The history of glycobiology in Japan.

This mini review surveys the major accomplishments in the field of glycoconjugates research in Japan, which were made after World War II. It describes early movements in the field of glycoconjugate research in Japan, development of the new techniques to investigate structures of the sugar chains of glycoconjugates, studies of the functions of the sugar chain moieties, and the political movement in Japan to support the basic research necessary for the development of glycotechnology. As introduced in this short article, important groundwork for glycobiology was made by Japanese researchers.

Achievements and challenges of sialic acid research.

Slalic acids are one of the most important molecules of life, since they occupy the terminal position on macromolecules and cell membranes and are involved in many biological and pathological phenomena. The structures of sialic acids, comprising a family of over 40 neuraminic acid derivatives, have been elucidated. However, many aspects of the regulation of their metabolism at the enzyme and gene levels, as well as of their functions remain mysterious. Sialic acids play a dual role, not only are they indispensable for the protection to and adaptation of life, but are also utilised by life-threatening infectious microorganisms. In this article the present state of knowledge in sialobiology, with an emphasis on my personal experience in this research area, is outlined including a discussion of necessary future work in this fascinating field of cell biology.

So what do your sugars do?

Up to about fifteen years ago the above question was quite often asked of glycoconjugates enthusiasts. It was always a silly question, the answer being 'How many doings do you want to hear about?' Since then our understanding of the structures, biosynthesis and varied functions of the glycoconjugates has developed incredibly and come to have a major impact on much of present-day biological and medical research.