RESUMEN
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common pelvic pain syndrome in males, seriously affecting patients' quality of life. For a long time, CP/CPPS has been considered a complex and variable disease, and its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Currently, CP/CPPS is believed to be a group of diseases characterized by pelvic pain or discomfort, urinary abnormalities, and other symptoms, each with its unique etiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes, likely resulting from the action of pathogens or (and) certain non-infectious factors. Traditionally, CP/CPPS was thought to be unrelated to bacterial infections. However, in recent years, with the development of microbiology and the advancement of high-throughput sequencing technology, an increasing number of studies have suggested that microorganisms in the reproductive system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CP/CPPS. The unique characteristics of CP/CPPS, such as its refractory nature and tendency to recur, may be closely related to the microbiota and their biological functions in the reproductive system. The relationship between CP/CPPS and reproductive system microorganisms is one of the current hot topics in microbiology and urology, receiving considerable attention from scholars in recent years and making a series of new advances. Through this review, we will comprehensively explore the relationship between CP/CPPS and reproductive system microorganisms, and look forward to future research directions, aiming to provide new ideas and methods for clinical diagnosis and treatment, thereby improving the treatment outcomes and quality of life of CP/CPPS patients.
Asunto(s)
Microbiota , Dolor Pélvico , Prostatitis , Prostatitis/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Dolor Pélvico/microbiología , Dolor Pélvico/etiología , Animales , Calidad de Vida , Dolor Crónico/microbiología , Dolor Crónico/etiología , Genitales/microbiología , Enfermedad CrónicaRESUMEN
Many female squids and cuttlefishes have a symbiotic reproductive organ called the accessory nidamental gland (ANG) that hosts a bacterial consortium involved with egg defense against pathogens and fouling organisms. While the ANG is found in multiple cephalopod families, little is known about the global microbial diversity of these ANG bacterial symbionts. We used 16S rRNA gene community analysis to characterize the ANG microbiome from different cephalopod species and assess the relationship between host and symbiont phylogenies. The ANG microbiome of 11 species of cephalopods from four families (superorder: Decapodiformes) that span seven geographic locations was characterized. Bacteria of class Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteriia were found in all species, yet analysis of amplicon sequence variants by multiple distance metrics revealed a significant difference between ANG microbiomes of cephalopod families (weighted/unweighted UniFrac, Bray-Curtis, P = 0.001). Despite being collected from widely disparate geographic locations, members of the family Sepiolidae (bobtail squid) shared many bacterial taxa including (~50%) Opitutae (Verrucomicrobia) and Ruegeria (Alphaproteobacteria) species. Furthermore, we tested for phylosymbiosis and found a positive correlation between host phylogenetic distance and bacterial community dissimilarity (Mantel test r = 0.7). These data suggest that closely related sepiolids select for distinct symbionts from similar bacterial taxa. Overall, the ANGs of different cephalopod species harbor distinct microbiomes and thus offer a diverse symbiont community to explore antimicrobial activity and other functional roles in host fitness.IMPORTANCEMany aquatic organisms recruit microbial symbionts from the environment that provide a variety of functions, including defense from pathogens. Some female cephalopods (squids, bobtail squids, and cuttlefish) have a reproductive organ called the accessory nidamental gland (ANG) that contains a bacterial consortium that protects eggs from pathogens. Despite the wide distribution of these cephalopods, whether they share similar microbiomes is unknown. Here, we studied the microbial diversity of the ANG in 11 species of cephalopods distributed over a broad geographic range and representing 15-120 million years of host divergence. The ANG microbiomes shared some bacterial taxa, but each cephalopod species had unique symbiotic members. Additionally, analysis of host-symbiont phylogenies suggests that the evolutionary histories of the partners have been important in shaping the ANG microbiome. This study advances our knowledge of cephalopod-bacteria relationships and provides a foundation to explore defensive symbionts in other systems.
