Condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida no ciclo gravídico-puerperal / Condiciones potencialmente amenazantes para la vida en el ciclo gravídico puerperal / Potentially life-threatening conditions determinants in pregnancy-puerperal cycle

ABSTRACT Objetivo: Descrever as principais condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida de mulheres durante o ciclo gravídico e puerperal e variáveis relacionadas a esses agravos. Método: Estudo do tipo documental, descritivo e quantitativo, realizado com prontuários de gestantes, parturientes e puérperas internadas em hospital de média complexidade, que apresentaram Condições Potencialmente Ameaçadoras à Vida (CPAV). Foram excluídos os de acesso impossibilitado por estarem sob judice. A amostra foi temporal e a análise univariada. Resultados: Inclui-se 181 prontuários. A maioria das condições ocorreu em mulheres de 16 a 34 anos de idade (61,3%), união estável (60,8%), pardas (31,5%), sem renda ocupacional (29,2%), multíparas (28,87%), com complicações no primeiro trimestre gestacional (32,6%). Verificaram-se a realização de um número insuficiente de consultas (13,8%), dados referentes ao pré-natal ignorados (68%). As principais CPAV foram as síndromes hemorrágicas (28,2%), hipertensivas (25,4%) e infecção (13,3%). Como desfecho, foram observados prevalência de aborto não especificado (22,1%), morte perinatal por doença infecciosa e parasitária da mãe (2,2%). Conclusão: As principais CPAV foram as síndromes hemorrágicas, hipertensivas e infecções. Como desfecho, foram observados alta hospitalar, aborto, referenciamento à UTI, morte perinatal e morte materna.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las principales condiciones potencialmente amenazantes para la vida de las mujeres durante el ciclo gravídico y puerperal, además de las variables relacionadas con estos agravios. Método: estudio del tipo documental, descriptivo y cuantitativo, realizado con registros médicos de gestantes, parturientes y puérperas internadas en hospital de mediana complejidad, que presentaron Condiciones Potencialmente Amenazantes a la Vida (CPAV). Se excluyeron los de acceso imposibilitado por estar bajo juicio. La muestra fue temporal y el análisis univariado. Resultados: se incluyen 181 registros médicos. La mayoría de las condiciones ocurrió en mujeres de 16 a 34 años de edad (61,3%), unión estable (60,8%), pardas (31,5%), sin ingreso ocupacional (29,2%), multíparas (28,87%), con complicaciones en el primer trimestre gestacional (32,6%). Se constató un número insuficiente de consultas (13,8 %), datos relativos al prenatal ignorados (68 %). Las principales CPAV fueron los trastornos hemorrágicos (28,2%), hipertensivos (25,4%) e infecciosos (13,3%). Como resultado, se observaron: prevalencia de aborto no especificado (22,1%), muerte perinatal por enfermedad infecciosa y parasitaria de la madre (2,2%). Conclusión: las principales CPAV fueron los trastornos hemorrágicos, hipertensivos e infecciones. Como resultado, se observó alta hospitalaria, aborto, referencia a la UCI, muerte perinatal y muerte materna.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the main conditions potentially threatening the lives of women during the pregnancy and puerperal cycle and variables related to these diseases. Method: Documentary, descriptive and quantitative study, conducted with medical records of pregnant women, women giving birth and puerperal women hospitalized in a hospital of medium complexity, who presented Potentially Life Threatening Conditions (PLTC). Those with access unable to be sob judice were excluded. The sample was temporal and the analysis was univariate. Results: This includes 181 medical records. Most conditions occurred in women aged 16 to 34 years (61.3%), stable union (60.8%), brown (31.5%), without occupational income (29.2%), multiparous (28.87%), with complications in the first gestational trimester (32.6%). There was an insufficient number of consultations (13.8%), data regarding prenatal care ignored (68%). The main CPAV were hemorrhagic syndromes (28.2%), hypertensive (25.4%) and infection (13.3%). As an outcome, we observed a prevalence of unspecified miscarriage (22.1%), perinatal death from infectious and parasitic disease of the mother (2.2%). Conclusion: The main CPAV were hemorrhagic, hypertensive and infections syndromes. As an outcome, hospital discharge, miscarriage, ICU referral, perinatal death and maternal death were observed.

Maternal mortality reduction: a need to focus actions on the prevention of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Maternal mortality (MM) reflects one of the most striking global health inequalities. Global figures of MM fell significantly from 1990 to 2017. The reduction was largely due to a 70% fall in haemorrhages, and a limited (18.2%) improvement in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). If this trend continues, by 2021 HDP will be the main cause of global MM.MM reductions due to haemorrhage is reassuring, however MM due to HDP show a more complex situation as early detection of HDP requires regular contact of pregnant women with the health system. In order to reduce MM due to HDP, population wide preventive actions such as low dose aspirin and adequate calcium intake are required, especially in areas where women have little contact with the health systems.Calcium supplementation for women with low calcium intake has reduced the risk of pre-eclampsia, with further reductions starting daily supplementation with 500 mg of calcium preconceptionally, however adherence to supplementation is limited.To reduce global inequities in calcium intake and consequently in the HDP, food fortification seem to be an attractive strategy to achieve an increase of calcium intake.

