' UTR, and as a result, regulates c-fms mRNA expression. HuR stabilizes c-fms mRNA, and as a result, down-regulates HMGXB3 mRNA expression. UALCAN analysis indicates that the expression pattern between c-fms and HMGXB3 proteins are opposite in vivo in breast cancer tissues. Together, our results indicate that the mRNA encoded by the HMGXB3 gene can influence the expression of adjacent c-fms mRNA, or vice versa.
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Proteína 1 Similar a ELAV/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Genes fms , Proteínas del Grupo de Alta Movilidad/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cromosomas Humanos Par 5 , ADN Intergénico/genética , ADN Intergénico/metabolismo , Proteína 1 Similar a ELAV/metabolismo , Femenino , Edición Génica , Proteínas del Grupo de Alta Movilidad/metabolismo , Humanos , Glándulas Mamarias Humanas/metabolismo , Glándulas Mamarias Humanas/patología , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético , Proto-Oncogenes Mas , ARN sin Sentido/genética , ARN sin Sentido/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
Tumor microenvironment-targeted therapies are emerging as promising treatment options for different cancer types. Tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs) represent an abundant nonmalignant cell type in brain metastases and have been proposed to modulate metastatic colonization and outgrowth. Here we demonstrate that targeting TAMs at distinct stages of the metastatic cascade using an inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), BLZ945, in murine breast-to-brain metastasis models leads to antitumor responses in prevention and intervention preclinical trials. However, in established brain metastases, compensatory CSF2Rb-STAT5-mediated pro-inflammatory TAM activation blunted the ultimate efficacy of CSF1R inhibition by inducing neuroinflammation gene signatures in association with wound repair responses that fostered tumor recurrence. Consequently, blockade of CSF1R combined with inhibition of STAT5 signaling via AC4-130 led to sustained tumor control, a normalization of microglial activation states and amelioration of neuronal damage.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismo , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos , Animales , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundario , Genes fms , Activación de Macrófagos , Melanoma , Ratones , Receptores del Factor Estimulante de Colonias/metabolismo , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT5/genética , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Microambiente Tumoral , Melanoma Cutáneo MalignoRESUMEN
The proliferation and activation of microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain, is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion disease. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is critically involved in regulating microglial proliferation, and CSF1R blocking strategies have been recently used to modulate microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. However, CSF1R is broadly expressed by many cell types and the impact of its inhibition on the innate immune system is still unclear. CSF1R can be activated by two independent ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin 34 (IL-34). Recently, it has been reported that microglia development and maintenance depend on IL-34 signaling. In this study, we evaluate the inhibition of IL-34 as a novel strategy to reduce microglial proliferation in the ME7 model of prion disease. Selective inhibition of IL-34 showed no effects on peripheral macrophage populations in healthy mice, avoiding the side effects observed after CSF1R inhibition on the systemic compartment. However, we observed a reduction in microglial proliferation after IL-34 inhibition in prion-diseased mice, indicating that microglia could be more specifically targeted by reducing IL-34. Overall, our results highlight the challenges of targeting the CSF1R/IL34 axis in the systemic and central compartments, important for framing any therapeutic effort to tackle microglia/macrophage numbers during brain disease.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Degeneración Nerviosa , Enfermedades por Prión/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/toxicidad , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/toxicidad , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Genes fms , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/genética , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Microglía/metabolismo , Microglía/patología , Enfermedades por Prión/metabolismo , Enfermedades por Prión/patología , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Models of macrophage subtypes require molecular characterization to reliably facilitate their differentiation. Although CD16+ (Fc-gamma III receptor) monocytes that express CD163 (a hemoglobin/haptoglobin receptor) have been implicated in a variety of disease states, the conditions necessary to establish lineages of these cell subtypes remains unknown. The current investigations utilize a cell line derived from acute myelogenous leukemia lineage, MonoMac-1, to interrogate the factors that promote the development of CD16+ macrophages that express CD163. Results implicate the glucocorticoid pathway as well as c-fms signaling based on the action of dexamethasone and macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 in promoting CD16+ expression, in addition to phorbol myristate acetate and lipopolysaccharides treatment. The ability of glucocorticoid and c-fms receptor antagonists to inhibit CD16+ cell formation further establishes the role of these pathways in CD16 expression in this cell line. In view of the inherent difficulty in working with primary cells as well as donor variation, cell lines may be preferable to primary cells for their consistency. We envision that the process we use to induce CD16 expression in this cell type will be useful for screening and identification of drug candidates potentially useful for the treatment of diseases where the etiology involves the expansion of the CD16+ monocytes subset or the accumulation of CD163+ tissue macrophages.
