Electrostatic spray drying: A new alternative for drying of complex coacervates.

Complex coacervation can be used for controlled delivery of bioactive compounds (i.e., flaxseed oil and quercetin). This study investigated the co-encapsulation of flaxseed oil and quercetin by complex coacervation using soluble pea protein (SPP) and gum arabic (GA) as shell materials, followed by innovative electrostatic spray drying (ES). The dried system was analyzed through encapsulation efficiency (EE) and yield (EY), morphological and physicochemical properties, and stability for 60 days. Small droplet size emulsions were produced by GA (in the first step of complex coacervation) due to its greater emulsifying activity than SPP. Oil EY and EE, moisture, and water activity in dried compositions ranged from 75.7 to 75.6, 76.0-73.4 %, 3.4-4.1 %, and 0.1-0.2, respectively. Spherical microcapsules were created with small and aggregated particle size but stable for 60 days. An amount of 8 % of quercetin remained in the dried coacervates after 60 days, with low hydroperoxide production. In summary, when GA is used as the emulsifier and SPP as the second biopolymer in the coacervation process, suitable coacervates for food applications are obtained, with ES being a novel alternative to obtain coacervates in powder, with improved stability for encapsulated compounds. As a result, this study helps provide a new delivery system option and sheds light on how the characteristics of biopolymers and the drying process affect coacervate formation.

Microencapsulation of flaxseed oil in pea protein-gum arabic complex coacervates delays lipid digestion in liquid yoghurt.

Flaxseed oil coacervates were produced by complex coacervation using soluble pea protein and gum arabic as shell materials, followed by either spray or electrostatic spray drying and their incorporation to yoghurt. Three yoghurt formulations were prepared: yoghurt with spray-dried microcapsules (Y-SD); with electrospray-dried microcapsules (Y-ES); with the encapsulation ingredients added in free form (Y). The standardised semi-dynamicin vitrodigestion method (INFOGEST) was employed to study the food digestion. The structure was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and particle size distribution. Protein and lipid digestion were monitored by cumulated protein/free NH2 release and cumulated free fatty acids release, respectively. Stable microcapsules were observed during gastric digestion, but there was no significant difference in protein release/hydrolysis among samples until 55 min of gastric digestion. Formulation Y showed less protein release after 74 min (40.46 %) due to the free SPP being available and positively charged at pH 2-4, resulting in interactions with other constituents of the yoghurt, which delayed its release/hydrolysis. The total release of protein and free NH2 by the end of intestinal digestions ranged between 46.56-61.15 % and 0.83-1.57 µmol/g protein, respectively. A higher release of free fatty acids from formulation Y occurred at the end of intestinal digestion, implying that coacervates promoted the delayed release of encapsulated oil. In summary, incorporating protein-polysaccharides-based coacervates in yoghurt enabled the delay of the digestion of encapsulated lipids but accelerated the digestion of protein, suggesting a promising approach for various food applications.

Optimization of Hypericum Perforatum Microencapsulation Process by Spray Drying Method.

Hypericum perforatum (HP) contains valuable and beneficial bioactive compounds that have been used to treat or prevent several illnesses. Encapsulation technology offers protection of the active compounds and facilitates to expose of the biologically active compounds in a controlled mechanism. Microcapsulation of the hydroalcoholic gum arabic and maltodextrin have hot been used as wall materials in the encapsulation of HP extract. Therefore, the optimum microencapsulation parameters of Hypericum perforatum (HP) hydroalcoholic extract were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) for the evaluation of HP extract. Three levels of three independent variables were screened using the one-way ANOVA. Five responses were monitored, including total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), carr index (CI), hausner ratio (HR), and solubility. Optimum drying conditions for Hypericum perforatum microcapsules (HPMs) were determined: 180 °C for inlet air temperature, 1.04/1 for ratio of maltodextrin to gum arabic (w/w), and 1.98/1 for coating to core material ratio (w/w). TPC, antioxidant activity, CI, HR, and solubility values were specified as 316.531 (mg/g GAE), 81.912%, 6.074, 1.066, and 35.017%, respectively, under the optimized conditions. The major compounds of Hypericum perforatum (hypericin and pseudohypericin) extract were determined as 4.19 µg/g microcapsule and 15.09 µg/g microcapsule, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the mean particle diameter of the HPMs was 20.36 µm. Based on these results, microencapsulation of HPMs by spray drying is a viable technique which protects the bioactive compounds of HP leaves, facilitating its application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

Self-healing hydrogel based on poly (vinyl alcohol)-poly (lysine)-gum arabic accelerates diabetic wound healing under photothermal sterilization.