Incidence and characteristics of pregnancy-related death across ten low- and middle-income geographical regions: secondary analysis of a cluster randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to describe the incidence and characteristics of pregnancy-related death in low- and middle-resource settings, in relation to the availability of key obstetric resources. DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING: This trial was undertaken at ten sites across eight low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, India and Haiti. POPULATION: Institutional-level consent was obtained and all women presenting for maternity care were eligible for inclusion. METHODS: Pregnancy-related deaths were collected prospectively from routine data sources and active case searching. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pregnancy-related death, place, timing and age of maternal death, and neonatal outcomes in women with this outcome. RESULTS: Over 20 months, in 536 233 deliveries there were 998 maternal deaths (18.6/10 000, range 28/10 000-630/10 000). The leading causes of death were obstetric haemorrhage (36.0%, n = 359), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (20.6%, n = 206), sepsis (14.1%, n = 141) and other (26.5%, n = 264). Approximately a quarter of deaths occurred prior to delivery (28.4%, n = 283), 35.7% (n = 356) occurred on the day of delivery and 35.9% (n = 359) occurred after delivery. Half of maternal deaths (50.6%; n = 505) occurred in women aged 20-29 years, 10.3% (n = 103) occurred in women aged under 20 years, 34.5% (n = 344) occurred in women aged 30-39 years and 4.6% (n = 46) occurred in women aged ≥40 years. There was no measured association between the availability of key obstetric resources and the rate of pregnancy-related death. CONCLUSIONS: The large variation in the rate of pregnancy-related death, irrespective of resource availability, emphasises that inequality and inequity in health care persists. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Inequality and inequity in pregnancy-related death persists globally, irrespective of resource availability.

Epidemiology and maternal prognosis of hypertension disorders of pregnancy in French Guiana.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are responsible for high maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to report the epidemiological and clinical features of HDP in Cayenne General Hospital. Our secondary objectives were to search for factors associated to preeclampsia (PE) and to severe PE in patients with HDP. METHODS: Our study was observational and non-interventional. It was conducted over 4-month period (January to April 2019) in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit of the Cayenne General Hospital. We included all pregnant women after 20 weeks of gestation (WG), who gave birth and who presented HDP and/or PE. RESULTS: During the study period 1243 patients gave birth in our unit. Among them, 156 were diagnosed with HDP (12.6%). The median age was 33 years (IQR 28 - 38 years). The most frequent medical histories were diabetes (27.5%) and chronic hypertension (23.5%). The socioeconomic status was low in 31% of patients. Ninety-four patients (61.4%) developed PE with a severe form in 80.9% of cases. HELLP syndrome was diagnosed in 6.5% and nephropathy in 3.3% of cases. Delivery was by cesarean in 49.7% of cases. The median gestational age at delivery was 37 WG (IQR: 35-39). Multivariate analysis showed no independent factors associated with the occurrence of PE or severe PE in patients with HDP. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a high prevalence of PE in patients with HDP. Hospitalization and repeated clinical evaluation are needed to screen for women exposed to develop PE or severe PE.

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and maternal and neonatal outcomes in Haiti: the importance of surveillance and data collection.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to determine reported prevalence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) and maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with these disorders among women delivering at selected hospitals across Haiti. METHODS: A retrospective review of 8822 singleton deliveries between January 2012 and December 2014 was conducted at four hospitals in separate Departments across Haiti. Researchers examined the proportion of women with reported HDP (hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia) and the association between women with HDP and three neonatal outcomes: low birth weight, preterm birth, and stillbirths; and two maternal outcomes: placental abruption and maternal death in Hôpital Albert Schweitzer (HAS). Odds ratios for associations between HDP and perinatal outcomes at HAS were assessed using logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of the 8822 singleton births included in the study, 510 (5.8%) had a reported HDP (including 285 (55.9%) preeclampsia, 119 (23.3%) eclampsia, and 106 (20.8%) hypertension). Prevalence of HDP among each hospital was: HAS (13.5%), Hôpital Immaculée Conception des Cayes (HIC) (3.2%), Fort Liberté (4.3%), and Hôpital Sacré Coeur de Milot (HSC) (3.0%). Among women at HAS with HDP, the adjusted odds of having a low birth weight baby was four times that of women without HDP (aOR 4.17, 95% CI 3.19-5.45), more than three times that for stillbirths (aOR 3.51, 95% CI 2.43-5.06), and five times as likely to result in maternal death (aOR 5.13, 95% CI 1.53-17.25). Among the three types of HDP, eclampsia was associated with the greatest odds of adverse events with five times the odds of having a low birth weight baby (aOR 5.00, 95% CI 2.84-8.79), six times the odds for stillbirths (aOR 6.34, 95% CI 3.40-11.82), and more than twelve times as likely to result in maternal death (aOR 12.70, 95% CI 2.33-69.31). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of HDP was found among a cohort of Haitian mothers. HDP was associated with higher rates of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in HAS, which is comparable to studies of HDP conducted in high-income countries.

Evaluation of a novel device for the management of high blood pressure and shock in pregnancy in low-resource settings: study protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial (CRADLE-3 trial).