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Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Linaje de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Linaje de la Célula/fisiología , Genes fms/genética , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/metabolismo , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismo , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The proliferation, differentiation and survival of mononuclear phagocytes depend on signals from the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CSF1R. The mammalian Csf1r locus contains a highly conserved super-enhancer, the fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE). Here we show that genomic deletion of FIRE in mice selectively impacts CSF1R expression and tissue macrophage development in specific tissues. Deletion of FIRE ablates macrophage development from murine embryonic stem cells. Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice lack macrophages in the embryo, brain microglia and resident macrophages in the skin, kidney, heart and peritoneum. The homeostasis of other macrophage populations and monocytes is unaffected, but monocytes and their progenitors in bone marrow lack surface CSF1R. Finally, Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice are healthy and fertile without the growth, neurological or developmental abnormalities reported in Csf1r-/- rodents. Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice thus provide a model to explore the homeostatic, physiological and immunological functions of tissue-specific macrophage populations in adult animals.
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Genes fms/genética , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/genética , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismo , Eliminación de Secuencia , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Diferenciación Celular , Proliferación Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células Madre Embrionarias/patología , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Microglía/metabolismo , Monocitos/metabolismo , Fagocitosis , Células RAW 264.7 , Secuencias Reguladoras de Ácidos Nucleicos/genéticaRESUMEN
Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is one of the most common proinflammatory cytokine responsible for various inflammatory disorders. It has a remarkable role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis, cancer and other autoimmune disease conditions. The CSF-1 acts by binding to the receptor, called colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) also known as c-FMS resulting in the cascade of signalling pathway causing cell proliferation and differentiation. Interleukin-34 (IL-34), recently identified as another ligand for CSF-IR, is a cytokine protein. Both, CSF-1 and IL-34, although two distinct cytokines, follow the similar signalling pathway on binding to the same receptor, CSF-1R. Like CSF-1, IL-34 promotes the differentiation and survival of monocyte, macrophages and osteoclasts. This CSF-1R/c-FMS is over expressed in many cancers and on tumour associated macrophages, consequently, have been exploited as a drug target for promising treatment for cancer and inflammatory diseases. Some CSF-1R/c-FMS inhibitors such as ABT-869, Imatinib, AG013736, JNJ-40346527, PLX3397, DCC-3014 and Ki20227 have been successfully used in these disease conditions. Many c-FMS inhibitors have been the candidates of clinical trials, but suffer from some side effects like cardiotoxicity, vomiting, swollen eyes, diarrhoea, etc. If selectivity of cFMS inhibition is achieved successfully, side effects can be overruled and this approach may become a novel therapy for treatment of various therapeutic interventions. Thus, successful targeting of c-FMS may result in multifunctional therapy. With this background of information, the present review focuses on the recent developments in the area of CSF-1R/c-FMS inhibitors with emphasis on crystal structure, mechanism of action and various therapeutic implications in which c-FMS plays a pivotal role. The review on structure activity relationship of various compounds acting as the inhibitors of c-FMS which gives the selection criteria for the development of novel molecules is also being presented.