Diabetic wounds are a significant clinical challenge. Developing effective antibacterial dressings is crucial for preventing wound ulcers caused by bacterial infections. In this study, a self-healing antibacterial hydrogel (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polylysine-gum arabic, PLG hydrogels) with near-infrared photothermal response was prepared by linking PVA and a novel polysaccharide-amino acid compound (PG) through borate bonding combined with freeze-thaw cycling. Subsequently, the hydrogel was modified by incorporating inorganic nanoparticles (modified graphene oxide (GM)). The experimental results showed that the PLGM3 hydrogels (PLG@GM hydrogels, 3.0 wt%) could effectively kill bacteria and promote diabetic wound tissue healing under 808-nm near-infrared laser irradiation. Therefore, this hydrogel system provides a new idea for developing novel dressings for treating diabetic wounds.

Effect of extrusion process conditions on extrudates enriched with carotenoids encapsulated by different methods using gum arabic and vegetable fat as carriers.

Bioactive compounds into extruded foods enhance their nutritional value but they are heat and shear labile and prone to oxidation. This study was aimed to examine the impacts of distinct encapsulation methods on the stability of carotenoids under typical extrusion conditions. The study presents innovative encapsulation methods and investigates the protection efficacy of carotenoids degradation, as well as the effects on the physicochemical characteristics of carotenoid-rich products. Thus, spray drying, spray chilling, and their combination were compared based on their ability to protect carotenoids. Processing temperatures were 110 °C and 140 °C, and shear rates 500 and 2000 1/s. Carotenoid retention was determined, ß- and α-carotene retention ranged from 17 to 44 % and 18 to 48 %, respectively. Upon storage at room temperature, the carotenoid content was stable for 15 days, followed by a marked reduction after 30 days. Extrudates enriched microparticles produced by spray chilling and the combined methods exhibited higher carotenoid protection during storage. They also showed better quality attributes, notably bulk density, high water absorption index, color properties, and carotenoid retention. These findings suggest that encapsulation can protect carotenoids during extrusion, and the protection can be tailored to optimize the attributes of the final products.

Effects of catechol grafting on chitosan-based coacervation and adhesion.

In this study, we investigated detailedly the contribution of catechol in tuning the formation and adhesive properties of coacervates. We have constructed a series of catechol-grafted Chitosan (Chitosan-C), and investigated their coacervation with gum arabic (GA) and the corresponding adhesion. We demonstrate that, increasing catechol grafting ratio from 0 %-44 % impacted the coacervation moderately, while enhanced the adhesion of the coacervate up to 438 % when the catechol faction was 37 %. Further increasing the grafting ratio to 55 % led to precipitated coacervates associated with a declined adhesion. Our findings identify the optimal grafting threshold for coacervation and adhesion, providing insights into the underlying mechanism of coacervate binding. Moreover, the catechol enhancement on adhesion of coacervates tolerates different substrates and diverse polyelectrolyte pairs. The revealed principles shall be helpful for designing adhesive coacervates and boosting their applications in various industrial and biomedical areas.

Nutritional profiling, fiber content and in vitro bioactivities of wheat-based biscuits formulated with novel ingredients.

This study evaluated the nutritional profile and fiber content of innovative formulations of wheat-based biscuits enriched with chia seeds, carob flour and coconut sugar. The in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities were also investigated to understand the potential health advantages of the incorporation of these new ingredients. The novel biscuits demonstrated significant improvements in protein and mineral content, with increases of 50% and 100% in chia biscuits, and up to 20% and 40% in carob biscuits, respectively. Fiber also notably increased, particularly in samples containing 10% carob flour, which increased four times as compared to wheat-based samples. The new ingredients exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity, particularly against Yersinia enterocolitica (minimum inhibitory concentration 1.25 mg mL-1 in coconut sugar) and Aspergillus fumigatus (minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum fungicidal concentrations 2.5/5 mg mL-1 in chia seeds). However, the final biscuits only displayed antifungal properties. Carob flour and chia seeds had a remarkably high capacity to inhibit the formation of TBARS and promoted greater antioxidant activity in biscuit formulations, with EC50 values decreasing from 23.25 mg mL-1 (control) to 4.54 mg mL-1 (15% defatted ground chia seeds) and 1.19 mg mL-1 (10% carob flour). Only chia seeds exhibited cellular antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity, attributes that were lost when seeds were added into the biscuits. These findings highlight the potential health benefits of these ingredients, particularly when incorporated in new wheat-based formulations.