Asunto(s)
Cefalópodos , Microbiota , Humanos , Animales , Femenino , Cefalópodos/genética , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Decapodiformes/microbiología , Genitales/microbiología , Bacterias/genética , SimbiosisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections has caused great concern. Ciprofloxacin remains the empiric antimicrobial recommended to treat NG infections in Peru disregarding the susceptibility profile of circulating NG strains. We report the prevalence of individuals infected with NG strains presenting mutations in the gyrA gene that confers ciprofloxacin resistance. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive study assessing extragenital swab samples collected from a cohort of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru. Anal and pharyngeal NG positive swabs for Aptima Combo 2 assay (Hologic Inc., USA) were used for DNA extraction. We performed TaqMan real time PCR assays to detect a point mutation at codon Ser91 of the gyrase A (gyrA) gene. RESULTS: From 156 individuals who had at least one positive sample for NG reported by the Aptima assay, 80 individuals had at least one amplified DNA for the gyrA gene. We found that 67 of them (84.0%) were infected with a gyrA-mutated NG strain at the Ser91 codon. CONCLUSIONS: We report a high prevalence of gyrA mutation conferring ciprofloxacin resistance among individuals with extragenital NG infection. Empirical treatment of NG needs to be urgently updated in Peru in concordance with international guidelines.
Asunto(s)
Ciprofloxacina , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Gonorrea , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Personas Transgénero , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Girasa de ADN/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Genitales/microbiología , Gonorrea/diagnóstico , Homosexualidad Masculina , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Mutación , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Perú/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are vectors of numerous arboviruses that adversely affect human health. In mosquito vectors of disease, the bacterial microbiota influence several physiological processes, including fertility and vector competence, making manipulation of the bacterial community a promising method to control mosquito vectors. In this study, we describe the reproductive tract tissue microbiota of lab-reared virgin Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus males, and virgin, mated, and mated + blood-fed females of each species, comparing the bacterial composition found there to the well-described gut microbiota. METHODS: We performed metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA isolated from the gut, upper reproductive tract (URT; testes or ovaries), and lower reproductive tract (LRT; males: seminal vesicles and accessory glands; females: oviduct, spermathecae, and bursa) for each species, and evaluated the influence of host species, tissue, nutritional status, and reproductive status on microbiota composition. Finally, based on the identified taxonomic profiles of the tissues assessed, bacterial metabolic pathway abundance was predicted. RESULTS: The community structure of the reproductive tract is unique compared to the gut. Asaia is the most prevalent OTU in the LRTs of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. In the URT, we observed differences between species, with Wolbachia OTUs being dominant in the Ae. albopictus URT, while Enterobacter and Serratia were dominant in Ae. aegypti URT. Host species and tissue were the best predictors of the community composition compared to reproductive status (i.e., virgin or mated) and nutritional status (i.e., sugar or blood-fed). The predicted functional profile shows changes in the abundance of specific microbial pathways that are associated with mating and blood-feeding, like energy production in mated tissues and siderophore synthesis in blood-fed female tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus have distinct differences in the composition of microbiota found in the reproductive tract. The distribution of the bacterial taxonomic groups indicates that some bacteria have tissue-specific tropism for reproductive tract tissue, such as Asaia and Wolbachia. No significant differences in the taxonomic composition were observed in the reproductive tract between virgin, mated, and mated + blood-fed females, but changes in the abundance of specific metabolic pathways were found in the predicted microbial functional profiles in mated and blood-fed females.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/microbiología , Bacterias/clasificación , Microbiota , Mosquitos Vectores/parasitología , Animales , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , Femenino , Genitales/microbiología , Humanos , Especificidad de Órganos , ARN Bacteriano/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pathological vaginal discharge is a common complaint of women in reproductive age worldwide caused by various agents. The prevalence and etiologic agents vary depending on the population studied. Management of vaginal discharge in low-income countries, typically depend on the syndromic approach, which limits understanding the specific causative agents. We determined the proportion of bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis among women with vaginal discharge at a regional referral hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study between June and August of 2017 among nonpregnant women at Amana Regional Referral Hospital. Experienced staff performed physical examination to establish a clinical diagnosis, and collection of the high vaginal swab for microscopic examination. Descriptive statistics were performed to assess the characteristics of study participants and the proportion of vaginal infections. RESULTS: A total of 196 samples were collected, of all, 128 (65.3%) had either bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, or trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis was the leading infection at 33.2%, followed by candidiasis (19.4%) and trichomoniasis (13.3%). Laboratory confirmed vaginal infection were generally found more in age below 25, unmarried, and those employed or petty business. CONCLUSION: The proportion of bacterial vaginosis in women with vaginal discharge was relatively higher than others, and the presence of vaginal infection relate to socio-demographic characteristics. Further advanced studies are needed to understand the potential role of aetiologic agents in causing vaginal infections.