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Genes fms/efectos de los fármacos , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Axitinib , Genes fms/fisiología , Humanos , Imidazoles/farmacología , Imidazoles/uso terapéutico , Indazoles/farmacología , Indazoles/uso terapéutico , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Mediadores de Inflamación/antagonistas & inhibidores , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/genética , Estructura Secundaria de Proteína , Piridinas/farmacología , Piridinas/uso terapéutico , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
This paper reports on the modification of magnetic beads with oligonucleotide capture probes with a specially designed pendant toehold (overhang) aimed specifically to capture double-stranded PCR products. After capture, the PCR products were selectively released from the magnetic beads by means of a toehold-mediated strand displacement reaction using short artificial oligonucleotide triggers and analysed using capillary electrophoresis. The approach was successfully shown on two genes widely used in human DNA genotyping, namely human c-fms (macrophage colony-stimulating factor) proto-oncogene for the CSF-1 receptor (CSF1PO) and amelogenin.
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ADN/análisis , Genes fms , Imanes/química , Sondas de Oligonucleótidos/química , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/genética , Secuencia de Bases , ADN/genética , Electroforesis Capilar , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Fenómenos Magnéticos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Proto-Oncogenes MasRESUMEN
Breast cancer cells preferentially home to the bone microenvironment, which provides a unique niche with a network of multiple bidirectional communications between host and tumor, promoting survival and growth of bone metastases. In the bone microenvironment, the c-fms proto-oncogene that encodes for the CSF-1 receptor, along with CSF-1, serves as one critical cytokine/receptor pair, functioning in paracrine and autocrine fashion. Previous studies concentrated on the effect of inhibition of host (mouse) c-fms on bone metastasis, with resulting decrease in osteolysis and bone metastases as a paracrine effect. In this report, we assessed the role of c-fms inhibition within the tumor cells (autocrine effect) in the early establishment of breast cancer cells in bone and the effects of this early c-fms inhibition on subsequent bone metastases and destruction. This study exploited a multidisciplinary approach by employing two non-invasive, in vivo imaging methods to assess the progression of bone metastases and bone destruction, in addition to ex vivo analyses using RT-PCR and histopathology. Using a mouse model of bone homing human breast cancer cells, we showed that an early one-time application of anti-human c-fms antibody delayed growth of bone metastases and bone destruction for at least 31 days as quantitatively measured by bioluminescence imaging and computed tomography, compared to controls. Thus, neutralizing human c-fms in the breast cancer cell alone decreases extent of subsequent bone metastasis formation and osteolysis. Furthermore, we are the first to show that anti-c-fms antibodies can impact early establishment of breast cancer cells in bone.
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Anticuerpos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Óseas/secundario , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Genes fms/fisiología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/inmunología , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/fisiología , Animales , Neoplasias Óseas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Óseas/genética , Neoplasias Óseas/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/genética , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/patología , Osteólisis/genética , Proto-Oncogenes Mas , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/genética , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
FMS, first discovered as the oncogene responsible for Feline McDonough Sarcoma, is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to the macrophage or monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF or CSF-1). Signal transduction through that binding results in survival, proliferation, and differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Overexpression of CSF-1 and/or FMS has been implicated in a number of disease states such as the growth of metastasis of certain types of cancer, in promoting osteoclast proliferation in bone osteolysis, and many inflammatory disorders. Inhibition of CSF-1 and/or FMS may help treat these pathological conditions. This article reviews FMS gene, FMS kinase, CSF-1, IL-34, and their roles in bone osteolysis, cancer biology, and inflammation. Monoclonal antibodies, FMS crystal structure, and small molecule FMS kinase inhibitors of different chemical scaffolds are also reviewed.
