Combination and sequential evaluation of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and hyponatremia and prognosis in cirrhotic patients.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated whether combination and sequential evaluation of ACLF (acute-on-chronic liver failure) and hyponatremia aids prognosis. AIMS: Describe clinical course and determine prognostic capability of assessing ACLF and hyponatremia at specific time-points. METHODS: Prospective study with inclusion of 376 patients. ACLF and hyponatremia were evaluated at days 1 and 7 and classified as persistent, transient, de novo or absent. Follow-up was 90 days. RESULTS: At inclusion, ACLF was diagnosed in 99 patients. Reversal was observed in 57 patients and was associated with lower creatinine and ACLF grade. De novo ACLF developed in 19 patients, and MELD (model of end-stage liver disease) score and lower albumin were predictive factors. Hyponatremia was present in 76 patients (persistent, transient and de novo in 27, 24 and 25 respectively). ACLF at D7 had the lowest survival compared to transient or no ACLF (21, 57 and 80%, p < 0.0001). Hyponatremia at admission was associated with low survival (35%) whereas survival was higher for de novo or absent cases (70%), p < 0.001. In multivariate analysis ACLF at D7 and hyponatremia at D1 were predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: ACLF and hyponatremia are dynamic and evaluation of both conditions at different time-points identifies patients at higher risk of short-term mortality.

Possible association between dysnatremias and mortality during hospitalization in patients undergoing acute hemodialysis: analysis from a Peruvian retrospective cohort / Possível associação entre distúrbios do sódio e mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise aguda: análise de uma coorte retrospectiva peruana

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between dysnatremias or dyschloremias and mortality during hospitalization in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing acute hemodialysis. Methods: We carried out a retrospective cohort study on adult patients undergoing acute hemodialysis with AKI or CKD diagnosis at a public hospital in Lima, Peru. Dysnatremias were categorized as hyponatremia (Na < 135mmol/L) or hypernatremia (Na > 145mmol/L), and dyschloremias were defined as hypochloremia (Cl < 98 mmol/L) or hyperchloremia (Cl > 109mmol/L). The outcome of interest was mortality during hospitalization. We performed generalized lineal Poisson family models with bias-corrected and accelerated non-parametric bootstrap to estimate the risk ratios at crude (RR) and adjusted analysis (aRR) by gender, age, HCO3 (for all patients) and Liaño score (only for AKI) with CI95%. Results: We included 263 patients (mean age: 54.3 years, females: 43%): 191 with CKD and 72 with AKI. Mortality was higher in patients with AKI (59.7%) than in patients with CKD (14.1%). In overall, patients with hypernatremia had a higher mortality during hospitalization compared to those who had normal sodium values (aRR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.17-2.83); patients with hyponatremia did not have different mortality (aRR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.69-2.04). We also found that hyperchloremia (aRR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.83-2.18) or hypochloremia (aRR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.30-14.78) did not increase mortality in comparison to normal chloride values. No association between dysnatremias or dyschloremias and mortality during hospitalization was found in CKD and AKI subgroups. Conclusions: In our exploratory analysis, only hypernatremia was associated with mortality during hospitalization among patients with AKI or CKD undergoing acute hemodialysis.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre distúrbios do sódio ou do cloro e mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) ou doença renal crônica (DRC) submetidos a hemodiálise aguda. Métodos: O presente estudo de coorte retrospectiva incluiu pacientes adultos submetidos a hemodiálise aguda com diagnóstico de IRA ou DRC em um hospital público de Lima, Peru. Os distúrbios do sódio foram classificados como hiponatremia (Na < 135mmol/L) ou hipernatremia (Na > 145mmol/L), enquanto os distúrbios do cloro foram classificados como hipocloremia (Cl < 98 mmol/L) ou hipercloremia (Cl > 109mmol/L). O desfecho de interesse foi mortalidade hospitalar. Utilizamos modelos de Poisson da família de modelos lineares generalizados com bootstrap não-paramétrico e correção de viés acelerado para estimar os riscos relativos na análise bruta (RR) e ajustada (RRa) para sexo, idade, HCO3 (para todos os pacientes) e escore de Liaño (apenas para IRA) com IC 95%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 263 pacientes (idade média 54,3 anos; 43% do sexo feminino), 191 com DRC e 72 com IRA. A mortalidade foi mais elevada nos pacientes com IRA (59,7%) do que nos indivíduos com DRC (14,1%). No geral, os pacientes com hipernatremia tiveram mortalidade hospitalar mais elevada do que os indivíduos com valores normais de sódio (RRa: 1,82; IC 95%: 1,17-2,83). Os pacientes com hiponatremia não apresentaram mortalidade diferente (RRa: 0,19; IC 95%: 0,69-2,04). Também identificamos que hipercloremia (RRa: 1,35; IC 95%: 0,83-2,18) e hipocloremia (RRa: 0,66; IC 95%: 0,30-14,78) não elevaram a mortalidade em comparação a indivíduos com níveis normais de cloro. Não foi encontrada associação entre distúrbios do sódio ou do cloro e mortalidade hospitalar nos subgrupos com DRC e IRA. Conclusões: Em nossa análise exploratória, apenas hipernatremia apresentou associação com mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com IRA ou DRC submetidos a hemodiálise aguda.