Asunto(s)
Genitales/microbiología , Excreción Vaginal/microbiología , Vaginosis Bacteriana/epidemiología , Adulto , Candida albicans , Candidiasis/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Tanzanía/epidemiología , Vaginitis por Trichomonas/epidemiología , Trichomonas vaginalis , Excreción Vaginal/epidemiología , Excreción Vaginal/etiología , Vaginosis Bacteriana/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Recently we reported the immune-potentiating capacity of a Chlamydia nanovaccine (PLGA-rMOMP) comprising rMOMP (recombinant major outer membrane protein) encapsulated in extended-releasing PLGA [poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (85:15)] nanoparticles. Here we hypothesized that PLGA-rMOMP would bolster immune-effector mechanisms to confer protective efficacy in mice against a Chlamydia muridarum genital challenge and re-challenge. Female BALB/c mice received three immunizations, either subcutaneously (SC) or intranasally (IN), before receiving an intravaginal challenge with C. muridarum on day 49 and a re-challenge on day 170. Both the SC and IN immunization routes protected mice against genital challenge with enhanced protection after a re-challenge, especially in the SC mice. The nanovaccine induced robust antigen-specific Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and IL-17 cytokines plus CD4+ proliferating T-cells and memory (CD44high CD62Lhigh) and effector (CD44high CD62Llow) phenotypes in immunized mice. Parallel induction of antigen-specific systemic and mucosal Th1 (IgG2a, IgG2b), Th2 (IgG1), and IgA antibodies were also noted. Importantly, immunized mice produced highly functional Th1 avidity and serum antibodies that neutralized C. muridarum infectivity of McCoy fibroblasts in-vitro that correlated with their respective protection levels. The SC, rather than the IN immunization route, triggered higher cellular and humoral immune effectors that improved mice protection against genital C. muridarum. We report for the first time that the extended-releasing PLGA 85:15 encapsulated rMOMP nanovaccine confers protective immunity in mice against genital Chlamydia and advances the potential towards acquiring a nano-based Chlamydia vaccine.
Asunto(s)
Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/prevención & control , Chlamydia muridarum/efectos de los fármacos , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/administración & dosificación , Genitales/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas/química , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/administración & dosificación , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/química , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/administración & dosificación , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Citocinas/inmunología , Femenino , Genitales/microbiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , VacunaciónRESUMEN
Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and computational methods have added a new dimension to metagenomic data analysis i.e. genome-resolved metagenomics. In general terms, it refers to the recovery of draft or high-quality microbial genomes and their taxonomic classification and functional annotation. In recent years, several studies have utilized the genome-resolved metagenome analysis approach and identified previously unknown microbial species from human and environmental metagenomes. In this review, we describe genome-resolved metagenome analysis as a series of four necessary steps: (i) preprocessing of the sequencing reads, (ii) de novo metagenome assembly, (iii) genome binning and (iv) taxonomic and functional analysis of the recovered genomes. For each of these four steps, we discuss the most commonly used tools and the currently available pipelines to guide the scientific community in the recovery and subsequent analyses of genomes from any metagenome sample. Furthermore, we also discuss the tools required for validation of assembly quality as well as for improving quality of the recovered genomes. We also highlight the currently available pipelines that can be used to automate the whole analysis without having advanced bioinformatics knowledge. Finally, we will highlight the most widely adapted and actively maintained tools and pipelines that can be helpful to the scientific community in decision making before they commence the analysis.
