RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Soil salinization leads to a significant decline in crop yield and quality, including licorice, an important medicinal cash crop. Studies have proofed that the application of exogenous silicon can significantly improve the ability of licorice to resist salt stress, however, few studies concentrated on the effects of foliar silicon application on the morphology, physiological characteristics, and anatomical structure of licorice leaves under salt stress. In this study, the effects of Si (K2SiO3) on the structural and physiological characteristics of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and G. inflata Bat. leaves under different salt concentrations (medium- and high-salt) were studied. RESULTS: Compared with the control (without salt), the plant height, total dry weight, leaf area, leaf number, relative water content, xylem area, phloem area, ratio of palisade to spongy tissue, gas exchange parameters, and photosynthetic pigment content of both licorice varieties were significantly reduced under high-salt (12S) conditions. However, the thickness of the leaf, palisade tissue, and spongy tissue increased significantly. Applying Si to the leaf surface increased the area of the vascular bundle, xylem, and parenchyma of the leaf's main vein, promoted water transportation, enhanced the relative leaf water content, and reduced the decomposition of photosynthetic pigments. These changes extended the area of photosynthesis and promoted the production and transportation of organic matter. G. uralensis had a better response to Si application than did G. inflata. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, foliar application of Si can improve water absorption, enhance photosynthesis, improve photosynthetic capacity and transpiration efficiency, promote growth and yield, and alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on the leaf structure of the two kinds of licorice investigated.
Asunto(s)
Glycyrrhiza , Hojas de la Planta , Silicio , Glycyrrhiza/efectos de los fármacos , Glycyrrhiza/fisiología , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/efectos de los fármacos , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Estrés Salino , Silicio/farmacología , Agua/metabolismoRESUMEN
Plants respond to UV-B irradiation (280-315 nm wavelength) via elaborate metabolic regulatory mechanisms that help them adapt to this stress. To investigate the metabolic response of the medicinal herb Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) to UV-B irradiation, we performed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomic analysis, combined with analysis of differentially expressed genes in the leaves of plants exposed to UV-B irradiation at various time points. Fifty-four metabolites, primarily amino acids and flavonoids, exhibited changes in levels after the UV-B treatment. The amino acid metabolism was altered by UV-B irradiation: the Asp family pathway was activated and closely correlated to Glu. Some amino acids appeared to be converted into antioxidants such as γ-aminobutyric acid and glutathione. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that various flavonoids with characteristic groups were induced by UV-B. In particular, the levels of some ortho-dihydroxylated B-ring flavonoids, which might function as scavengers of reactive oxygen species, increased in response to UV-B treatment. In general, unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated by UV-B irradiation. These findings lay the foundation for further analysis of the mechanism underlying the response of G. uralensis to UV-B irradiation.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de la radiación , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/efectos de la radiación , Metaboloma , Metabolómica , Rayos Ultravioleta , Cromatografía Liquida , Biología Computacional/métodos , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Metabolómica/métodos , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de la radiación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Little is known about the composition, diversity, and geographical distribution of bacterial communities associated with medicinal plants in arid lands. To address this, a collection of 116 endophytic bacteria were isolated from wild populations of the herb Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (licorice) in Xinyuan, Gongliu, and Tekesi of Xinjiang Province, China, and identified based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. The endophytes were highly diverse, including 20 genera and 35 species. The number of distinct bacterial genera obtained from root tissues was higher (n = 14) compared to stem (n = 9) and leaf (n = 6) tissue. Geographically, the diversity of culturable endophytic genera was higher at the Tekesi (n = 14) and Xinyuan (n = 12) sites than the Gongliu site (n = 4), reflecting the extremely low organic carbon content, high salinity, and low nutrient status of Gongliu soils. The endophytic bacteria exhibited a number of plant growth-promoting activities ex situ, including diazotrophy, phosphate and potassium solubilization, siderophore production, auxin synthesis, and production of hydrolytic enzymes. Twelve endophytes were selected based on their ex situ plant growth-promoting activities for growth chamber assays to test for their ability to promote growth of G. uralensis F. and Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants. Several strains belonging to the genera Bacillus (n = 6) and Achromobacter (n = 1) stimulated total biomass production in both G. uralensis and T. aestivum under low-nutrient conditions. This work is the first report on the isolation and characterization of endophytes associated with G. uralensis F. in arid lands. The results demonstrate the broad diversity of endophytes associated with wild licorice and suggest that some Bacillus strains may be promising candidates for biofertilizers to promote enhanced survival and growth of licorice and other valuable crops in arid environments.