BACKGROUND: Obstetric haemorrhage, sepsis and pregnancy hypertension account for more than 50% of maternal deaths worldwide. Early detection and effective management of these conditions relies on vital signs. The Microlife® CRADLE Vital Sign Alert (VSA) is an easy-to-use, accurate device that measures blood pressure and pulse. It incorporates a traffic-light early warning system that alerts all levels of healthcare provider to the need for escalation of care in women with obstetric haemorrhage, sepsis or pregnancy hypertension, thereby aiding early recognition of haemodynamic instability and preventing maternal mortality and morbidity. The aim of the trial was to determine whether implementation of the CRADLE intervention (the Microlife® CRADLE VSA device and CRADLE training package) into routine maternity care in place of existing equipment will reduce a composite outcome of maternal mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income country populations. METHODS: The CRADLE-3 trial was a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial of the CRADLE intervention compared to routine maternity care. Each cluster crossed from routine maternity care to the intervention at 2-monthly intervals over the course of 20 months (April 2016 to November 2017). All women identified as pregnant or within 6 weeks postpartum, presenting for maternity care in cluster catchment areas were eligible to participate. Primary outcome data (composite of maternal death, eclampsia and emergency hysterectomy per 10,000 deliveries) were collected at 10 clusters (Gokak, Belgaum, India; Harare, Zimbabwe; Ndola, Zambia; Lusaka, Zambia; Free Town, Sierra Leone; Mbale, Uganda; Kampala, Uganda; Cap Haitien, Haiti; South West, Malawi; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). This trial was informed by the Medical Research Council guidance for complex interventions. A process evaluation was undertaken to evaluate implementation in each site and a cost-effectiveness evaluation will be undertaken. DISCUSSION: All aspects of this protocol have been evaluated in a feasibility study, with subsequent optimisation of the intervention. This trial will demonstrate the potential impact of the CRADLE intervention on reducing maternal mortality and morbidity in low-resource settings. It is anticipated that the relatively low cost of the intervention and ease of integration into existing health systems will be of significant interest to local, national and international health policy-makers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISCRTN41244132. Registered on 2 February 2016. Prospective protocol modifications have been recorded and were communicated to the Ethics Committees and Trials Committees. The adapted Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) Checklist and the SPIRIT Checklist are attached as Additional file 1.

Perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade materna por hipertensão: análise situacional de um estado nordestino entre 2004-2013 / Perfil epidemiológico de la mortalidad materna en la hipertensión: un análisis de la situación nororiental estado entre 2004-2013 / Epidemiological profile of maternal mortality due to hypertension: situational analysis of a northeastern state between 2004 and 2013

Objective: To know the maternal mortality epidemiological profile due to pregnancy hypertensive disorders in Alagoas state, Brazil, from 2004 to 2013. Methods: This is an epidemiological, descriptive, documentary, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach of a historical series from 2004 to 2013, in a Northeastern state of Brazil. Data were collected through the State Health Department of Alagoas’ database. Results: There was a greater number of maternal deaths in women aged between 20 and 39 years old by hypertensive syndromes in 2006, due to maternal hypertension with no specific cause. Conclusion: Pregnancy hypertensive disorders are considered pregnancy and childbirth complications, and a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality, deserving special attention from health professionals, linked to maternal and child health.

Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade materna por meio das síndromes hipertensivas gestacionais no estado de Alagoas no período entre 2004 e 2013. Métodos: Estudo com delineamento epidemiológico, descritivo, documental, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa de uma série histórica no período de 2004 a 2013, em um estado do Nordeste. Os dados foram coletados através da base de dados da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do estado de Alagoas. Resultados: Observou-se um número maior de óbitos maternos declarados por síndromes hipertensivas gestacionais no ano de 2006, na faixa etária entre 20 e 39 anos, por hipertensão materna com causa não específica. Conclusão: As síndromes hipertensivas gestacionais são consideradas importantes complicações do ciclo gravídico-puerperal, sendo uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade materna e perinatal, merecendo atenção especial por parte dos profissionais da saúde ligados à área materno-infantil.

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer el perfil epidemiológico de la mortalidad materna en los síndromes hipertensivos en el estado de Alagoas, en el período entre 2004 y 2013. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio de diseño epidemiológico, descriptivo, documental, transversal y enfoque cuantitativo de una serie histórica en el período 2004-2013 en un estadodel noreste. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la base de datos del Departamento de Estado de Alagoas Estado de Salud. Resultados: Hubo un mayor número de muertes maternas notificadas por los síndromes hipertensivos en el año 2006, con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 39 años, por hipertensión materna sin una causa específica. Conclusión: Los síndromes hipertensivos son considerados importantes complicaciones del embarazo y el parto, una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad materna y perinatal, mereciendo especial atención de los profesionales de la salud relacionados con la salud materna e infantil.