Lactobacillus bulgaricus-loaded and chia mucilage-rich gum arabic/pullulan nanofiber film: An effective antibacterial film for the preservation of fresh beef.

In recent years, the development of probiotic film by incorporating probiotics into edible polymers has attracted significant research attention in the field of active packaging. However, the influence of the external environment substantially reduces the vitality of probiotics, limiting their application. Therefore, to improve the probiotic activity, this study devised a novel nanofiber film incorporating chia mucilage protection solution (CPS), gum arabic (GA), pullulan (PUL), and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB). SEM images indicated the successful preparation of the nanofiber film incorporating LB. CPS incorporation significantly improved the survival ability of LB, with a live cell count reaching 7.62 log CFU/g after 28 days of storage at 4 °C - an increase of 1 log CFU/g compared to the fiber film without CPS. The results showed that the fiber film containing LB inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the novel probiotic nanofiber film was applied to beef. The results showed that the shelf life of the beef during the experiments was extended for 2 days at 4 °C. Therefore, the novel probiotic film containing LB was suitable for meat preservation.

Examining the wound healing potential of curcumin-infused electrospun nanofibers from polyglutamic acid and gum arabic.

Advancements in medicine have led to continuous enhancements and innovations in wound dressing materials, making them pivotal in medical care. We used natural biological macromolecules, γ-polyglutamic acid and gum arabic as primary raw materials to create nanofibers laden with curcumin by blending electrostatic spinning technology in the current investigation. These nanofibers were meticulously characterized using fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Our comprehensive analyses confirmed the successful encapsulation of curcumin within the nanofiber carrier and it has uniform diameter, good water absorption and mechanical properties. Subsequently, we evaluated the antimicrobial effects of these curcumin-loaded nanofibers against Staphylococcus aureus through an oscillating flask method. We created a mouse model with acute full-thickness skin defects to further investigate the wound healing potential. We conducted various biochemical assays to elucidate the mechanism of action. The results revealed that curcumin nanofibers profoundly impacted wound healing. They bolstered the expression of TGF-ß1 and VEGF and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, leading to an accelerated re-epithelialization process, enhanced wound contraction, and increased regeneration of new blood vessels and hair follicles. Furthermore, these nanofibers positively influenced the proportion of three different collagen types. This comprehensive study underscores the remarkable potential of curcumin-loaded nanofibers to facilitate wound healing and lays a robust experimental foundation for developing innovative, natural product-based wound dressings.

Gum acacia based hydrogels and their composite for waste water treatment: A review.

The non-toxic nature of natural polysaccharides and their biodegradability makes them the first choice of researchers. Various natural polysaccharides are available nowadays, like cellulose, starch, chitosan, gum acacia, guar gum etc. Among these, gum acacia is a common natural polysaccharide presently used in research and technology. It is highly biodegradable, pH stable and shows appropriate water solubility. It is used in research to synthesize hydrogels and hydrogel nanocomposites for various applications because of its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and excellent absorption properties. The major fields of applications include the stabilization of metal nanoparticles in the form of nanocomposites, wound dressing materials, delivery systems of various drugs and pharmaceutical agents, bioengineering, tissue engineering, purification of water, synthesis of antibacterial and antifungal composites for agricultural improvements, and many others. Due to the increasing problem of water pollution, the major focus is on research helping to reduce this problem. Gum acacia-based hydrogel and hydrogel composites were synthesized and tested for pollutant removal efficiency from wastewater by different researchers. The research on gum acacia hydrogel and their hydrogel composite applications for water purification, as well as their synthesis processes and properties, are summarized in this review article.

Preparation and characterisation of novel casein-gum Arabic composite microcapsules for targeted in vivo delivery of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum A3.