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/clasificación , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos , Endófitos , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/microbiología , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Simbiosis , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/metabolismo , Lipólisis , Microbiota , Tipificación Molecular , Fijación del Nitrógeno , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinales/microbiología , Proteolisis , Carácter Cuantitativo HeredableRESUMEN
Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) is an important medicinal plant for which there is a huge market demand. It has been reported that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and drought stress can stimulate the accumulation of the active ingredients, glycyrrhizin and liquiritin, in liquorice plants, but the potential interactions of AM symbiosis and drought stress remain largely unknown. In the present work, we investigated mycorrhizal effects on plant growth and accumulation of glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in liquorice plants under different water regimes. The results indicated that AM plants generally exhibited better growth and physiological status including stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, and water use efficiency compared with non-AM plants. AM inoculation up-regulated the expression of an aquaporin gene PIP and decreased root abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations under drought stress. In general, AM plants displayed lower root carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, higher phosphorus (P) concentrations, and therefore, lower C:P and N:P ratios but higher C:N ratio than non-AM plants. On the other hand, AM inoculation increased root glycyrrhizin and liquiritin concentrations, and the mycorrhizal effects were more pronounced under moderate drought stress than under well-watered condition or severe drought stress for glycyrrhizin accumulation. The accumulation of glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in AM plants was consistent with the C:N ratio changes in support of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis. Moreover, the glycyrrhizin accumulation was positively correlated with the expression of glycyrrhizin biosynthesis genes SQS1, ß-AS, CYP88D6, and CYP72A154. By contrast, no significant interaction of AM inoculation with water treatment was observed for liquiritin accumulation, while we similarly observed a positive correlation between liquiritin accumulation and the expression of a liquiritin biosynthesis gene CHS. These results suggested that AM inoculation in combination with proper water management potentially could improve glycyrrhizin and liquiritin accumulation in liquorice roots and may be practiced to promote liquorice cultivation.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Glomeromycota/fisiología , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/microbiología , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Micorrizas/fisiología , Sequías , Flavanonas/metabolismo , Glucósidos/metabolismo , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/genética , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácido Glicirrínico/metabolismo , Minerales/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiologíaRESUMEN
In rhizobial species that nodulate inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) legumes, such as the interaction between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago, bacteroid differentiation is driven by an endoreduplication event that is induced by host nodule-specific cysteine rich (NCR) antimicrobial peptides and requires the participation of the bacterial protein BacA. We have studied bacteroid differentiation of Sinorhizobium frediiâ HH103 in three host plants: Glycine max, Cajanus cajan and the IRLC legume Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Flow cytometry, microscopy analyses and viability studies of bacteroids as well as confocal microscopy studies carried out in nodules showed that S. fredii HH103 bacteroids, regardless of the host plant, had deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contents, cellular sizes and survival rates similar to those of free-living bacteria. Contrary to S. meliloti, S. frediiâ HH103 showed little or no sensitivity to Medicagoâ NCR247 and NCR335 peptides. Inactivation of S. frediiâ HH103 bacA neither affected symbiosis with Glycyrrhiza nor increased bacterial sensitivity to Medicagoâ NCRs. Finally, HH103 