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Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/química , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Cristalización , Genes fms/fisiología , Humanos , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Interleucinas/fisiología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/inmunología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/fisiología , Neoplasias/fisiopatología , Osteólisis/fisiopatología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/clasificación , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/genética , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/inmunología , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nucleophosmin gene mutations are frequently reported in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with normal karyotype, which is also frequently associated with internal tandem duplication mutations in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 gene. We sought to detect the nucleophosmin and FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations among Iranian patients with AML and to assess the relationship between these mutations and the subtypes of the disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study of patients referred during 2007 through 2009. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples of 131 AML patients were randomly collected at the time of diagnosis and prior to treatment and the DNA extracted. After amplifying the nucleophosmin and FLT3 gene regions, positive cases were screened by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis and agarose gel electrophoresis techniques. RESULTS: Of 131 patients, 23 (17.5%) (0.95% CI=0.107-0.244) had nucleophosmin gene mutations. The highest frequency of such mutations was found among the subtypes of M4 (30.4%), M3 (21.7%) and M5 (17.4%). There was a high frequency of these mutations in the M3 subtype as well as a high frequency of allele D in all subtypes. Also, 21 (16.0%) samples (0.95% CI=0.092-0.229) had FLT3/ITD mutation, of which 8 samples had mutant nucleophosmin (8 of 23, 35%), and another 13 samples had wild-type nucleophosmin gene (13 of 108, 12%). There was a high degree of association between the occurrence of nucleophosmin and FLT3/ITD mutations (P=.012). CONCLUSION: Our data showed a high frequency of NPM1 mutations in the monocytic subtypes of AML, as well as a high degree of association between the occurrence of NPM1 and FLT3/ITD mutations.
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Genes fms , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Tirosina Quinasa 3 Similar a fms/genética , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Irán , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , NucleofosminaRESUMEN
cis-acting elements found in 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) are regulatory signals determining mRNA stability and translational efficiency. By binding a novel non-AU-rich 69-nucleotide (nt) c-fms 3' UTR sequence, we previously identified HuR as a promoter of c-fms proto-oncogene mRNA. We now identify the 69-nt c-fms mRNA 3' UTR sequence as a cellular vigilin target through which vigilin inhibits the expression of c-fms mRNA and protein. Altering association of either vigilin or HuR with c-fms mRNA in vivo reciprocally affected mRNA association with the other protein. Mechanistic studies show that vigilin decreased c-fms mRNA stability. Furthermore, vigilin inhibited c-fms translation. Vigilin suppresses while HuR encourages cellular motility and invasion of breast cancer cells. In summary, we identified a competition for binding the 69-nt sequence, through which vigilin and HuR exert opposing effects on c-fms expression, suggesting a role for vigilin in suppression of breast cancer progression.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Genes fms , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/metabolismo , Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Antígenos de Superficie/genética , Antígenos de Superficie/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Unión Competitiva , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/genética , Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Proteínas ELAV , Proteína 1 Similar a ELAV , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Genes Reporteros , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Invasividad Neoplásica/genética , Invasividad Neoplásica/fisiopatología , Biosíntesis de Proteínas , Proto-Oncogenes Mas , Procesamiento Postranscripcional del ARN , Estabilidad del ARN , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Neoplásico/genética , ARN Neoplásico/metabolismo , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genéticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Tyrosine kinases are key mediators of multiple signaling pathways implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously demonstrated that imatinib mesylate--a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, antineoplastic drug that potently inhibits the tyrosine kinases Abl, c-Kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and c-Fms--ameliorates murine autoimmune arthritis. However, which of the imatinib-targeted kinases is the principal culprit in disease pathogenesis remains unknown. Here we examine the role of c-Fms in autoimmune arthritis. METHODS: We tested the therapeutic efficacy of orally administered imatinib or GW2580, a small molecule that specifically inhibits c-Fms, in three mouse models of RA: collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA), and K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (K/BxN). Efficacy was evaluated by visual scoring of arthritis severity, paw thickness measurements, and histological analysis. We assessed the in vivo effects of imatinib and GW2580 on macrophage infiltration of synovial joints in CIA, and their in vitro effects on macrophage and osteoclast differentiation, and on osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Further, we determined the effects of imatinib and GW2580 on the ability of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF; the ligand for c-Fms) to prime bone marrow-derived macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) upon subsequent Fc receptor ligation. Finally, we measured M-CSF levels in synovial fluid from patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA), or psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and levels of total and phosphorylated c-Fms in synovial tissue from patients with RA. RESULTS: GW2580 was as efficacious as imatinib in reducing arthritis severity in CIA, CAIA, and K/BxN models of RA. Specific inhibition of c-Fms abrogated (i) infiltration of macrophages into synovial joints of arthritic mice; (ii) differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and osteoclasts; (iii) osteoclast-mediated bone resorption; and (iv) priming of macrophages to produce TNF upon Fc receptor stimulation, an important trigger of synovitis in RA. Expression and activation of c-Fms in RA synovium were high, and levels of M-CSF were higher in RA synovial fluid than in OA or PsA synovial fluid. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that c-Fms plays a central role in the pathogenesis of RA by mediating the differentiation and priming of monocyte lineage cells. Therapeutic targeting of c-Fms could provide benefit in RA.
