Missed Opportunities to Diagnose and Treat Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism After Transplant.

INTRODUCTION: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (3HPT) is common after renal transplant. However, guidelines for diagnosis are not clear and few patients are treated surgically. This study aims to determine rates of diagnosis and treatment of 3HPT in renal transplant patients with hypercalcemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective chart review identified all renal transplant recipients at a single tertiary care institution between 2011 and 2021. Patients with post-transplant hypercalcemia (> 10.2 mg/dL) were identified. The time in months of index hypercalcemia was noted. Measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels after index hypercalcemia was determined and noted as elevated if > 64 pg/mL at least 6 mo after transplant. Documentation of symptoms of hyperparathyroidism, a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in the electronic medical record, and medical or surgical management of patients with classic 3HPT (elevated calcium and PTH) were determined. RESULTS: Of 383 renal transplant recipients, hypercalcemia was identified in 132 patients. The majority of hypercalcemic patients had PTH levels measured (127, 96.2%). PTH was elevated in 109 (82.6%). Among the 109 patients with classic 3HPT, 54 (49.5%) had a documented diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in the electronic medical record (P = 0.01). Kidney stones or abnormal DEXA scan were present in 16 (14.7%) and 18 (16.5%), respectively. Most patients were managed non-surgically (101, 92.6%); calcimimetics were prescribed for 42 (38.5%, P = 0.01). Eight (7.3%) patients with classic 3HPT were referred to a surgeon (P = 0.35); all were initially prescribed calcimimetics (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: 3HPT is underdiagnosed in patients with elevated calcium and PTH levels post-transplant. A significant percentage of these patients go without surgical referral and curative treatment.

[Hypercalcemia - Diagnosis and Management]. / Hyperkalzämie ­ Diagnose, Abklärung und Therapie.

Hypercalcemia - Diagnosis and Management Abstract. The diagnostic workup of hypercalcemia requires a thorough patient history, a focused clinical examination as well as a step-by-step laboratory diagnostic approach. In order to detect the exact aetiology of hypercalcemia an accurate measurement of serum calcium in correlation with the parathyroid hormone level is therefore essential. Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-related hypercalcemia are responsible for about 90% of all hypercalcemia cases. Therefore, these two pathologies should always be considered in the diagnostic approach. The therapeutic procedure is based on the aetiology and severity of the hypercalcemia.

New therapies for patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

In 1953, for the first time, Paul Wermer described a family presenting endocrine gland neoplasms over several generations. The transmission was autosomal dominant and the penetrance was high. Forty years later in 1997, the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene was sequenced, thus enabling diagnosis and early optimal treatment. Patients carrying the MEN1 gene present endocrine but also non-endocrine tumors. Parathyroid, pancreatic and pituitary impairment are the three main types of endocrine involvement. The present article details therapeutic management of hyperparathyroidism, neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors and pituitary adenomas in patients carrying the MEN1 gene. Significant therapeutic progress has in fact been made in the last few years. As concerns the parathyroid glands, screening of family members and regular monitoring of affected subjects now raise the question of early management of parathyroid lesions and optimal timing of parathyroid surgery. As concerns the duodenum-pancreas, proton-pump inhibitors are able to control gastrin-secreting syndrome, reducing mortality in MEN1 patients. Mortality in MEN1 patients is no longer mainly secondary to uncontrolled hormonal secretion but to metastatic (mainly pancreatic) disease progression. Tumor risk requires regular monitoring of morphological assessment, leading to iterative pancreatic surgery in a large number of patients. Finally, pituitary adenomas in MEN1 patients are traditionally described as aggressive, invasive and resistant to medical treatment. However, regular pituitary screening showed them to be in fact infra-centimetric and non-secreting in the majority of patients. Consequently, it is necessary to regularly monitor MEN1 patients, with regular clinical, biological and morphological work-up. Several studies showed that this regular monitoring impairs quality of life. Building a relationship of trust between patients and care provider is therefore essential. It enables the patient to be referred for psychological or psychiatric care in difficult times, providing long-term support and preventing any breakdown in continuity of care.

Osteoporosis and Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD): Back to Basics.