bacteroids isolated from Glycyrrhiza, but not those isolated from Cajanus or Glycine, showed an altered lipopolysaccharide. Our studies indicate that, in contrast to the S. meliloti-Medicago model symbiosis, bacteroids in the S. frediiâ HH103-Glycyrrhiza symbiosis do not undergo NCR-induced and bacA-dependent terminal differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Glycyrrhiza uralensis/microbiología , Antígenos O/metabolismo , Nódulos de las Raíces de las Plantas/microbiología , Sinorhizobium fredii/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/genética , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Secuencias Invertidas Repetidas , Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Antígenos O/genética , Nódulos de las Raíces de las Plantas/genética , Nódulos de las Raíces de las Plantas/fisiología , Sinorhizobium fredii/genética , Sinorhizobium fredii/fisiología , SimbiosisRESUMEN
In order to obtain the fungicides with minimal impact on efficiency of mycorrhizal symbiosis, the effect of five fungicides including polyoxins, jinggangmycins, thiophanate methylate, chlorothalonil and carbendazim on the growth of medicinal plant and efficiency of mycorrhizal symbiosis were studied. Pot cultured Glycyrrhiza uralensis was treated with different fungicides with the concentration that commonly used in the field. 60 d after treated with fungicides, infection rate, infection density, biomass indexes, photosyn- thetic index and the content of active component were measured. Experimental results showed that carbendazim had the strongest inhibition on mycorrhizal symbiosis effect. Carbendazim significantly inhibited the mycorrhizal infection rate, significantly suppressed the actual photosynthetic efficiency of G. uralensis and the most indicators of biomass. Polyoxins showed the lowest inhibiting affection. Polyoxins had no significant effect on mycorrhizal infection rate, the actual photosynthetic efficiency of G. uralensis and the most indicators of biomass. The other three fungicides also had an inhibitory effect on efficiency of mycorrhizal symbiosis, and the inhibition degrees were all between polyoxins's and carbendazim's. The author considered that fungicide's inhibition degree on mycorrhizal effect might be related with the species of fungicides, so the author suggested that the farmer should try to choose bio-fungicides like polyoxins.
Asunto(s)
Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Fungicidas Industriales/farmacología , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/microbiología , Micorrizas/efectos de los fármacos , Simbiosis/efectos de los fármacos , Hongos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hongos/fisiología , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/química , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Micorrizas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Micorrizas/fisiología , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
Os fabricantes de suplementos alimentares recorren a plantas medicinais para a obtençao de beneficios na saúde. No entanto, algunas lacunas no sistema de monitorizaçao e fiscalizacao e, eventualmente, na legislaçao europeia em vigor, acabam por tornar possível a existencia de suplementos alimentares no mercado que nao apresentam valores nutricionais, nao tem rotulagem completamente esclarecedora ou, podem, inclusivamente, conter plantas/moléculas potencialemtne perigosas para a saude. Neste trabalho, estuda-se uma amostra de 71 suplementos recolhidos aleatoriamente no mercado em Lisboa e analisa-se a informaçao constate da sua rotulagem, procurando responde a um conjunto de questoes com impacto potencial na saude dos consumidores. Da amostra 50,7por ciento (36/71) tem nomes chineses da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (MTC) e 49,3por ciento (35/71) tem denominaçao occidental. A percentagem de suplementos tendo entre 0 e 4 plantas ou partes de plantas como ingredientes é de 9,9 por ciento entre 5 e 9 é de 35,2por ciento, entre parte de planta mais frequente (ca.64por ciento) nos MTC é raíz de Glycyrrhiza uralensis, que pode tener efeitos sinérgicos com corticosteróides e digoxina, e pode causar hipertensao, edema, transtornos cardíacos, e potenciar o efeito de tiazidas e diuréticos. O ingrediente de frequencia maior (43-46por ciento) común a todos os suplementos é a raíz de Angelica sinensis, que pode provocar hemorragias se tomado com inibidores da agregaçao plaquetária (AU)
Manufactures of food supplements rely on medicinalplants to achieve health benefits. However, some gaps in the system of monitoring and enforcement, nd eventually in the current European legislation, end up making possible the existence of dietary supplements on the market that have no nutritional value, do not have quite enlightening information on labeling, and they may even contain plants or molecules potentially hazardous to health. In this paper, we study a sample of 71 randomly collected supplements in Lisbon area market and analyze the information contained in its labeling, trying to answer a set of questions with potential impact on consumer health. Of the sample, 50,7por ciento (36/71) have Chinese names (TCM)and 49,3 por ciento (35/71) have western names. The percentages of supplements having between 0 and 4 plants or parts of plants as