The health benefits of probiotics in the body are predicated on their ability to remain viable in harsh gastrointestinal conditions and complex pathological microenvironments. Casein and gum Arabic (GA), with dual emulsifying and stabilising effects in colloidal systems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a novel microcapsule to encapsulate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum A3 using casein and GA as wall materials to improve the survival of the bacteria during gastrointestinal digestion, storage and lyophilization. The casein and GA composite microcapsules were prepared and characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the microcapsules had stable morphology, uniform size and spherical shape. The results revealed that the encapsulation of microcapsules significantly improved the survival of L. plantarum A3 in gastrointestinal fluid environment (5.52 × 109 cfu/ml) and lyophilization treatment (6.25 × 109 cfu/ml). Furthermore, the microencapsulated L. plantarum A3 exhibited an improved ability to regulate intestinal microbiota by effectively increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria and decreasing the relative abundance of Firmicutes in vivo. The findings of the study will help to design a lactic acid bacteria encapsulation system based on the gastrointestinal environment and provide a basis for the development of probiotic functional products.

Fabrication of curcumin-loaded oleogels using camellia oil bodies and gum arabic/chitosan coatings for controlled release applications.

This study has explored the potential of plant-derived oil bodies (OBs)-based oleogels as novel drug delivery systems for in vitro release under simulated physiological conditions. To obtain stable OBs-based oleogels, gum arabic (GA) and chitosan (CH) were coated onto the curcumin-loaded OBs using an electrostatic deposition technique, followed by 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (TB) induced Schiff-base cross-linking. Microstructural analyses indicated successful encapsulation of curcumin into the hydrophobic domain of the OBs through a pH-driven method combined with ultrasound treatment. The curcumin encapsulation efficiency of OBs increased up to 83.65 % and 92.18 % when GA and GA-CH coatings were applied, respectively, compared to uncoated OBs (63.47 %). In addition, GA-CH coatings retained the structural integrity of oleogel droplets with superior oil-holding capacity (99.07 %), while TB addition induced interconnected 3D-network structures with excellent gel strength (≥4.8 × 105 Pa) and thermal stability (≥80 °C). GA-CH coated oleogels appeared to provide the best protection for loaded bioactive against UV irradiation and high temperature-induced degradation during long-term storage. The combination of biopolymer coatings and TB-induced Schiff-base cross-linking synergistically hindered the simulated gastric degradability of oleogels, releasing only 23.35 %, 12.46 % and 7.19 % of curcumin by GA, GA-CH and GA-CH-TB stabilized oleogels, respectively, while also resulting in sustained release effects during intestinal conditions.

Study on the mechanism of natural polysaccharides on the deastringent effect of Triphala extract.

This present study investigated the masking effect of high methoxyl pectin, xanthan gum, and gum Arabic on the astringency of the traditional herbal formula Triphala and further examined the mechanism of polysaccharide reducing astringency. Results of sensory evaluation and electronic tongue illustrated that 0.6 % pectin, 0.3 % xanthan gum, and 2 % gum Arabic had a substantial deastringent effect. The polyphenols in Triphala are basically hydrolysable tannins, which with high degree of gallic acylation may be the main astringent component of Triphala. Moreover, the three polysaccharides can combine with ß-casein through CO and NH groups to form soluble binary complexes and decrease the secondary structure of ß-casein. When polysaccharides were added to the Triphala-protein system, polyphenol-protein precipitation was also diminished, and they were capable of forming soluble ternary complexes. Consequently, the competition between polysaccharides and polyphenols for binding salivary proteins and the formation of ternary complexes help decrease the astringency of Triphala.

Effect of ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction on glycosylation of goat whey protein: Structure and functional properties.

Goat whey protein (GWP) has a rich amino acid profile and good techno-functional attributes but still has limited functional performance for certain applications. This study introduces an innovative ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction to enhance GWP's functional properties by conjugating it with either gum Arabic (GA) or citrus pectin (CP). Sonication accelerated the Maillard reaction, and the glycosylation of GWP was significantly enhanced after optimization of the conjugation conditions. Gel electrophoresis examination verified the creation of GWP-polysaccharide conjugates, while scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed structural modifications caused by polysaccharide grafting and sonication. The use of ultrasound in the Maillard reaction notably enhanced the solubility, foaming capacity, and emulsifying attributes of the GWPs. Among the conjugates, the GWP-GA ones exhibited the best functional properties. Our findings suggest that this approach can notably improve the functional attributes of GWPs, thus broadening their potential uses in the food sector and beyond.