Osteoporosis is defined as a skeletal disorder of compromised bone strength predisposing those affected to an elevated risk of fracture. However, based on bone histology, osteoporosis is only part of a spectrum of skeletal complications that includes osteomalacia and the various forms of renal osteodystrophy of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). In addition, the label "kidney-induced osteoporosis" has been proposed, even though the changes caused by CKD do not qualify as osteoporosis by the histological diagnosis. It is clear, therefore, that such terminology may not be helpful diagnostically or in making treatment decisions. A new label, "CKD-MBD/osteoporosis" could be a more appropriate term because it brings osteoporosis under the official label of CKD-MBD. Neither laboratory nor noninvasive diagnostic investigations can discriminate osteoporosis from the several forms of renal osteodystrophy. Transiliac crest bone biopsy can make the diagnosis of osteoporosis by exclusion of other kidney-associated bone diseases, but its availability is limited. Recently, a classification of metabolic bone diseases based on bone turnover, from low to high, together with mineralization and bone volume, has been proposed. Therapeutically, no antifracture treatments have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with kidney-associated bone disease. Agents that suppress parathyroid hormone (vitamin D analogues and calcimimetics) are used to treat hyperparathyroid bone disease. Antiresorptive and osteoanabolic agents approved for osteoporosis are being used off-label to treat CKD stages 3b-5 in high-risk patients. It has now been suggested that intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone as early as CKD stage 2 could be an effective management strategy. If confirmed in clinical trials, it could mitigate the retention of phosphorus and subsequently the rise in fibroblast growth factor 23 and may be beneficial for coexisting osteoporosis.

A Combination of Hemodialysis with Hemoperfusion Helped to Reduce the Cardiovascular-Related Mortality Rate after a 3-Year Follow-Up: A Pilot Study in Vietnam.

AIMS: Moderate to severe hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid hormone [PTH] concentrations ≥600 pg/mL) may increase the risk of cardiovascular problems and bone disease. We assume that a combination of hemodialysis with hemoperfusion may reduce the cardiovascular-related mortality rate in maintenance hemodialysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From 625 maintenance hemodialysis patients, 93 people met with our inclusion criteria. Based on the level of serum PTH, the patients were divided into 2 groups: 46 patients who underwent a combination of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion (HD + HP group) for consecutive 3 years and 47 patients who used hemodialysis only (HD group). RESULTS: During 3 years of follow-up, the ratio of mortality was 4.3% in the HD + HP group which was significantly lower than in the HD group (17%), p = 0.049. Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis of cardiovascular-related mortality, patients in the HD group (red line) exhibited a significantly higher death rate compared to the HD + HP group (violet line) (log-rank test, p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that a combination of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion for 3 years helped to reduce the cardiovascular-related mortality rate.

Microsatellite instability driven metastatic parathyroid carcinoma managed with the anti-PD1 immunotherapy, pembrolizumab.

The present case report describes a 65-year-old man with Lynch syndrome and hypercalcaemia associated with hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid surgery confirmed the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma. Serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations serially increased after initial surgery. Imaging study and subsequent biopsy confirmed lung metastases with mismatch repair deficiency. Pembrolizumab was initiated achieving 60% reduction in tumour burden.

[Ectopic hyperparathyroidism. Detection of mediastinal localization]. / Hiperparatiroidismo ectópico. Detección de la localización mediastinal.

The ectopic parathyroid tissue is a frequent cause of recurrent hyperparathyroidism (HPT), accounting 16% in primary HPT and 14% in secondary cases. Although intrathoracic ectopic glands represent 25-35% of all ectopic cases, only 2% requires thoracic surgery. The aim of this study is to report a case series of patients with ectopic mediastinal HPT treated by thoracic approach in a private institution in Argentina. This is a retrospective analysis from January 2006 to June 2019. All patients diagnosed with ectopic hyperparathyroidism who required a thoracic surgical approach were included. During this period, 728 patients with primary HPT and secondary HPT were treated. Six with primary HPT and 3 with secondary HPT required a thoracic approach. Six video-assisted thoracoscopy surgeries (VATS) and 3 sternotomies were performed. None of them presented serious posoperative complications. Frozen section biopsy was used in all cases. iPTH was measured in 8 cases, with a mean drop of 65% after 15 minutes. Final pathology reports confirmed 5 adenomas and 4 hyperplasias. Our case series reported an incidence of 1.65% (12/728) mediastinal parathyroids, while 1.24% (9/728) received surgical treatment at our institution. Intraoperative frozen section and PTHi are useful to confirm the diagnosis and to avoid recurrences. Although VATS is a safe and efficient treatment option, it depends on surgical training and availability. In terms of diagnostic imaging resources, sestamibi remains the current gold standard. However, 18F-choline PET/CT may arise as a new diagnostic tool. The possibility of obtaining evidence-based conclusions requires studies with higher number of patients.

