Apocrine cystadenoma: A long-standing apocrine hidrocystoma with an adenomatous proliferation.

BACKGROUND: Apocrine cystadenoma is a rare, benign adenomatous cystic neoplasm, the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood. We sought to characterize the clinical, dermatoscopic, and histopathologic features of apocrine cystadenoma and its relationship to hidrocystoma. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed cases of apocrine cystadenoma and hidrocystoma retrieved from the dermatopathology laboratory information system. RESULTS: Of the 350 cases apocrine cystic lesions, 13 cases of apocrine cystadenomas met the inclusion criteria. The age ranged from 20 to 84 years with an average of 64 years. They were long-standing (duration 3-15 years), slow-growing, large tumors usually found on the scalp. Dermatoscopy accentuated translucent light to dark blue color and prominent vessels that were present more at the periphery. All lesions were multilocular with columnar to cuboidal lining and decapitation secretion. A large portion of the lesion consisted of a simple nonproliferative epithelial lining, identical to that observed in apocrine hidrocystomas, while the proliferative adenomatous component made up a smaller portion with two patterns: (1) tubular proliferation, which either protruded into the cystic cavity or expanded outward peripherally, or (2) papillary projections, which were multiple layers thick with fibrovascular core, sometimes accompanied by tubular proliferation. Immunohistochemical stains showed strong staining for p40 and a sparse number of cells stained for Ki-67 and p53. CONCLUSIONS: The long duration of the lesion and the large areas of simple apocrine epithelial lining suggest that apocrine cystadenomas arise from long-standing apocrine hidrocystomas. However, the retrospective nature of the study from a single institution is a limitation.

[Optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis and differentiation of cutaneous cysts: a case series]. / Diagnose und Differenzierung von kutanen Zysten mit optischer Kohärenztomographie: eine Fallserie.

Cutaneous cystic lesions (n = 35) were examined with optical coherence tomography. Cysts were visible as a hyporeflective roundish area with a clear margin; in some cases, the epidermis was thinned. Epidermal cysts, trichilemmal cysts, and hidrocystomas had a linear margin representing the epithelium of the cyst, whereas mucoid pseudocysts showed no linear margin. Trichilemmal and epidermal cysts presented with hyperreflective content that corresponds to keratin. By visualizing the margin and the content of the cyst, it was possible to differentiate between different types of cysts.

Apocrine Cystadenoma of the Eyelid, a Rare Neoplasm: Expanded Immunohistologic Profile.

An 83-year-old woman experienced the slow enlargement of a right lower eyelid mass. Histopathologic examination of the excised tissue showed a mucin-filled cystic tumor emanating from an apocrine bilayer that displayed bleb-like apocrine decapitation secretion. The outer flattened myoepithelial layer of the bilayer reacted with immunohistochemical stains for smooth muscle actin and calponin. In foci, the tumor exhibited a cribriform architecture with small pockets of mucin. Tumor cells were reactive for cytokeratin 7, Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein 15 (BRST-2), estrogen and progesterone receptors, androgen receptors, mammaglobin, epithelial membrane antigen, and GATA3. Ki67 showed a very low proliferation fraction. The lesion exemplifies the fourth instance of an eyelid apocrine cystadenoma in the literature.

Apocrine Papillary Hidrocystoma With Mucinous Metaplasia (Goblet Cell Type): A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

ABSTRACT: Mucinous metaplasia (goblet cell type) is exceptionally rare in the skin. This is the second case of apocrine papillary hidrocystoma with mucinous metaplasia (goblet cell type) and a review of the literature exploring the significance and frequency of mucinous metaplasia with goblet cells in nongenital skin. The patient is an elderly man who presented with a blue-pigmented nodule on the scalp that was clinically suggestive of an atypical nevus. Histologically, the lesion was composed of a simple cyst of cuboidal cells with decapitation secretion and mucinous metaplasia with goblet cells. Papillary formation was identified in the cysts. Most cases of cutaneous mucinous metaplasia have been reported on genital skin, usually after chronic inflammation of the area. This type of mucinous metaplasia is categorized as benign mucinous metaplasia of the genitalia (BMM) and is believed to be unrelated to apocrine glands owing to the different histologic features and absence of apocrine differentiation by immunohistochemistry. Mucinous metaplasia (goblet cell type) has been previously reported in benign adnexal tumors (eccrine acrospiroma/hidroadenoma, mixed tumor, and syringocystadenoma papilliferum) and in malignant tumors (apocrine hidradenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma). To date, mucinous metaplasia has not been identified in the histologically normal apocrine glands.

Eccrine Cyst (Hidrocystoma) of the Inner Canthus: A Rare Entity With Immunohistologic Confirmation.