Preparation and characterization of sodium caseinate-apricot tree gum/gum Arabic nanocomplex for encapsulation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).

Nanocomplexes (NCs) were formed through electrostatic complexation theory using Na-caseinate (NaCa), gum Arabic (GA), and Prunus armeniaca L. gum exudates (PAGE), aimed to encapsulate Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Encapsulation was optimized using NaCa (0.1 %-0.5 %), GA/PAGE (0.1 %-0.9 %) and CLA (1 %-5 %), and central composite design (CCD) was employed for numerical optimization. The optimum conditions for NC containing GA (NCGA) were 0.336 %, 0.437 %, and 3.10 % and for NC containing PAGE (NCPAGE) were 0.403 %, 0.730 %, and 4.177 %, of NaCa, GA/PAGE, and CLA, respectively. EE and particle size were 92.46 % and 52.89 nm for NCGA while 88.23 % and 54.76 nm for NCPAGE, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that CLA was physically entrapped. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the electrostatic complex formation. The elastic modulus was predominant for NCGA and NCPAGE dispersions while the complex viscosity of NCPAGE suspension was slightly higher than that of NCGA. The CLA in NCGA-CLA and NCPAGE-CLA exhibited higher oxidative stability than free CLA during 30 days of storage without a significant difference between the results of CLA oxidative stability tests obtained for NCs. Consequently, NCPAGE and NCGA could be applied for the entrapment and protection of nutraceuticals in the food industry.

Brachytherapy at the nanoscale with protein functionalized and intrinsically radiolabeled [169Yb]Yb2O3 nanoseeds.

PURPOSE: Classical brachytherapy of solid malignant tumors is an invasive procedure which often results in an uneven dose distribution, while requiring surgical removal of sealed radioactive seed sources after a certain period of time. To circumvent these issues, we report the synthesis of intrinsically radiolabeled and gum Arabic glycoprotein functionalized [169Yb]Yb2O3 nanoseeds as a novel nanoscale brachytherapy agent, which could directly be administered via intratumoral injection for tumor therapy. METHODS: 169Yb (T½ = 32 days) was produced by neutron irradiation of enriched (15.2% in 168Yb) Yb2O3 target in a nuclear reactor, radiochemically converted to [169Yb]YbCl3 and used for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Intrinsically radiolabeled NP were synthesized by controlled hydrolysis of Yb3+ ions in gum Arabic glycoprotein medium. In vivo SPECT/CT imaging, autoradiography, and biodistribution studies were performed after intratumoral injection of radiolabeled NP in B16F10 tumor bearing C57BL/6 mice. Systematic tumor regression studies and histopathological analyses were performed to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy in the same mice model. RESULTS: The nanoformulation was a clear solution having high colloidal and radiochemical stability. Uniform distribution and retention of the radiolabeled nanoformulation in the tumor mass were observed via SPECT/CT imaging and autoradiography studies. In a tumor regression study, tumor growth was significantly arrested with different doses of radiolabeled NP compared to the control and the best treatment effect was observed with ~ 27.8 MBq dose. In histopathological analysis, loss of mitotic cells was apparent in tumor tissue of treated groups, whereas no significant damage in kidney, lungs, and liver tissue morphology was observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results hold promise for nanoscale brachytherapy to become a clinically practical treatment modality for unresectable solid cancers.

Developing biopolymer-stabilized emulsions for improved stability and bioaccessibility of lutein.

Lutein is essential for infant visual and cognitive development but has low stability and solubility. This study aimed to enhance the stability and bioaccessibility of lutein using oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with biopolymers. Commercially available octenylsuccinylated (OS) starches, including capsule TA® (CTA), HI-CAP®100 (HC), and Purity Gum® 2000 (PG), along with gum Arabic (GA) variants Ticaloid acacia Max® (TAM), TICAmulsion® 3020 (TM), and pre-hydrate gum Arabic (PHGA), were chosen as emulsifiers. By screening the effect of biopolymer concentration and oil volume fraction (Φ), emulsions stabilized with CTA, HC, or TM at 20% and 30% (w/v) concentration and 70% Φ exhibited a gel-like structure and were selected for further assessments. After a week at 25 °C, emulsions stabilized by CTA and HC showed no significant change in droplet size, while TM emulsion exhibited a 1.58-fold increase. At 45 °C, all emulsions exhibited increase in droplet size. Lutein retention is higher in CTA emulsions at both storage temperatures than free lutein. In vitro bioaccessibility of all lutein emulsions was higher than that of free lutein. These findings highlight the superior stability and bioaccessibility of the lutein emulsion stabilized by OS starch, positioning it as a promising carrier to broaden lutein applications in infant foods.