ingredients is 9,9 por ciento, between 5 and 9 is 35,2por ciento, between 10 and 14 is 32,4 por ciento and 22,5 por ciento have 15 or more ingredients. The plant/plant part more frequent (ca. 64 por ciento) in TCM is the root of Glycyrrhia uralensis, which may have synergistic effects with digoxin and corticosteroids, and can cause hypertension, edema, cardiac disorders, and potentiate the effect of diuretics and thiazides. The higher frequency ingredient (43%-46 por ciento) common to all supplements is the root of Angelica sinensis, which may cause bleeding if taken with platelet aggregation inhibitors (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Suplementos Dietéticos/normas , Suplementos Dietéticos , Medicina Tradicional China/métodos , Medicina Tradicional China/normas , Medicina Tradicional China , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/efectos adversos , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Plantas Medicinales/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos/clasificación , Suplementos Dietéticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Valor Nutritivo , Hipertensión/inducido químicamente , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/complicacionesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Tongfeng trace elements nutrient balance agent on the various growth indicators, physiological indicators, and the contents of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid in one-year old Glycyrrhiza uralensis. METHOD: The plants of G. uralensis growing in Chifeng of Inner Mongolia and medicinal garden of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine were fertilized for two times, respectively. The photosynthetic physiological indicators were measured by LI-6400 photosynthetic instrument. The pigments and antioxidase activities of the leaves were determined. Then contents of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid in the plants were determined by HPLC. RESULT: The application of this trace element nutrient balance agent could significantly improve the height, chla and chlb, and the photosynthetic physiology indicator such as P(n), C(i), and G(s). Similarly, it could significantly increase the fresh weight of shoots and dry weight of the roots. Compared with control block (CK), the fertilizer which was diluted by 300 times (T(1)) and 600 times (T(2)) significantly increased the content of glycyrrhizic acid by 24.72% and 20. 23%. There was significant difference between different treatments (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Tongfeng trace elements nutrient balance agent could promote growth, physiology and the content of active constituents of G. uralensis, especially the effect of T(1) was superior to T(2).
Asunto(s)
Glycyrrhiza uralensis/efectos de los fármacos , Oligoelementos/farmacología , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Fertilizantes , Flavanonas/metabolismo , Glucósidos/metabolismo , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Ácido Glicirrínico/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to optimize the testing methods for seed quality, and to provide a basis for establishing seed testing rules and quality grading standard of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. METHOD: Referring to the International Seed Testing Rules made by ISTA and Rules for agricultural seed testing (GB/T 3543-1995) issued by China, the seed quality of G. uralensis from different collection areas was measured. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The seed testing methods for quality items of G. uralensis, including sampling, purity analysis, verification of genuineness, weight of 1 000 seeds, percentage germination, moisture content and seed viability of G. uralensis had been initially established.
Asunto(s)
Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Semillas/fisiología , Germinación , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/químicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We studied the licorice provenance rule under the manual simulative water stress conditions, discussed geographical variation pattern and the ecology mechanism and laid the theoretical basis for the licorice seed regionalization and the seed allocation. METHOD: On the spot we investigated and collected seed materials. Setting up water potential gradient by PEG, we observed the seed germination characteristic through the experiment of indoor germination. RESULT: The sensitivity of various provenance seed germinative energy show quite remarkable difference for water potential reducing. Along with geographic longitude increasing, the seed germinates variation sensitivity increasing gradually to the water stress. The results of climatic factors' correlation analysis indicated that provenance seed germinate energy to the water stress is sensitive, in which the annual average temperature is low and annual precipitation is abundant. But it is insensitive in which the annual precipitation is little, the annual average temperature, average temperature in July and the annual average ground temperature is high. CONCLUSION: Under the water stress condition the licorice provenance seed germination characteristic exists remarkable geographical variation. Geographical variation is the result of natural selection.