El tejido paratiroideo ectópico es una causa frecuente de recurrencia del hiperparatiroidismo (HPT) siendo de 16% en primarios y 14% en secundarios. La localización intratorácica representa el 20-35%, pero solo un 2% requiere una cirugía torácica. El objetivo fue analizar una cohorte de pacientes con diagnóstico de HPT mediastinal operados en un hospital de alta complejidad de Argentina. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de todos los operados por HPT entre enero de 2006 y julio 2019 en ese hospital. Se incluyeron aquellos que requirieron acceso torácico por HPT ectópico. En este período se trataron 728 pacientes con HPT primario y secundario. Seis con primario y 3 con secundario requirieron cirugía torácica. Se realizaron 6 videotoracoscopias (VATS) y 3 esternotomías, sin complicaciones graves. Se utilizó biopsia por congelación en todos y dosaje de paratohormona intraoperatoria (PTHi) en 8 casos, que descendió en promedio 65% respecto al valor basal. Se confirmaron 5 adenomas y 4 hiperplasias. La enfermedad paratiroi dea mediastinal representó el 1.65% (12/728), mientras que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico en nuestra institución 1.24% (9/728). La biopsia por congelación y el descenso de PTHi resultan útiles para confirmar el foco y eventualmente disminuir el riesgo de recurrencia. La VATS es segura pero depende del entrenamiento y de la disponibilidad en el medio asistencial. Si bien el sestamibi es el método con mayor sensibilidad, se propone el uso de 18F-colina PET/TC ante la sospecha de HPT ectópico. La posibilidad de obtener conclusiones basadas en la evidencia requiere de estudios con mayor número de pacientes.

Hiperparatiroidismo ectópico: Detección de la localización mediastinal / Ectopic hyperparathyroidism. Detection of mediastinal localization

El tejido paratiroideo ectópico es una causa frecuente de recurrencia del hiperparatiroidismo (HPT) siendo de 16% en primarios y 14% en secundarios. La localización intratorácica representa el 20-35%, pero solo un 2% requiere una cirugía torácica. El objetivo fue analizar una cohorte de pacientes con diagnóstico de HPT mediastinal operados en un hospital de alta complejidad de Argentina. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de todos los operados por HPT entre enero de 2006 y julio 2019 en ese hospital. Se incluyeron aquellos que requirieron acceso torácico por HPT ectópico. En este período se trataron 728 pacientes con HPT primario y secundario. Seis con primario y 3 con secundario requirieron cirugía torácica. Se realizaron 6 videotoracoscopias (VATS) y 3 esternotomías, sin complicaciones graves. Se utilizó biopsia por congelación en todos y dosaje de paratohormona intraoperatoria (PTHi) en 8 casos, que descendió en promedio 65% respecto al valor basal. Se confirmaron 5 adenomas y 4 hiperplasias. La enfermedad paratiroi dea mediastinal representó el 1.65% (12/728), mientras que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico en nuestra institución 1.24% (9/728). La biopsia por congelación y el descenso de PTHi resultan útiles para confirmar el foco y eventualmente disminuir el riesgo de recurrencia. La VATS es segura pero depende del entrenamiento y de la disponibilidad en el medio asistencial. Si bien el sestamibi es el método con mayor sensibilidad, se propone el uso de 18F-colina PET/TC ante la sospecha de HPT ectópico. La posibilidad de obtener conclusiones basadas en la evidencia requiere de estudios con mayor número de pacientes.