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Antirreumáticos/farmacología , Artritis Experimental/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Genes fms/inmunología , Monocitos/citología , Animales , Anisoles/farmacología , Artritis Experimental/metabolismo , Artritis Experimental/patología , Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , Artritis Reumatoide/patología , Benzamidas , Resorción Ósea/inmunología , Resorción Ósea/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Linaje de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Linaje de la Célula/inmunología , Humanos , Mesilato de Imatinib , Inmunohistoquímica , Inflamación/inmunología , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Activación de Macrófagos/inmunología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/citología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Monocitos/inmunología , Osteoclastos/efectos de los fármacos , Piperazinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/inmunología , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The role of RNA-binding proteins in cancer biology is recognized increasingly. The nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and AU-rich RNA-binding protein HuR stabilizes several cancer-related target mRNAs. The proto-oncogene c-fms, whose 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) is not AU-rich, is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Using a large breast-cancer tissue array (N=670), we found nuclear HuR expression to be associated with nodal metastasis and independently with poor survival (P=0.03, RR 1.45), as well as to be co-expressed with c-fms in the breast tumors (P=0.0007). We described c-fms mRNA as a direct target of HuR in vivo, and that HuR bound specifically to a 69-nt region containing 'CUU' motifs in 3'UTR c-fms RNA. Overexpressing or silencing HuR significantly up- or down-regulated c-fms RNA expression, respectively. We also found that known glucocorticoid stimulation of c-fms RNA and protein is largely dependent on the presence of HuR. HuR, by binding to the 69-nt wild type, but not mutant, c-fms sequence can regulate reporter gene expression post-transcriptionally. We are the first to describe that HuR can regulate gene expression by binding non-AU-rich sequences in 3'UTR c-fms RNA. Collectively, our findings suggest that HuR plays a supportive role for c-fms in breast cancer progression by binding a 69-nt element in its 3'UTR, thus regulating its expression.
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Antígenos de Superficie/fisiología , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Genes fms , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/fisiología , Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Secuencia de Bases , Estudios de Cohortes , Regulación hacia Abajo , Proteínas ELAV , Proteína 1 Similar a ELAV , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Proto-Oncogenes Mas , ARN Mensajero/genética , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the pathogenesis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and improve the differential diagnosis from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) was performed to detect the point mutation of codon 12,13 in N-ras gene and codon 301, 969 in fms gene in adult and aged ITP and MDS patients. RESULTS: In 25 ITP patients, N-ras mutation and fms mutation were detected in one each (4%). Mutations were found in 3 of 8 MDS patients: two (25%) with N-ras mutation and one (12.5%) with fms mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with N-ras or fms gene mutation diagnosed as MDS rather than ITP.