Morbidade materna pela doença hipertensiva especifica da gestação: estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa / La morbilidad materna por la enfermedad hipertensiva específica del embarazo: un estudio descriptivo con un enfoque cuantitativo / Maternal morbidity by hypertensive disease specific of the pregnancy: a descriptive study of a quantitative approach

identifying the profile of women with Specific Hypertensive Disease of Pregnancy treated at the University Hospital Antonio Pedro (HUAP). Method: a descriptive, retrospective study of a quantitative approach held at HUAP. Results: in 2011, 8% of hospitalizations in maternity HUAP were due to preeclampsia. The average age of patients was of 29 years old. Regarding the race/color, the main were mulatto, 57%. Regarding the parity, 30% were primiparous. The predominant medical diagnoses were Hypertension Not Classified 30% and Pre-eclampsia by 28%. Conclusion: specific hypertension in pregnancy is a major cause of maternal mortality, and knowledge about the profile of the population allows midwifery can play a key role in helping reduce maternal mortality...

identificar o perfil das mulheres com Doença Hipertensiva Específica da Gestação (DHEG), atendidas no Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro (HUAP). Método: estudo descritivo e retrospectivo com abordagem quantitativa realizado no HUAP. Resultados: no ano de 2011, 8% das internações na maternidade do HUAP foram decorrentes da DHEG. A idade média das pacientes foi de 29 anos. Referente à raça/cor houve predominância da cor parda, 57%. Quanto à paridade, 30% eram primigestas. Os diagnósticos médicos predominantes foram Hipertensão Arterial Não Classificada 30% e Pré-eclâmpsia, 28%. Conclusão: a DHEG é uma das principais causas de mortalidade materna, e o conhecimento a respeito do perfil da população permite que a enfermagem obstétrica possa exercer um papel fundamental no auxílio à redução da mortalidade materna...

identificar el perfil de las mujeres con enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo tratadas en el Hospital Universitario Antonio Pedro (Huap). Método: un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, con enfoque cuantitativo celebrado en HUAP. Resultados: en 2011, el 8% de las hospitalizaciones en HUAP maternidad se debieron a la preeclampsia. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 29 años. Relacionados con la raza/color, predominaba el mulato, con 57%. En cuanto a la paridad, el 30% eran primíparas. Los diagnósticos médicos predominantes fueron hipertensión no clasificadas 30% y preeclampsia en un 28%. Conclusión: a HDP es una de las principales causas de la mortalidad materna, y el conocimiento acerca del perfil de la población permite la partería poder desempeñar un papel clave para ayudar a reducir la mortalidad materna...

Maternal and fetal outcome in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: the impact of prenatal care.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are the most important cause of maternal and fetal death and pregnancy complications in Latin America and the Caribbean. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiological profile of women with HDP admitted to a Brazilian tertiary reference hospital, and to evaluate maternal and fetal outcome in each HDP and the impact of prenatal care on the maternal and fetal outcome. METHODS: HDP in 1501 women were classified according to usual definitions as chronic hypertension (n = 564), pre-eclampsia (n = 579), eclampsia (n = 74) and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (n = 284). Adverse maternal and fetal outcomes registered as maternal death and near miss and fetal outcomes documented as stillbirth, neonatal death and newborn respiratory complications were compiled. Prenatal care was classified as complete (⩾ 6 visits), incomplete (< 6 visits) or not done. RESULTS: Women with eclampsia were younger (15 years), 68% were on their first pregnancy, had higher blood pressure, higher mortality and greater number of near miss cases and their children had lower birth weight, higher intra-uterus and neonatal mortality, and more respiratory distress. Women with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension and their fetuses had intermediate outcome and those with chronic hypertension and pre-eclampsia the better outcome among those with HDP. Women who had incomplete prenatal care or prenatal not done had progressive higher mortality rates and greater frequency of near miss cases, and their children had higher mortality rates. CONCLUSION: In a tertiary reference hospital, eclampsia and chronic hypertension superimposed on pre-eclampsia are associated with a worst outcome for mothers and fetuses, whereas complete prenatal care is associated with a better maternal and fetal outcome in HDP.

Hypertensive disease of pregnancy in the ICU: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics, outcomes and clinical presentations for hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP) in patients admitted to three ICUs in Argentina. METHODS: Case-series multicenter study. RESULTS: There were 184 patients with HDP. Mean age 26 ± 8; 90% did not present comorbidity; APACHEII 9[6-14]; SOFA24 2[1-4]; ICU-LOS 3[2-6] days and hospital-LOS 8[5-12] days. Gestational age 34 ± 5 weeks; 46% (85) nulliparous and 71% received routine prenatal care. Maternal mortality 3.3% (6) - 50% attributed to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Neonatal mortality 13.6%. Diagnostic categories: eclampsia (64; 35%), severe preeclampsia (60; 32.6%), HELLP (33; 17.9%), eclampsia-HELLP (18; 9.8%) and other (chronic/gestational-hypertension) (9: 4.7%). Severe hypertension in 46%, multiple organ dysfunction in 23%, acute respiratory distress in 8.7% and acute renal failure in 8%. Variables independently associated with eclampsia: maternal age (OR 1.07 [1.02-1.13], gestational age (OR 1.14 [1.04-1.24]) and nulliparity (OR 2.40 [1.19-4.85]). CONCLUSIONS: Although patients were young and the majority received appropriate prenatal care, they spent considerable time in hospital and presented severe morbidity. Maternal mortality was 3.3% and in half of these cases it was attributed to ICH. Eclampsia and severe preeclampsia represented two thirds of the diagnostic categories. Variables independently associated with eclampsia were maternal and gestational ages and nulliparity.