The ectopic parathyroid tissue is a frequent cause of recurrent hyperparathyroidism (HPT), accounting 16% in primary HPT and 14% in secondary cases. Although intrathoracic ectopic glands represent 25-35% of all ectopic cases, only 2% requires thoracic surgery. The aim of this study is to report a case series of patients with ectopic mediastinal HPT treated by thoracic approach in a private institution in Argentina. This is a retrospective analysis from January 2006 to June 2019. All patients diagnosed with ectopic hyperparathyroidism who required a thoracic surgical approach were included. During this period, 728 patients with primary HPT and secondary HPT were treated. Six with primary HPT and 3 with secondary HPT required a thoracic approach. Six video-assisted thoracoscopy surgeries (VATS) and 3 sternotomies were performed. None of them presented serious posoperative complications. Frozen section biopsy was used in all cases. iPTH was measured in 8 cases, with a mean drop of 65% after 15 minutes. Final pathology reports confirmed 5 adenomas and 4 hyperplasias. Our case series reported an incidence of 1.65% (12/728) mediastinal parathyroids, while 1.24% (9/728) received surgical treatment at our institution. Intraoperative frozen section and PTHi are useful to confirm the diagnosis and to avoid recurrences. Although VATS is a safe and efficient treatment option, it depends on surgical training and availability. In terms of diagnostic imaging resources, sestamibi remains the current gold standard. However, 18F-choline PET/CT may arise as a new diagnostic tool. The possibility of obtaining evidence-based conclusions requires studies with higher number of patients.

Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: A Narrative Review.

End-stage renal disease is often complicated by the occurrence of secondary and eventually tertiary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by increased parathormone, calcium, and phosphate concentrations. Related symptoms include pruritus and osteodynia, concentration difficulties, and feelings of depression may be present. In the long-term, end-stage renal disease patients with hyperparathyroidism have an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Among treatment options are vitamin D supplements, phosphate binders, calcimimetics, and surgical parathyroidectomy. Determining the optimal treatment for the individual patient is challenging for nephrologists and endocrine surgeons. This review resumes the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism, clinical presentation, required diagnostic work-up, and discusses indications for the available treatment options for patients with secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

The treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism.

Renal hyperparathyroidism (rHPT) is a complex and challenging disorder. It develops early in the course of renal failure and is associated with increased risks of fractures, cardiovascular disease and death. It is treated medically, but when medical therapy cannot control the hyperparathyroidism, surgical parathyroidectomy is an option. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and medical treatment; we describe the effects of renal transplantation; and discuss the indications and strategies in parathyroidectomy for rHPT. Renal hyperparathyroidism develops early in renal failure, mainly as a consequence of lower levels of vitamin D, hypocalcemia, diminished excretion of phosphate and inability to activate vitamin D. Treatment consists of supplying vitamin D and reducing phosphate intake. In later stages calcimimetics might be added. RHPT refractory to medical treatment can be managed surgically with parathyroidectomy. Risks of surgery are small but not negligible. Parathyroidectomy should likely not be too radical, especially if the patient is a candidate for future renal transplantation. Subtotal or total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation are recognized surgical options. Renal transplantation improves rHPT but does not cure it.

Effectiveness of cinacalcet treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism on hospitalization: Results from the MBD-5D study.

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the effect of cinacalcet use on all-cause and cause-specific hospitalization outcomes using a prospective cohort of maintenance hemodialysis patients. METHODS: We used data from a prospective cohort of Japanese hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and examined baseline characteristics as well as longitudinal changes. All patients were cinacalcet-naïve at study enrollment. Further, we used a marginal structural model to account for time-varying confounders on cinacalcet initiation and hospitalization outcomes, and an Andersen-Gill-type recurrent event model to account for any recurring events of hospitalization in the outcome analysis using the weighted dataset. RESULTS: Among the 3,276 patients, cinacalcet treatment was initiated in 1,384 patients during the entire follow-up. Cinacalcet users were slightly younger, included more patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and fewer patients with diabetes, were more likely to have a history of parathyroidectomy, and were more often used receiving vitamin D receptor activator, phosphate binders, and iron supplements. The overall hospitalization analysis yielded a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80, 1.18). A trend toward a mild protective association was observed for cardiovascular-related hospitalizations (HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.14). In the subgroup analysis, a protective association was seen due to cinacalcet use for infection-related hospitalizations in the lowest intact parathyroid hormone group (HR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Cinacalcet initiation in patients on maintenance hemodialysis had no effect on all-cause and cause-specific hospitalizations. Although the overall association was statistically not significant, cinacalcet may have a protective association on cardiovascular-related hospitalization in all patients and infection-related hospitalization in patient with low intact parathyroid hormone.