Effect of coating material on microencapsulated phenolic compounds extracted from agroindustrial ciriguela peel residue.

BACKGROUND: Extract of ciriguela residue was microencapsulated by spray-drying and freeze-drying using maltodextrin (M), gum arabic (GA) and their mixture (50% M; 50% GA on dry basis) as encapsulating agents. Total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant activity, physicochemical properties, profile of phenolic compounds by HPLC with diode-array detection and storage stability were evaluated. RESULTS: TPC content of powders ranged from 306.9 to 451.2 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 dry powder. The spray-dried powder prepared using GA as encapsulating agent had higher TPC content and antioxidant activity, whereas the freeze-dried powder had lower moisture and water activity. Spray-dried microcapsules had spherical shape, whereas freeze-dried products had irregular structures. The profile of phenolic compounds identified in samples was similar, with rutin (342.59 and 72.92 µg g-1 ) and quercetin (181.02 and 43.24 µg g-1 ) being the major compounds in liquid and freeze-dried extracts, respectively, whereas myricetin (97.41 µg g-1 ) was predominant in spray-dried ones. Storage stability tests carried out for 45 days at 7 or 25 °C revealed no statistically significant difference in TPC. CONCLUSION: Ciriguela residue can be considered a source of TPC and used as ingredient with good antioxidant activity in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The effects of different hydrocolloids on lotus root starch gelatinization and gels properties.

In this study, xanthan gum (XG), sodium alginate (SA), guar gum (GG), and gum Arabic (GA), were used to modify Lotus root starch (LRS). The incorporation XG, SA, and GG significantly (p < 0.05) influence the swelling power (SP) of LRS, among which the 1.5 % of XG exhibited the highest value of 25.84 g/g at 90 °C. Gelatinization analysis revealed that XG raised the final viscosity (FV) and lowered the breakdown (BD), while SA significantly increased peak viscosity (PV) and BD. Furthermore, GG and GA exhibited a substantial reduction in setback (SB). The incorporation of XG, SA, and GG enhanced the rheological and structural properties (e.g., gel strength and elasticity) of LRS. Particularly, XG demonstrated a more prominent effect, while GA exhibited an opposite trend. Moreover, the structural analyses revealed that hydrophilic colloids have no impact on the functional group and crystal structure of the LRS. However, complex system exhibited the more stable hydrogen bonding. The addition of 1.5 % XG exhibited the most stable hydrogen bonding and highest water binding affinity. Overall, the results demonstrated the effect of different hydrophilic colloids on LRS, offering a theoretical basis for LRS applications and novel insights for the use of starches and hydrocolloids.

Fabrication and stability of W/O/W emulsions stabilized by gum arabic and polyglycerol polyricinoleate.

BACKGROUND: In order to study the effect of adsorption of surfactant at the two interfacial layers on emulsion stability, the kinetically stable water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion carriers were prepared using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and gum arabic (GA) as emulsifiers. The relationship between the adsorption of the surfactant and the stability mechanism of the emulsions was elucidated. RESULTS: When the contents of PGPR and GA were low, the interfaces between oil and the inner and outer water phases, respectively, could not be completely covered. However, when the concentration of PGPR was higher than 60 g kg-1 , the excess PGPR was adsorbed on the interface between the oil phase and the outer water phase. When the concentration of GA reached 80 g kg-1 , more GA was adsorbed to the oil-in-water interface. Moreover, the presence of PGPR on the interface could reduce the adsorption capacity of GA. Two types of kinetically stable emulsions were obtained by optimizing the interface composition (60 g kg-1 GA/80 g kg-1 PGPR and 60 g kg-1 PGPR/80 g kg-1 GA). The kinetically stable W/O/W emulsions prepared in this study were successfully used to encapsulate a hydrophilic vitamin (vitamin B12) with an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 80% and release efficiency (RE) of 95%. The interfacial adsorption GA can accelerate the hydrolysis of fat. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study provides a new strategy for the preparation of W/O/W emulsions, which might be beneficial for application in food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.