Maternal near miss and death among women with severe hypertensive disorders: a Brazilian multicenter surveillance study.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive disorders represent the major cause of maternal morbidity in middle income countries. The main objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with severe maternal outcomes in women with severe hypertensive disorders. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study, including 6706 women with severe hypertensive disorder from 27 maternity hospitals in Brazil. A prospective surveillance of severe maternal morbidity with data collected from medical charts and entered into OpenClinica®, an online system, over a one-year period (2009 to 2010). Women with severe preeclampsia, severe hypertension, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome were included in the study. They were grouped according to outcome in near miss, maternal death and potentially life-threatening condition. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for cluster effect for maternal and perinatal variables and delays in receiving obstetric care were calculated as risk estimates of maternal complications having a severe maternal outcome (near miss or death). Poisson multiple regression analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Severe hypertensive disorders were the main cause of severe maternal morbidity (6706/9555); the prevalence of near miss was 4.2 cases per 1000 live births, there were 8.3 cases of Near Miss to 1 Maternal Death and the mortality index was 10.7% (case fatality). Early onset of the disease and postpartum hemorrhage were independent variables associated with severe maternal outcomes, in addition to acute pulmonary edema, previous heart disease and delays in receiving secondary and tertiary care. CONCLUSIONS: In women with severe hypertensive disorders, the current study identified situations independently associated with a severe maternal outcome, which could be modified by interventions in obstetric care and in the healthcare system. Furthermore, the study showed the feasibility of a hospital system for surveillance of severe maternal morbidity.

Ocorrência das síndromes hipertensivas na gravidez e fatores associados na região sudeste do Brasil / The occurrence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and associated factors in Southeastern Brazil

Introdução: A principal causa de mortes maternas no Brasil são as Síndromes Hipertensivas na Gravidez (SHG). Estudos têm focado nos fatores de risco para essas síndromes, entretanto são pequenos e localizados. Um estudo de maior abrangência poderia encontrar valores mais precisos e diferenças entre seus estratos. Objetivo: Estimar a frequência das SHG na região sudeste do Brasil. Descrever e analisar os fatores associados às síndromes hipertensivas na gravidez. Método: Este é um estudo transversal, parte integrante do Nascer no Brasil: Inquérito Nacional sobre Parto e Nascimento, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu entre Fevereiro de 2011 e Julho de 2012. A amostra do estudo foi composta por todas as mulheres entrevistadas pelo inquérito em toda a região Sudeste do Brasil, totalizando 10154 pares de mulheres e conceptos. Resultados: As mulheres tinham entre 10 e 54 anos, predominantemente pardas/mulatas/morenas, não possuíam ensino superior, pertenciam à classe econômica C, tiveram seus bebê em hospitais das capitais e possuíam companheiro(a). De todos os nascimentos, 52,1 por cento ocorreram por cesariana, e destas 69,2 por cento sem que a mulher entrasse em trabalho de parto. Quase metade (43,9 por cento) dos nascimentos aconteceram antes que a gestação completasse 39 semanas. 77,7 por cento das mulheres relatam ter um acompanhante ao seu lado em algum momento durante o trabalho de parto/parto. As SHG acometeram 17,6 por cento de todas as mulheres. Destas, 3,4 por cento possuíam hipertensão crônica e a incidência de eclâmpsia foi de 1,6 por cento. Após análise multivariada, permaneceram independentemente associadas às SHG as variáveis cor preta (OR 1,4), histórico pessoal de eclâmpsia (OR 2,8), primiparidade (OR 1,6), diabetes (OR 2,3), mulheres com sobrepeso (OR 1,8), obesidade (OR 4,4) e gestação múltipla (OR 2,9)...

Introduction: The main cause of maternal deaths in Brazil is hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy (HSP). Studies have focused on risk factors for these syndromes, however most are small-scaled and localized. A population-based study on the other hand, could potentially find more accurate results and differences between strata. Objective: To describe and analyze the incidence of HSP and the occurrence of associated factors in the Southeast of Brazil. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, part of "Birth in Brazil: National Survey into Labor and Birth" a national epidemiological survey on birthing in Brazil. Data collection took place between February 2011 and July 2012. The study sample consisted of all women interviewed for the survey across the southeastern region of Brazil, totaling 10,154 pairs of women and fetuses. Results: The women were between 10 and 54 years of age, predominantly brown skinned, with no graduation, in economic class C, had their babies in the hospitals placed on the capital cities and had a partner. 52.1 per cent of births occurred by cesarean section, 36 per cent without the woman going into labor. Almost half (43.9 per cent) of births occurred before 39 weeks of completed gestation. 77.7 per cent of women reported having a companion only sometimes during labor/delivery. HSP occurred in 17.6 per cent of all women, 3.4 per cent had chronic hypertension and the incidence of eclampsia was 1.6 per cent. After multivariate analysis, the independent variables associated with HSP is black skin (OR 1.4), personal history of preeclampsia (OR 2.8), primiparity (OR 1.6), diabetes (OR 2.3), underweight (OR 0.6), overweight (OR 1.8), obesity (OR) and multiple gestations (OR 2.9). Conclusion: The population-based data shows that a personal history of eclampsia, diabetes, obesity and multiple pregnancies were the variables with greater association with HSP.