Asunto(s)
Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico/métodos , Genoma Microbiano , Metagenoma , Metagenómica/métodos , Microbiota/genética , Heces/microbiología , Genitales/microbiología , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Boca/microbiología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Piel/microbiología , Microbiología del Suelo , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infection in the United States. The high prevalence of infection and lack of a vaccine indicate a critical knowledge gap surrounding the host's response to infection and how to effectively generate protective immunity. The immune response to C. trachomatis is complex, with cells of the adaptive immune system playing a crucial role in bacterial clearance. Here, we discuss the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response to Chlamydia, the importance of antigen specificity and the role of memory T cells during the recall response. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of protective immune responses is necessary to develop a vaccine that prevents the inflammatory diseases associated with Chlamydia infection.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/inmunología , Chlamydia trachomatis/patogenicidad , Evasión Inmune , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Animales , Carga Bacteriana , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/microbiología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/microbiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/complicaciones , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/patología , Chlamydia muridarum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Chlamydia muridarum/inmunología , Chlamydia muridarum/patogenicidad , Chlamydia trachomatis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Chlamydia trachomatis/inmunología , Genitales/inmunología , Genitales/microbiología , Genitales/patología , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Memoria Inmunológica , Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Interleucinas/biosíntesis , Interleucinas/inmunología , RatonesRESUMEN
Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Previously, we reported that cold-induced stress results in immune suppression of mice that subsequently leads to increased intensity of Chlamydia muridarum genital infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that stressed mice orally fed with active hexose-correlated compound (AHCC) have reduced shedding of C. muridarum from the genital tract. However, the mechanism of AHCC in reducing the organ load and changing the immune response in the stress model is not well known. This study evaluated infection and changes in immunological parameters of stressed AHCC-fed mice with or without C. muridarum genital infection. We hypothesized that AHCC feeding to stressed mice restores protective immune function and reduces susceptibility to C. muridarum genital infection. The results show that oral feeding of stressed mice with AHCC resulted in decreased shedding of C. muridarum from the genital tract, reduced production of plasma catecholamines, increased expression of T-bet and reduced GATA-3 in CD4+ T cells, increased production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and reduced production of IL-4 in CD4+ T cells, and enhanced expression of surface markers and costimulatory molecules of CD4+ T cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and natural killer cells. Coculturing of mature BMDCs with splenic CD4+ T cells led to the increased and decreased production of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines, respectively. Overall, our results show that AHCC fosters the restoration of Th1 cytokine production while reducing Th2 cytokine production, which would promote C. muridarum clearance in the murine stress model.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydia/genética , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Chlamydia muridarum/fisiología , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Genitales/microbiología , Hexosas/farmacología , Animales , Infecciones por Chlamydia/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/metabolismo , Ratones , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
Chlamydiae are pathogenic intracellular bacteria that cause a wide variety of diseases throughout the globe, affecting the eye, lung, coronary arteries and female genital tract. Rather than by direct cellular toxicity, Chlamydia infection generally causes pathology by inducing fibrosis and scarring that is largely mediated by host inflammation. While a robust immune response is required for clearance of the infection, certain elements of that immune response may also damage infected tissue, leading to, in the case of female genital infection, disease sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. It has become increasingly clear that the components of the immune system that destroy bacteria and those that cause pathology only partially overlap. In the ongoing quest for a vaccine that prevents Chlamydia-induced disease, it is important to target mechanisms that can achieve protective immunity while preventing mechanisms that damage tissue. This review focuses on mouse models of genital Chlamydia infection and synthesizes recent studies to generate a comprehensive model for immunity in the murine female genital tract, clarifying the respective contributions of various branches of innate and adaptive immunity to both host protection and pathogenic genital scarring.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydia/inmunología , Chlamydia trachomatis/patogenicidad , Cicatriz/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Interleucinas/inmunología , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Animales , Carga Bacteriana , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/microbiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/complicaciones , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/patología , Chlamydia muridarum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Chlamydia muridarum/inmunología , Chlamydia muridarum/patogenicidad , Chlamydia trachomatis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Chlamydia trachomatis/inmunología , Cicatriz/complicaciones , Cicatriz/microbiología , Cicatriz/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Genitales/inmunología , Genitales/microbiología , Genitales/patología , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Interleucinas/biosíntesis , Ratones , EmbarazoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To review the incidence, risk factors, prevention, and management of genital mycotic infections (GMIs) associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. DATA SOURCES: A literature search of PubMed and Reactions Weekly was performed in February 2020 with updated searches monthly through July 2020 to identify relevant data regarding SGLT2 inhibitors and GMIs. Manufacturers of each agent were contacted, and clinical practice guidelines were consulted. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All available literature was evaluated for inclusion based on relevance to the research question, timeliness of the publication, validity, and impact on current practice. A date limit was not set; however, publications from 2010 to July 2020 were prioritized. DATA SYNTHESIS: The 3- to 4-fold increased incidence of GMIs is considered a classwide effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. Female sex and a prior history of GMIs are factors associated with the highest risk, whereas circumcised males are at the lowest risk of SGLT2 inhibitor-induced GMI. Personal hygiene advice can reduce the infection risk. When candidiasis occurs, it is often mild and responsive to treatment and often does not require discontinuation of the medication. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: This narrative review can assist in shared decision-making discussions with patients who may benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors and provides guidance for health care professionals managing SGLT2 inhibitor-associated GMIs. CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2 inhibitors predispose patients to developing mild GMIs. Strong consideration should be given to avoid SGLT2 inhibitors in female patients with a history of severe, recurrent infections. Preventive strategies are optimized diabetes management and personal hygiene advice.