Asunto(s)
Germinación , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , China , Deshidratación , Ecosistema , Geografía , Semillas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To formulate the seed quality grading standard of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. METHOD: Thousand-grain weight, seed moisture, germination rate, purity of G. uralensis seed samples from 24 regions were tested. Through statistical analysis, the key indicator and the reference indicators for seed quality grading were defined. RESULT: Germination percentage was the primary indicator of seed quality grading, thousand-grain weight, cleanliness and moisture content were important reference indicators. CONCLUSION: The seed quality of each grade should reach the following requirements: for first grade seeds, germination percentage > or = 85% , purity > or = 92%, thousand-grain weight > or = 13 g, seed moisture < or = 11%; for second grade seeds, germination percentage 75%-85%, purity 83%-92%, thousand-grain weight 11-13 g, seed moisture < or = 11%; for third grade seeds, germination percentage 65%-75%, purity 74%-83%, thousand-grain weight 9-11 g, seed moisture < or = 11%.
Asunto(s)
Glycyrrhiza uralensis/química , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/clasificación , Semillas/química , Semillas/clasificación , Germinación , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Control de Calidad , Semillas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The cultivation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch have been operated with mechanization at Hexi area of Gansu. The whole process of land preparation, sowing, fertilization, irrgation, intertillagement and weeding, extermination of disease and pest, cutting stems and leaves, digging were summary in this paper.
Asunto(s)
Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Agricultura , Humanos , Plantas MedicinalesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the shade-endurance property of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and provide rationale for the practice of inter-cropping G. uralensis with trees. METHOD: Black shading nets were used to provide five different environments of light intensities (light penetration rates of 100%, 75%, 65%, 50% and 25%, respectively). To assess the shade-endurance capacity of G. uralensis, several aspects were evaluated, including growth characters, physiological and ecological characters, biomass, and chemical contents. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: G. uralensis is a light-favored plant. The growth indices such as plant height, stem diameter, leaves number, root diameter, biomass, and daily average photosynthetic rate (Pn) are highest when light permeation rate is 100%. All these indices decrease when light intensity decreases. However, G. uralensis possesses shade-endurance capacity to some degree; it adapts to the shading environment by increasing the leaf area and chlorophyll contents. Shading has no obvious effect on the absolute light energy utilization rate (Eu) or Fv/Fm ratio. The influence of shading on the chemical contents of G. uralensis is obvious.
Asunto(s)
Clorofila/análisis , Ácido Glicirretínico/análisis , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fotosíntesis , Luz Solar , Adaptación Fisiológica , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/química , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/fisiología , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/anatomía & histología , Hojas de la Planta/anatomía & histología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Raíces de Plantas/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Plantas Medicinales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Medicinales/fisiología , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Glycyrrhizin, the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, is widely used as a natural sweetener. Recently glycyrrhizin has been shown to have anti-tumor activity, highly active in inhibiting replication of HIV-1 and SARS-associated virus and exhibits a number of pharmacological effects. The principle objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of different spectral quality including red, blue, white and UV-B radiation on the production of glycyrrhizin, in a controlled environment. Plants were grown under artificial lights with elevated CO(2) concentration and both the pot and hydroponic plants were assigned to red and blue light treatments and those grown under white fluorescent lamps were used as control. In a separate experiment, pot plants were exposed to ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation (wavelength: 280-315 nm). The net photosynthetic rates (NPR) of the leaves reduced significantly immediately after exposure to the high intensity UV-B radiation (3 days at 1.13 W m(-2)). In case of the low intensity UV-B radiation (15 days at 0.43 W m(-2)), NPR was also reduced, but the rate of reduction was significantly slower than that of the high intensity treatment. The concentrations of glycyrrhizin quantified in the root tissues were highest in the plants grown under red light in both hydroponic and pot systems and the concentration increased linearly from 1- to 3-month-old pot plants. Both the low and high intensity of UV-B exposure increased the concentration of glycyrrhizin in the root tissues of 3-month-old pot plants, the values being nearly X1.5 those of the control. The results also indicate that the glycyrrhizin concentrations of 3-6 months old pot plants were similar or even higher than the previously reported values for 3-4 years old field-grown plants and confirm that high concentration of glycyrrhizin production is possible within a very short production period under controlled environments.