Ocorrência das síndromes hipertensivas na gravidez e fatores associados na região sudeste do Brasil / The occurrence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and associated factors in Southeastern Brazil

Introdução: A principal causa de mortes maternas no Brasil são as Síndromes Hipertensivas na Gravidez (SHG). Estudos têm focado nos fatores de risco para essas síndromes, entretanto são pequenos e localizados. Um estudo de maior abrangência poderia encontrar valores mais precisos e diferenças entre seus estratos. Objetivo: Estimar a frequência das SHG na região sudeste do Brasil. Descrever e analisar os fatores associados às síndromes hipertensivas na gravidez. Método: Este é um estudo transversal, parte integrante do Nascer no Brasil: Inquérito Nacional sobre Parto e Nascimento, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu entre Fevereiro de 2011 e Julho de 2012. A amostra do estudo foi composta por todas as mulheres entrevistadas pelo inquérito em toda a região Sudeste do Brasil, totalizando 10154 pares de mulheres e conceptos. Resultados: As mulheres tinham entre 10 e 54 anos, predominantemente pardas/mulatas/morenas, não possuíam ensino superior, pertenciam à classe econômica C, tiveram seus bebê em hospitais das capitais e possuíam companheiro(a). De todos os nascimentos, 52,1 por cento ocorreram por cesariana, e destas 69,2 por cento sem que a mulher entrasse em trabalho de parto. Quase metade (43,9 por cento) dos nascimentos aconteceram antes que a gestação completasse 39 semanas. 77,7 por cento das mulheres relatam ter um acompanhante ao seu lado em algum momento durante o trabalho de parto/parto. As SHG acometeram 17,6 por cento de todas as mulheres. Destas, 3,4 por cento possuíam hipertensão crônica e a incidência de eclâmpsia foi de 1,6 por cento. Após análise multivariada, permaneceram independentemente associadas às SHG as variáveis cor preta (OR 1,4), histórico pessoal de eclâmpsia (OR 2,8), primiparidade (OR 1,6), diabetes (OR 2,3), mulheres com sobrepeso (OR 1,8), obesidade (OR 4,4) e gestação múltipla (OR 2,9). As mulheres com baixo peso apresentaram associação protetora (OR 0,6) Conclusões: Pode-se concluir que o histórico pessoal de eclâmpsia, diabetes, obesidade e gestação múltipla foram as variáveis que apresentaram maior associação com as SHG

Introduction: The main cause of maternal deaths in Brazil is hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy (HSP). Studies have focused on risk factors for these syndromes, however most are small-scaled and localized. A population-based study on the other hand, could potentially find more accurate results and differences between strata. Objective: To describe and analyze the incidence of HSP and the occurrence of associated factors in the Southeast of Brazil. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, part of \"Birth in Brazil: National Survey into Labor and Birth\" a national epidemiological survey on birthing in Brazil. Data collection took place between February 2011 and July 2012. The study sample consisted of all women interviewed for the survey across the southeastern region of Brazil, totaling 10,154 pairs of women and fetuses. Results: The women were between 10 and 54 years of age, predominantly brown skinned, with no graduation, in economic class C, had their babies in the hospitals placed on the capital cities and had a partner. 52.1 per cent of births occurred by cesarean section, 36 per cent without the woman going into labor. Almost half (43.9 per cent) of births occurred before 39 weeks of completed gestation. 77.7 per cent of women reported having a companion only sometimes during labor/delivery. HSP occurred in 17.6 per cent of all women, 3.4 per cent had chronic hypertension and the incidence of eclampsia was 1.6 per cent. After multivariate analysis, the independent variables associated with HSP is black skin (OR 1.4), personal history of preeclampsia (OR 2.8), primiparity (OR 1.6), diabetes (OR 2.3), underweight (OR 0.6), overweight (OR 1.8), obesity (OR) and multiple gestations (OR 2.9). Conclusion: The population-based data shows that a personal history of eclampsia, diabetes, obesity and multiple pregnancies were the variables with greater association with HSP

[Maternal mortality rate in the Aurelio Valdivieso General Hospital: a ten years follow up]. / Mortalidad materna en el Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso. Estudio de 10 años e identificación de acciones de mejora.

BACKGROUND: In México, the maternal mortality rate has been diminishing in the country in the last decades, except in the state of Oaxaca. Oaxaca is located amongst the entities with the highest ratios of maternal mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the behavior and epidemiological tendencies of maternal mortality over 10 years at the Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso General Hospital. METHODS: In a retrospective, descriptive, and transverse analysis, we reviewed the maternal mortality files from the gynecology and obstetrics division. Three sets of variables were designed: social, obstetrical and circumstantial. We used general and descriptive statistical tools. RESULTS: From January first to December 31th of 2009 there were registered 109 maternal deaths. Excluding 2 non-obstetrical deaths, ths results in 107 maternal deaths. Divided into 75 direct maternal deaths and 32 indirect maternal deaths, the maternal mortality rate was 172.14 × 100,000 livebirths. Eighty-nine maternal deaths were foreseeable (83%) and 18 were not foreseeable (17%) as was stated by the Ad Hoc Committee within the Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso General Hospital. Pregnancy-related hypertension accounts for the highest pathology in relation to maternal deaths, the low literacy and puerperium correlated to a higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: Low human development index and low literacy were the variables that accounted for higher mortality risk. Also, we found that the higher occurrence of maternal deaths appeared during the puerperium and within hospital wards. The maternal mortality rate founded was the higher amongst the various areas of the country.