Asunto(s)
Candidiasis Vulvovaginal/inducido químicamente , Candidiasis Vulvovaginal/prevención & control , Manejo de la Enfermedad , Genitales/efectos de los fármacos , Higiene , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/efectos adversos , Canagliflozina/efectos adversos , Canagliflozina/uso terapéutico , Candidiasis Vulvovaginal/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Femenino , Genitales/microbiología , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/efectos adversos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Transportador 2 de Sodio-Glucosa/metabolismo , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Current scientific evidence reveals the importance of the human microbiome in health and disease. The presence of microbiota within the male and female reproductive tract has been well-documented and present theories imply that a possible disruption of their concentrations may have adverse effects on reproductive health and reproductive outcomes. Altered endometrial and vaginal microbiome could potential affect the reproductive outcome in infertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. Analysis of seminal fluids could also facilitate a prompt and appropriate approach in cases of abnormal male reproductive microflora. Essential knowledge on this subject could provide fertility experts better understanding with regards to unexplained fertility, increasing the success rates of ARTs. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the microbiota of the male and female reproductive tract and its impact on the success rates of ARTs in infertile couples.
Asunto(s)
Genitales/microbiología , Infertilidad/microbiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Técnicas Reproductivas Asistidas , Resultado del Tratamiento , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Endometrio/microbiología , Trompas Uterinas/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Infertilidad/terapia , Masculino , Ovario/microbiología , Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo , Semen/microbiología , Vagina/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Even in the adverse environmental conditions of the semiarid region, leptospires can survive and spread by alternative routes of transmission, such as sexual in ewes, however, there is no data on rams. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of serological, molecular and microbial tools applied to diagnosis of Leptospira sp. Infection in rams maintained in semiarid conditions. Biological samples of urinary (urine, kidney and bladder) and genital (vas deferens, epididymis tail and vesicular gland) tracts were collected from 40 slaughtered rams for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial isolation, as well as blood samples for antibody detection through microscopic serum agglutination test (MAT). Anti-Leptospira antibodies were found in five (12.5%) animals with antibody titer of 50 and 2 (5%) for the titer 100 for serogroups Pyrogenes, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis. Leptospira sp. DNA was found in PCR of organs and urine of 30 (75%) animals. Overall, 240 fragments of organs from the urinary and genital tracts and urine were evaluated, with 93 (38.7%) positive samples, being 48/120 (40%) for the urinary tract and 45/120 (37.5%) for the genital. There was no statistically significant difference between the tracts. A bladder sample was sent for sequencing and showed 99% similarity with L. interrogans. Of the 240 cultures evaluated, 59 (24.5%) had leptospire growth, being that 23 (39%) were confirmed in PCR. Considering the PCR of organs and urine and bacterial growth as gold standards, the cut-off 50 in MAT showed greater sensitivity when compared to cut-off 100, regardless of the material used. The great proportion of leptospiral DNA in organs, urine and culture and bacterial growth from the genital tracts reinforce its importance as an extra-renal site and highlights the possible role of rams in venereal transmission, as well as the sensitivity of the cut-off 50 suggested its adoption in the serology of rams maintained in semiarid conditions.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Leptospira/aislamiento & purificación , Leptospirosis/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Pruebas de Aglutinación , Animales , Brasil , Clima Desértico , Femenino , Genitales/microbiología , Riñón/microbiología , Leptospirosis/veterinaria , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Serogrupo , OvinosRESUMEN
Chlamydia spp. productively infect mucosal epithelial cells of multiple anatomical sites, including the conjunctiva, lungs, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and urogenital tract. We, and others, previously established that chlamydial GI tropism is mediated by distinct chromosomal and plasmid factors. In this study, we describe a genital infection-attenuated Chlamydia muridarum mutant (GIAM-1) that is profoundly and specifically attenuated in the murine genital tract. GIAM-1 infected the murine GI tract similarly to wild-type (WT) Chlamydia muridarum but did not productively infect the lower genital tract of female mice, ascend to infect the upper genital tract, or cause hydrosalpinx. However, GI infection of mice with GIAM-1 elicited a transmucosal immune response that protected against subsequent genital challenge with WT Chlamydia muridarum Collectively, our results demonstrate that chlamydia mutants that are profoundly attenuated for specific organ tissues can be derived and demonstrate that live-attenuated vaccine strains that infect the GI tract, but