Asunto(s)
Genes fms/genética , Genes ras/genética , Síndromes Mielodisplásicos/genética , Púrpura Trombocitopénica Idiopática/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación Puntual , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo Conformacional Retorcido-SimpleRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (GCT) represent approximately 5% of malignant ovarian tumors. Surgery remains the primary modality of therapy and treatment options for advanced disease are limited. The molecular pathogenesis of GCT is not known but is likely to involve activation of tyrosine kinase-mediated cell signaling pathways. A recent case report of a patient with advanced recurrent GCT responding to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate prompted us to explore a role for these therapies in GCT. METHODS: The expression of the imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases, c-kit, c-Abl, PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta, was determined using RT-PCR in a panel of GCT. Activating mutations of c-kit and PDGFR-alpha were also sought. The functional response was examined in two human-derived GCT cell lines. RESULTS: All four kinases were expressed but at levels lower than those observed in pre-menopausal ovarian samples. Mutations in c-kit and PDGFR-alpha were not found. Both cell lines responded to imatinib and to the second generation, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nilotinib, with dose-dependent decreases in cell proliferation and viability. These responses paralleled the imatinib-sensitive, K562 cell line but at approximately 240- and approximately 1000-fold higher concentrations of imatinib and nilotinib, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that human GCT, in general, are unlikely to respond to imatinib or nilotinib therapy. The response of the cell lines at high concentrations implies an "off-target" effect, which suggests that a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, of appropriate specificity, may represent a therapeutic option in GCT.
Asunto(s)
Tumor de Células de la Granulosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Tumor de Células de la Granulosa/genética , Neoplasias Ováricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ováricas/genética , Piperazinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Benzamidas , Procesos de Crecimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Genes fms , Tumor de Células de la Granulosa/metabolismo , Tumor de Células de la Granulosa/patología , Humanos , Mesilato de Imatinib , Proteínas de la Membrana/biosíntesis , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Ováricas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-abl/biosíntesis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-abl/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-kit/biosíntesis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-kit/genética , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/genética , Receptor alfa de Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/biosíntesis , Receptor alfa de Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/genética , Receptor beta de Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/biosíntesis , Receptor beta de Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
We generated double-transgenic mice carrying cointegrated tissue-specific Gal4 and Gal4 reporter transgenes to direct transgene overexpression in the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). A modified promoter of the Csf1r (c-fms) gene, containing a deletion of the trophoblast-specific promoter, was used to drive the expression of Gal4VP16 transcriptional activator specifically in macrophages. This module was cointegrated with a fluorescent reporter, enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP), driven by a Gal4-dependent promoter. ECFP fluorescence was first detected in forming blood islands of the yolk sac at 8 dpc, then in macrophages in the yolk sac and the embryo proper. In adult mice ECFP was detected primarily in monocytes, tissue macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells, including Langerhans cells of the skin. Crossing of these mice to transgenics containing tagged protein under control of a Gal4-dependent promoter directed expression of that protein in mononuclear phagocytes of double-transgenic animals. The new mouse line provides a useful tool for overexpression of transgenes in cells of the myeloid lineage, while simultaneously labeling them by ECFP expression.
Asunto(s)
Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Genes Reporteros , Genes Sintéticos/genética , Genes fms , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/genética , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones Transgénicos/genética , Microglía/metabolismo , Monocitos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Transgenes , Animales , Línea Celular/metabolismo , Linaje de la Célula , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Proteínas de Unión al ADN , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Ratones Transgénicos/embriología , Especificidad de Órganos , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Activación Transcripcional , Transgenes/genética , Saco Vitelino/citologíaAsunto(s)
Genes fms , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoclastos/efectos de los fármacos , Piperazinas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Receptor de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Benzamidas , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas/efectos de los fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Resistencia a Medicamentos/genética , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/enzimología , Humanos , Mesilato de Imatinib , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/farmacología , Macrófagos/citología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Mutación Missense , Osteoclastos/citología , Osteoclastos/fisiología , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Mutación Puntual , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the pathogenesis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and improve the differential diagnosis from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) was performed to detect the point mutation of codon 12,13 in N-ras gene and codon 301, 969 in fms gene in adult and aged ITP and MDS patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 25 ITP patients, N-ras mutation and fms mutation were detected in one each (4%). Mutations were found in 3 of 8 MDS patients: two (25%) with N-ras mutation and one (12.5%) with fms mutation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Patients with N-ras or fms gene mutation diagnosed as MDS rather than ITP.</p>