Mineral disorders in pediatric pre-emptive kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Pre-emptive kidney transplantation (PEKT) is beneficial for patients, improves graft survival and minimizes the complications associated with chronic kidney disease. Reports on pediatric PEKT, however, are limited, and little is known about the parathyroid hormone (PTH) abnormalities and calcium-phosphorus disorders (CPD) in this condition. This study was the first to report on mineral disorders in pediatric PEKT patients during a 1 year period. METHODS: We conducted a comparative examination of the abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus products and PTH before and 1 year after living donor kidney transplantation in PEKT and non-PEKT patients. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were included. The patients were divided into two groups: PEKT (n = 11; 5 months in CKD stage 4-5) and non-PEKT (n = 20; 31.5 months in dialysis). Mean age at transplantation was 9.4 ± 5.0 years. Hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were observed before and after transplantation in the PEKT and non-PEKT groups, and >15% of patients in each group had bone disorder and ectopic calcification associated with mineral disorder. Mineral disorder was present for approximately 3 months after transplantation in both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in PTH or CPD were noted between PEKT and non-PEKT groups; moreover, normalization of abnormal values did not differ between the PEKT and non-PEKT groups. Compared with non-PEKT, PEKT did not improve the course of mineral metabolism disorders. Mineral and bone disorder treatment was likely insufficiently provided to pediatric PEKT patients. To obtain the maximum advantage of PEKT, calcium and phosphorus levels should be strictly controlled before kidney transplantation.

Parathyroid Diseases.

Although uncommon in pregnancy, parathyroid dysfunction may produce significant perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism is 0.5%. The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy is a single parathyroid adenoma, which is present in nearly 80% of cases. Surgery is the only definitive treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism, with a cure rate that is excellent. The most common etiology of hypoparathyroidism is damage to the parathyroid glands after surgery, with an incidence of 0.2%. Treatment of hypoparathyroidism is usually a high-calcium diet with vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D deficiency is common, associated with perinatal morbidity and easily corrected.

Endocrine Emergencies in Obstetrics.

Endocrine emergencies in pregnancy can be life threatening and are associated with increased morbidity for both the mother and fetus. Thyroid storm, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypercalcemic crisis require a high clinical suspicion, rapid treatment, and multidisciplinary care to ensure best outcomes. Critical care consultation and intensive care unit admission are often warranted. Fetal testing may initially be concerning; however often improves with correction of the underlying metabolic derangement(s) and delivery is generally avoided until maternal status improves.

Parathyroidectomy versus cinacalcet for tertiary hyperparathyroidism; a retrospective analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (tHPT), i.e., persistent HPT after kidney transplantation, affects 17-50% of transplant recipients. Treatment of tHPT is mandatory since persistently elevated PTH concentrations after KTx increase the risk of renal allograft dysfunction and osteoporosis. The introduction of cinacalcet in 2004 seemed to offer a medical treatment alternative to parathyroidectomy (PTx). However, the optimal management of tHPT remains unclear. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients receiving a kidney transplantation (KT) in two academic centers in the Netherlands. Thirty patients undergoing PTx within 3 years of transplantation and 64 patients treated with cinacalcet 1 year after transplantation for tHPT were included. Primary outcomes were serum calcium and PTH concentrations 1 year after KT and after PTx. RESULTS: Serum calcium normalized in both the cinacalcet and the PTx patients. PTH concentrations remained above the upper limit of normal (median 22.0 pmol/L) 1 year after KT, but returned to within the normal range in the PTx group (median 3.7 pmol/L). Side effects of cinacalcet were difficult to assess; minor complications occurred in three patients. Re-exploration due to persistent tHPT was performed in three (10%) patients. CONCLUSION: In patients with tHPT, cinacalcet normalizes serum calcium, but does not lead to a normalization of serum PTH concentrations. In contrast, PTx leads to a normalization of both serum calcium and PTH concentrations. These findings suggest that PTx is the treatment of choice for tHPT.

Management of Post-transplant Hyperparathyroidism and Bone Disease.

Significant advances in immunosuppressive therapies have been made in renal transplantation, leading to increased allograft and patient survival. Despite improvement in overall patient survival, patients continue to require management of persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism. Medications that treat persistent hyperparathyroidism include vitamin D, vitamin D analogues, and calcimimetics. Medication side effects such as hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia, and adynamic bone disease, may lead to a decrease in the drugs. When medical management fails to control persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism, treatment is a parathyroidectomy. Surgical techniques are not uniform between centers and surgeons. Undergoing the surgery may include a subtotal technique or a technique including total parathyroid gland resection with partial heterotopic gland reimplantation. In addition, there are possible post-surgical complications. The ideal treatment for persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism is the treatment and prevention of the condition while patients are being managed for their late-stage chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.