do not elicit genital tract disease, could be used to protect against chlamydia genital tract infection and disease.IMPORTANCE Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States. Most chlamydia genital infections resolve without serious consequences; however, untreated infection in women can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Antibiotics are very effective in treating chlamydia, but most genital infections in both men and women are asymptomatic and go undiagnosed. Therefore, there is a critical need for an effective vaccine. In this work, we show that a mutant chlamydia strain, having substantially reduced virulence for genital infection, colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and produces robust immunity to genital challenge with fully virulent wild-type chlamydia. These results are an important advance in understanding chlamydial virulence and provide compelling evidence that safe and effective live-attenuated chlamydia vaccines may be feasible.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydia/inmunología , Chlamydia muridarum/inmunología , Protección Cruzada/inmunología , Gastroenteritis/inmunología , Infecciones del Sistema Genital/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Chlamydia muridarum/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Gastroenteritis/microbiología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Genitales/microbiología , Genoma Bacteriano , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Ratones , Mutación , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Infecciones del Sistema Genital/microbiología , VirulenciaRESUMEN
In the study of the chemical communication of adults of the Melolonthidae family, bacteria have been observed in the epithelium of the genital chamber; possibly, bacteria are involved in the production of sex attractants in their hosts. Therefore, it is important to identify the volatile organic compounds from bacteria (VOCsB) released by these microorganisms and study the biological activity stimulated by VOBCs in adults of Melolonthidae. In this study, bacteria were isolated from the genital chamber of Cyclocephala lunulata and Cyclocephala barrerai, from which VOCsB were extracted using static headspace solid-phase microextraction (SHS-SPME) and dynamic headspace Super Q solid-phase extraction (DHS-SPE) and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of VOCsB on the hosts and conspecifics was evaluated utilizing an olfactometer and electroantennography (EAG). Two species of Enterobacteria were isolated from the genital chamber of each female species, and VOCsB derived from sulfur-containing compounds, alcohols, esters, and fatty acids were identified. An attraction response was observed in olfactometry studies, and antennal responses to VOCsB were confirmed in EAG bioassays. With these results, new perspectives on the relationship between these beetles and their bacteria emerge, in addition to establishing a basis for management programs in the future.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/química , Escarabajos/microbiología , Escarabajos/fisiología , Genitales/microbiología , Atractivos Sexuales , Animales , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bioensayo , Femenino , Masculino , Atractivos Sexuales/química , Atractivos Sexuales/aislamiento & purificación , Atractivos Sexuales/farmacología , Microextracción en Fase Sólida , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, has a symbiotic bacterial consortium in the accessory nidamental gland (ANG), a female reproductive organ that protects eggs against fouling microorganisms. To test the antibacterial activity of ANG community members, 19 bacterial isolates were screened for their ability to inhibit Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, of which two strains were inhibitory. These two antibacterial isolates, Leisingera sp. ANG59 and Pseudoalteromonas sp. JC28, were subjected to further genomic characterization. Genomic analysis of Leisingera sp. ANG59 revealed a biosynthetic gene cluster encoding the antimicrobial compound indigoidine. The genome of Pseudoalteromonas sp. JC28 had a 14-gene cluster with >95% amino acid identity to a known bromoalterochromide (BAC) cluster. Chemical analysis confirmed production of known BACs, BAC-A/A' (compounds 1a/1b), as well as two new derivatives, BAC-D/D' (compounds 2a/2b). Extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses allowed complete structural elucidation of compounds 2a/2b, and the absolute stereochemistry was unambiguously determined using an optimized Marfey's method. The BACs were then investigated for in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Compounds 1a/1b were active against the marine bacteria Bacillus algicola and Vibrio fischeri, while compounds 2a/2b were active only against B. algicola Compounds 1a/1b inhibited NO production via lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and also inhibited the pathogenic fungus Fusarium keratoplasticum, which, coupled with their antibacterial activity, suggests that these polyketide-nonribosomal peptides may be used for squid egg defense against potential pathogens and/or fouling microorganisms. These results indicate that BACs may provide Pseudoalteromonas sp. JC28 an ecological niche, facilitating competition against nonsymbiotic microorganisms in the host's environment.IMPORTANCE Animals that deposit eggs must protect their embryos from fouling and disease by microorganisms to ensure successful development. Although beneficial bacteria are hypothesized to contribute to egg defense in many organisms, the