Antecedentes: en México, la mortalidad materna ha disminuido en las últimas décadas. En Oaxaca esto no se ha manifestado porque se incrementó la tasa de mortalidad materna. Este estado se ubica entre las entidades con más muertes maternas. Objetivo: analizar 10 años de mortalidad materna en el Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso de los Servicios de Salud de Oaxaca, para conocer el comportamiento epidemiológico y caracterización de los decesos. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo efectuado mediante la revisión de expedientes clínicos de mortalidad materna en la División de Gineco-Obstetricia. Se consideraron variables sociales, obstétricas y circunstanciales y las comprobaciones se efectuaron con estadística general y descriptiva. Resultados: entre el 1 de enero de 2000 y el 31 de diciembre de 2009 se registraron 109 muertes maternas, excluidas dos que no fueron obstétricas; es decir, que hubo 107 muertes maternas: 75 directas y 32 indirectas. La tasa de mortalidad materna fue de 172.14 × 100,000 nacidos vivos. De las muertes maternas revisadas 89 pudieron evitarse (83%) y 18 no (17%), esto con base en el dictamen del Comité ad hoc del Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso. La enfermedad hipertensiva aguda del embarazo fue la de mayor mortalidad; la escolaridad y el puerperio ueron el mayor riesgo. Conclusiones: las variables atribuibles a bajo índice de desarrollo humano, como: baja escolaridad y paridad elevada incrementaron el riesgo de mortalidad materna, que fue intrahospitalaria y durante el puerperio. La tasa de mortalidad materna fue la mayor encontrada en publicaciones nacionales con respecto a este referente.

Errors in the treatment of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and their impact on maternal mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the patients' characteristics and the factors that contributed to the maternal deaths associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy that occurred in the department of Antioquia, Colombia, from 2004 through 2011. METHODS: A committee of experts conducted a retrospective descriptive study to analyze the information obtained from both mandatory reports of health facilities to the Public Health Surveillance System and interviews with family members. RESULTS: From 2004 through 2011, there were 720 170 births and 389 maternal deaths in the Department of Antioquia, and 70 of the deaths were due to hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. The factors that most contributed to the deaths were a lack of emergency administration of antihypertensive drugs (64.6%); the inadequate administration of antihypertensive drugs (58.8%); retaining the patient at a health facility ill equipped to treat her appropriately for her clinical state (54.7%); untimely referral or inadequate conditions for transfer (50.8%); and an error in classifying the severity of the disorder, which prevented appropriate management (49.1%). CONCLUSION: A substandard quality of care was the determining factor in the deaths of women who presented with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Mortalidad materna: análisis de las tres demoras / Maternal mortality: analysis of the three delays

Analizar las características de la mortalidad materna ocurrida en el Distrito Capital durante los años 2008-2009, aplicando el modelo de las tres demoras. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de las muertes maternas ocurridas durante el período enero 2008 - diciembre 2009. Se registraron 78 muertes maternas. La razón de mortalidad materna fue de 98,97 por cada 100 000 nacidos vivos para 2008 y 103,9 por cada 100 000 nacidos vivos para 2009. Predominaron las muertes de causa obstétrica directa (57,7 por ciento) representada por los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo (40 por ciento), hemorragias (31,1 por ciento) y sepsis (26,7 por ciento). La principal causa indirecta fue la sepsis (62,2 por ciento). La demora 3 fue identificada mayormente en las historias clínicas registradas (69,2 por ciento) seguida de la demora 1 (38,5 por ciento). Treinta pacientes ameritaron referencia a otros centros para la atención médica definitiva, la mayoría (80 por ciento) requirió una referencia y demoraron menos de seis horas en llegar al centro donde ocurrió la defunción (36,7 por ciento). Los principales motivos de referencia fueron no contar con atención obstétrica (33,3 por ciento) y no contar con terapia intensiva de adultos (26,6 por ciento). Un gran número de muertes fue catalogado como evitable (59 por ciento). La tasa de mortalidad materna es elevada, y resulta más alta que las cifras presentadas en Venezuela para el año 2007 (56,6 por ciento). Predomina la demora tres, por falta de personal médico especializado y necesidad de referencia a otro centro y en segundo lugar la demora 1 por identificación tardía de los síntomas