A small ruptured cyst was excised from the left inner canthus of a 68-year-old woman. Histopathology displayed a cyst lined by a double layer of cuboidal epithelium and filled with amorphous material. The lining cells were strongly positive for cytokeratins 5/6 and 14, with weak reactivity with cytokeratin 7. These findings were identical to those in a single previous report of an eccrine cyst of the eyelid, making this the second example of a bona fide eccrine hidrocystoma of the eyelid.

Apocrine Hidrocystoma of the Parotid Gland.

Apocrine hidrocystoma is a cystic tumor originating from apocrine sweat glands. It is predominantly located in the eyelid margins. Here, we report a case of apocrine hidrocystoma of the parotid gland in a 19-year-old man who was referred to our outpatient clinic with a 5-year history of a gradual swelling in the left parotid region. The patient underwent left superficial parotidectomy. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of apocrine hidrocystoma. The case is original by the tumor's location: to the best of our knowledge, this could be the first case in English and French literature reporting an apocrine hidrocystoma affecting the parotid gland. The purpose of this article is to report our case and discuss its clinical and anatomopathological features as well as its differential diagnoses.

Apocrine Hidrocystoma with IgG4 Plasma Cell Infiltration Presenting as Recurrent Chalazion: A Case Report.

Apocrine hidrocystomas are benign cystic tumors resulting from apocrine sweat glands' proliferation. They typically present as solitary, slow-growing nodules at the head and neck, especially in the periorbital cutaneous region. We present a case of periorbital apocrine hidrocystoma in a 22-year-old woman that was treated as chalazion previously. Besides the hallmark histopathological findings of apocrine hidrocystoma, IgG4 plasma cell infiltration of the cystic wall was also found. The ratio of IgG4-to-IgG-positive plasma cells was high, whereas serum IgG4 was within the standard limit. This is, to date, the only probable IgG4-related ophthalmic disease associated with apocrine hidrocystoma.

Episcleral Apocrine Hidrocystoma Following Strabismus Surgery.

Apocrine hidrocystomas are benign cystic tumors derived from apocrine sweat glands; they are most commonly located in the skin of the head and neck regions. Ophthalmic occurrences typically appear at the lash line and canthi of the eyelid, although rare instances have been described in the conjunctiva, caruncle, and orbit. The authors illustrate an exceptional instance of a mobile episcleral cyst in a 12-year-old girl that developed about 2 years following strabismus surgery. The cyst was located anterior to the insertion of the left medial rectus and was excised in response to the patient's complaints of irritation. Histopathology of the excised specimen displayed an empty cyst lined by a double layer of cuboidal epithelium with the inner layer exhibiting apical decapitation secretion. Confirmatory immunohistochemistry demonstrated reactivity of both layers with CK7 and the outer myoepithelial layer with D2-40. Postoperative and traumatic cysts formed after interruption of the bulbar conjunctiva are usually conjunctival cysts lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium.

Ciliary Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Eyelid Arising in Hidrocystoma: Case Report and Review of Previously Reported Cases.

ABSTRACT: Moll gland is a modified tubular-shaped apocrine sweat gland, which is located on the margin of the eyelid. Moll glands are also known as ciliary glands. The function of these glands was not well known for a long time. However, based on the different studies, it was proved that Moll glands are active from birth and have local immunologic function producing immunoglobulin A. We present a case of Moll adenocarcinoma, a type of apocrine carcinoma, arising from the right upper eyelid of a 57-year-old man. Although Moll gland cysts are frequently seen, this type of adnexal malignancy is extremely uncommon. These tumors can have variable presentation and behavior from less invasive forms to highly malignant metastatic recurrent lesions.

Apocrine hidrocystoma: a slowly growing postauricular translucent nodule.

Apocrine hidrocystoma is a benign, cystic proliferation of the apocrine sweat gland that may present commonly on sun-exposed areas of the head and neck. However, given its location and features, apocrine hidrocystomas may often be confused with malignant tumors such as basal cell carcinomas or primary cutaneous mucinous carcinomas. Herein, we present an unusual case of an apocrine hidrocystoma presenting in the postauricular region and highlight the importance of histopathological examination of cystic tumors on the periauricular area.

Postauricular apocrine hidrocystoma: a case and dermoscopy review.

Apocrine hidrocystoma (AH) is a benign cystic proliferation of apocrine sweat glands that classically presents as a slow-growing nodule on the face, especially in the periorbital region. Histopathological evaluation is required to definitively diagnose an apocrine hidrocystoma. Previous studies have described apocrine hidrocystomas in unusual locations. However, the authors have identified only two reported cases of apocrine hidrocystoma in the postauricular region. We present a third case of a postauricular hidrocystoma in a 26-year-old woman, as well as a brief review of the dermoscopic findings of apocrine hidrocystomas in the existing literature.