mechanisms of this protection are only recently being elucidated. Our previous studies of the Hawaiian bobtail squid focused on fungal inhibition by beneficial bacterial symbionts of a female reproductive gland and eggs. Herein, using genomic and chemical analyses, we demonstrate that symbiotic bacteria from this gland can also inhibit other marine bacteria in vitro One bacterial strain in particular, Pseudoalteromonas sp. JC28, had broad-spectrum abilities to inhibit potential fouling bacteria, in part via production of novel bromoalterochromide metabolites, confirmed via genomic annotation of the associated biosynthetic gene cluster. Our results suggest that these bacterial metabolites may contribute to antimicrobial activity in this association and that such defensive symbioses are underutilized sources for discovering novel antimicrobial compounds.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Decapodiformes/microbiología , Depsipéptidos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Consorcios Microbianos , Simbiosis , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Decapodiformes/anatomía & histología , Depsipéptidos/química , Femenino , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Hongos/genética , Genitales/microbiología , Hawaii , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and prognosis of 22 patients with Brucella-induced reproductive system injury. METHODS: We assessed 22 patients with reproductive system injury between 2010 and 2018 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. RESULTS: The disease is predominant in men. Male patients had orchitis, erectile dysfunction, prostatitis, and urethral stricture, while female patients had vaginitis and cervicitis. Some patients had laboratory abnormalities and liver injury. Patients received combination therapy of rifampicin and doxycycline. Doxycycline combined with levofloxacin or moxifloxacin was administered to patients with rifampicin intolerance. All patients had received antibiotic therapy for at least 6 weeks. One patient was lost to follow-up, one patient relapsed because of osteoarthropathy, and one patient had dysuria resulting from chronic prostatitis. The clinical symptoms resolved in the other patients, and the overall patient prognosis was good. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should pay attention to brucellosis-induced reproductive system damage. The two-drug regimen of rifampicin+doxycycline is recommended for these patients. Doxycycline combined with levofloxacin or moxifloxacin should be used in patients with brucellosis-induced reproductive system damage who have rifampicin intolerance. The treatment course should be at least 6 weeks.
Asunto(s)
Brucella/patogenicidad , Genitales/lesiones , Genitales/microbiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Brucelosis/epidemiología , China , Doxiciclina/uso terapéutico , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Levofloxacino/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Moxifloxacino/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rifampin/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Many bacteria live on host surfaces, in cells and in specific organ systems. In comparison with gut microbiomes, the bacterial communities of reproductive organs (genital microbiomes) have received little attention. During mating, male and female genitalia interact and copulatory wounds occur, providing an entrance for sexually transmitted microbes. Besides being potentially harmful to the host, invading microbes might interact with resident genital microbes and affect immunity. Apart from the investigation of sexually transmitted symbionts, few studies have addressed how mating changes genital microbiomes. We dissected reproductive organs from virgin and mated common bedbugs, Cimex lectularius L., and sequenced their microbiomes to investigate composition and mating-induced changes. We show that mating changes the genital microbiomes, suggesting bacteria are sexually transmitted. Also, genital microbiomes varied between populations and the sexes. This provides evidence for local and sex-specific adaptation of bacteria and hosts, suggesting bacteria might play an important role in shaping the evolution of reproductive traits. Coadaptation of genital microbiomes and reproductive traits might further lead to reproductive isolation between populations, giving reproductive ecology an important role in speciation. Future studies should investigate the transmission dynamics between the sexes and populations to uncover potential reproductive barriers.
Asunto(s)
Chinches/microbiología , Genitales/microbiología , Microbiota , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , ReproducciónRESUMEN
Microorganisms that reside within or transmit through arthropod reproductive tissues have profound impacts on host reproduction, health and evolution. In this Review, we discuss select principles of the biology of microorganisms in arthropod reproductive tissues, including bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi. We review models of specific symbionts, routes of transmission, and the physiological and evolutionary outcomes for both hosts and microorganisms. We also identify areas in need of continuing research, to answer the fundamental questions that remain in fields within and beyond arthropod-microorganism associations. New opportunities for research in this area will drive a broader understanding of major concepts as well as the biodiversity, mechanisms and translational applications of microorganisms that interact with host reproductive tissues.