Analyze the characteristics of maternal mortality occurred in the Capital District for the 2008- 2009 years, applying the three delays model. Descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study of maternal deaths during the period January 2008 - December 2009. 78 maternal deaths were recorded. The maternal mortality ratio was 98.97 for every 100 000 live births for 2008 and 103.9 per 100 000 live births for 2009. Predominated the deaths of direct obstetrical cause (57.7 percent) represented by the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (40 percent), hemorrhage (31.1 percent) and sepsis (26.7 percent). The main indirect cause was sepsis (62.2 percent). 3 Delay was identified mostly in the recorded histories (69.2 percent) followed by delay 1 (38.5 percent). Thirty patients deserved reference to other definitive medical care centers, the majority (80 percent) required a reference and took less than six hours to get to the Center where the death occurred (36.7 percent). The main reasons of reference were not having obstetric care (33.3 percent) and not count on intensive care for adults (26.6 percent). A large number of deaths were listed as avoidable (59 percent). The rate and maternal mortality is high, and is higher than the figures reported for the year 2007 (56.6 percent) in Venezuela. Predominant delay three, due to lack of specialized medical staff and need to refer to another center and secondly delay 1 by late identification of the symptoms

Applying the new concept of maternal near-miss in an intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVES: The World Health Organization has recommended investigating near-misses as a benchmark practice for monitoring maternal healthcare and has standardized the criteria for diagnosis. We aimed to study maternal morbidity and mortality among women admitted to a general intensive care unit during pregnancy or in the postpartum period, using the new World Health Organization criteria. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 158 cases of severe maternal morbidity were classified according to their outcomes: death, maternal near-miss, and potentially life-threatening conditions. The health indicators for obstetrical care were calculated. A bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test with Yate's correction or Fisher's exact test. A multiple regression analysis was used to calculate the crude and adjusted odds ratios, together with their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Among the 158 admissions, 5 deaths, 43 cases of maternal near-miss, and 110 cases of potentially life-threatening conditions occurred. The near-miss rate was 4.4 cases per 1,000 live births. The near-miss/death ratio was 8.6 near-misses for each maternal death, and the overall mortality index was 10.4%. Hypertensive syndromes were the main cause of admission (67.7% of the cases, 107/158); however, hemorrhage, mainly due to uterine atony and ectopic pregnancy complications, was the main cause of maternal near-misses and deaths (17/43 cases of near-miss and 2/5 deaths). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension was the main cause of admission and of potentially life-threatening conditions; however, hemorrhage was the main cause of maternal near-misses and deaths at this institution, suggesting that delays may occur in implementing appropriate obstetrical care.

Pre-eclampsia-eclampsia admitted to critical care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate women with hypertensive disorder admitted to critical care unit. METHODS: This study was carried out in Cartagena, Colombia, between January 2006 and December 2009. Patients were divided into 4 groups; severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome and HELLP with eclampsia (HEEH). RESULT: A total of 217 cases were admitted. The admitting diagnoses were severe pre-eclampsia without HELLP syndrome (39.2%), HELLP syndrome without eclampsia (33.6%), eclampsia without HELLP syndrome (20.3%) and Eclampsia with HELLP syndrome or HEEH (6.9%). Groups were similar with respect to parity (p = 0.25), gestational age (p = 0.11), cesarean section (p = 0.58), mechanical ventilation (p = 0.54), level of systolic (p = 0.48) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.15) and inotropic support (p = 0.32). Average total duration of hospitalization was significantly different among groups, more time in women with HEEH (p = 0.001). Multiple organ dysfunctions was diagnosed > 70% of all women admitted to intensive care, but was significantly more frequent in patients with HELLP syndrome and HEEH (p = 0.001). There were 5 maternal deaths (2.3%). Causes of maternal death were intracranial hemorrhage (3), intra-abdominal bleeding (1) and pulmonary complications (1). CONCLUSION: Women with HELLP syndrome with or without eclampsia are associated with major morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the maternal outcome in eclampsia is influenced for HELLP syndrome.

Applying the new concept of maternal near-miss in an intensive care unit

OBJECTIVES: The World Health Organization has recommended investigating near-misses as a benchmark practice for monitoring maternal healthcare and has standardized the criteria for diagnosis. We aimed to study maternal morbidity and mortality among women admitted to a general intensive care unit during pregnancy or in the postpartum period, using the new World Health Organization criteria. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 158 cases of severe maternal morbidity were classified according to their outcomes: death, maternal near-miss, and potentially life-threatening conditions. The health indicators for obstetrical care were calculated. A bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test with Yate's correction or Fisher's exact test. A multiple regression analysis was used to calculate the crude and adjusted odds ratios, together with their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Among the 158 admissions, 5 deaths, 43 cases of maternal near-miss, and 110 cases of potentially lifethreatening conditions occurred. The near-miss rate was 4.4 cases per 1,000 live births. The near-miss/death ratio was 8.6 near-misses for each maternal death, and the overall mortality index was 10.4%. Hypertensive syndromes were the main cause of admission (67.7% of the cases, 107/158); however, hemorrhage, mainly due to uterine atony and ectopic pregnancy complications, was the main cause of maternal near-misses and deaths (17/43 cases of near-miss and 2/5 deaths). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension was the main cause of admission and of potentially life-threatening conditions; however, hemorrhage was the main cause of maternal near-misses and deaths at this institution, suggesting that delays may occur in implementing appropriate obstetrical care.