Giant pigmented apocrine hidrocystoma of the scalp.

Hidrocystomas are benign cysts of sweat duct epithelium that can present as single or multiple lesions, with or without pigmentation. The size is typically 1-3mm in diameter. Although hidrocystomas commonly occur in most parts of the head and neck region, occurrence on the scalp is rare. Herein, we present a 29-year-old woman with a giant pigmented apocrine hidrocystoma of the scalp, which, to our knowledge, represents the largest of its kind reported to date.

Recurrent Giant Apocrine Hidrocystoma of the Leg: A Case Report.

CASE: A 26-year-old woman developed a painful enlarging mass in her left leg over the course of 4 years. Marginal resection and local adjuvant therapy was undertaken, and pathology confirmed the mass to be an apocrine hidrocystoma. CONCLUSION: Giant apocrine hidrocystomas with osseous involvement outside of the head and neck are extremely rare. Although these tumors have a low recurrence rate, this case presents a single giant apocrine hidrocystoma that recurred and was successfully treated.

[Transitory apocrine hidrocystomatosis of the scrotum]. / Hidrocystomatose apocrine transitoire du scrotum.

BACKGROUND: Apocrine hidrocystomas are benign cystic tumors that develop from apocrine gland proliferation. In most cases, they are translucent solitary lesions of the face, generally found in the periorbital region, on the scalp or on the neck. More rarely, apocrine hidrocystomas may be multiple and appear on the ears, trunk, shoulders and genital area. They generally appear in adulthood, with only a few pediatric cases being reported, of which three in the genital area, with a solitary case of multiple hidrocystomas of the scrotum, although no cases of spontaneous involution of hidrocystomas have previously been reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two boys aged 4 and 6 months were seen in consultation for small sub-millimeter size, subcutaneous, black lesions on the scrotum that appeared in the weeks following birth. Histological examination of these lesions resulted in a diagnosis of apocrine hidrocystoma. The children were seen again a few weeks later and the skin lesions had totally disappeared. We report two cases of multiple apocrine hidrocystomas on the scrotum with spontaneous involution diagnosed in a 4- and a 6-month-old boy. DISCUSSION: Apocrine hidrocystomas are rare benign adnexal tumors that develop from apocrine sweat glands. They are considered as cystic proliferations of the apocrine glands rather than simple retention cysts. The main differential diagnosis of the rare cases of multiple apocrine hidrocystomas are eccrine hidrocystomas. The treatment of such lesions is based on surgical excision if they are isolated, daily application of topical atropine 1%, or CO2 laser for multiple apocrine hidrocystomas.

A giant apocrine hidrocystoma associated with elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels are often elevated in patients with malignant diseases. However, the etiology of elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels may be extremely difficult to determine considering that this finding may occasionally occur in patients with benign diseases. Apocrine hidrocystomas, which are typically small and found on the face, are benign cystic lesions of apocrine sweat glands. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58-year-old Japanese man was referred to us because of high serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels (15.9 ng/mL) found incidentally during a routine medical checkup. A physical examination revealed a hemispherical mass approximately 5 cm in diameter on his left thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging of the region showed a multilocular cystic mass with clear margins and a smooth surface, suggesting a cystic tumor. He underwent local mass resection. Pathological examination of the resected mass revealed an apocrine hidrocystoma with luminal cells, which tested immunohistochemically positive for carcinoembryonic antigen. Postoperatively, serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels returned to normal. This report is the first to describe an apocrine hidrocystoma associated with high serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels. CONCLUSIONS: An apocrine hidrocystoma can cause elevation of serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Despite its rarity, apocrine hidrocystoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of conditions causing high serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels. In addition, skin diseases deserve more careful attention for patients with high serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels.

Apocrine adenocarcinoma in the setting of apocrine hidrocystoma of the leg.

Apocrine hidrocystoma is a benign, cystic lesion often presenting in the periorbital region. Apocrine adenocarcinoma is the rare, malignant counterpart occurring mainly in the axilla and anogenital region. There is a paucity of literature on both entities and co-occurrence has been reported in only 5 cases. We present the case of a 48-year-old man with a history of total body irradiation for chronic myelocytic leukemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity who presented with a calf mass of two years' duration. Epidermal inclusion cyst was presumed and excisional biopsy was carried out. Pathologic analysis revealed apocrine adenocarcinoma in the setting of a precursor apocrine hidrocystoma. Our patient's unique altered immunity and the direct effects of irradiation on the local microenvironment may have resulted in his rare presentation of co-occurrence of apocrine adenocarcinoma within an existing apocrine hidrocystoma. To our knowledge, our patient is the first reported patient with this presentation in the lower extremity.