Possible association between dysnatremias and mortality during hospitalization in patients undergoing acute hemodialysis: analysis from a Peruvian retrospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dysnatremias or dyschloremias and mortality during hospitalization in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing acute hemodialysis. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study on adult patients undergoing acute hemodialysis with AKI or CKD diagnosis at a public hospital in Lima, Peru. Dysnatremias were categorized as hyponatremia (Na < 135mmol/L) or hypernatremia (Na > 145mmol/L), and dyschloremias were defined as hypochloremia (Cl < 98 mmol/L) or hyperchloremia (Cl > 109mmol/L). The outcome of interest was mortality during hospitalization. We performed generalized lineal Poisson family models with bias-corrected and accelerated non-parametric bootstrap to estimate the risk ratios at crude (RR) and adjusted analysis (aRR) by gender, age, HCO3 (for all patients) and Liaño score (only for AKI) with CI95%. RESULTS: We included 263 patients (mean age: 54.3 years, females: 43%): 191 with CKD and 72 with AKI. Mortality was higher in patients with AKI (59.7%) than in patients with CKD (14.1%). In overall, patients with hypernatremia had a higher mortality during hospitalization compared to those who had normal sodium values (aRR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.17-2.83); patients with hyponatremia did not have different mortality (aRR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.69-2.04). We also found that hyperchloremia (aRR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.83-2.18) or hypochloremia (aRR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.30-14.78) did not increase mortality in comparison to normal chloride values. No association between dysnatremias or dyschloremias and mortality during hospitalization was found in CKD and AKI subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: In our exploratory analysis, only hypernatremia was associated with mortality during hospitalization among patients with AKI or CKD undergoing acute hemodialysis.

Hyponatremia: a new predictor of mortality in patients with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: (1) Evaluate mortality rate in patients with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome, (2) determine the leading causes of death, and (3) identify predictors of mortality at hospital admission. METHODS: We conducted a multicentric, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study. It included patients under 18 years old with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome hospitalized between January 2005 and June 2016. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the Argentine National Epidemiological Surveillance System of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Clinical and laboratory variables were compared between deceased and non-deceased patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. ROC curves and area under the curve were obtained. RESULTS: Seventeen (3.65%) out of the 466 patients died, being central nervous system involvement the main cause of death. Predictors of death were central nervous system involvement, the number of days since the beginning of diarrhea to hospitalization, hyponatremia, high hemoglobin, high leukocyte counts, and low bicarbonate concentration on admission. In the multivariate analysis, central nervous system involvement, sodium concentration, and hemoglobin were independent predictors. The best cut off for sodium was ≤ 128 meq/l and for hemoglobin ≥ 10.8 g/dl. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality was low in children with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome, being central nervous system involvement the main cause of death. The best mortality predictors found were central nervous system involvement, hemoglobin, and sodium concentration. Hyponatremia may be a new Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome mortality predictor.

Serum sodium, model for end-stage liver disease, and a recent invasive procedure are risk factors for severe acute-on-chronic liver failure and death in cirrhotic patients hospitalized with bacterial infection.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial infection is present in up to 30% of hospitalized cirrhotic patients. It can lead, even after its resolution, to organ dysfunction and even acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). It is the precipitating factor of ACLF in one third of the cases and is the main cause of mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and identify early risk factors for severe ACLF and death in hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis with bacterial infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. Hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis and bacterial infection were included. Clinical and laboratory data and their evolution to organ dysfunction and death were assessed. A statistical analysis were carried out to identify predictors of severe ACLF and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: This study included 88 patients. ACLF was observed in 62 (70%) patients, with 48 (55%) grade 2 or higher. Of the 27 deaths (31% of all patients), 26 had severe ACLF (54% mortality) (P<0.0001). The independent risk factors for ACLF of at least 2 and death were baseline serum sodium [odds ratio (OR): 0.874; P=0.01, and OR: 0.9, P=0.04], initial MELD (OR: 1.255, P=0.0001, and OR: 1.162, P=0.005), and a recent invasive procedure (OR: 3.169, P=0.01, and OR: 6.648, P=0.003). CONCLUSION: Lower serum sodium values, higher MELD scores at diagnosis of infection, and a recent history of invasive procedures were independent risk factors for severe ACLF and death in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infection.

Could dysnatremias play a role as independent factors to predict mortality in surgical critically ill patients?

Several studies have demonstrated the impact of dysnatremias on mortality of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The objective of this study was to assess whether dysnatremia is an independent factor to predict mortality in surgical critically ill patients admitted to ICU in postoperative phase.One thousand five hundred and ninety-nine surgical patients (58.8% males; mean age of 60.6 ±â€Š14.4 years) admitted to the ICU in the postoperative period were retrospectively studied. The patients were classified according to their serum sodium levels (mmol/L) at admission as normonatremia (135-145), hyponatremia (<135), and hypernatremia (>145). APACHE II, SAPS III, and SOFA were recorded. The capability of each index to predict mortality of ICU and hospital mortality of patients was analyzed by multiple logistic regression.Hyponatremia did not have an influence on mortality in the ICU with a relative risk (RR) = 0.95 (0.43-2.05) and hospital mortality of RR = 1.40 (0.75-2.59). However, this association was greater in patients with hypernatremia mortality in the ICU (RR = 3.33 [95% confidence interval, CI 1.58-7.0]) and also in hospital mortality (RR = 2.9 [ 95% CI = 1.51-5.55). The pairwise comparison of ROC curves among the different prognostic indexes (APACHE II, SAPS III, SOFA) did not show statistical significance. The comparison of these indexes with serum sodium levels for general population, hyponatremia, and normonatremia was statistically significant (P < .001). For hypernatremia, the AUC and 95% CI for APACHE II, SAPS III, SOFA, and serum sodium level were 0.815 (0.713-0.892), 0.805 (0.702-0.885), 0.885 (0.794-0.945), and 0.663 (0.549-0.764), respectively. The comparison among the prognostic indexes was not statistically significant. Only SOFA score had a statistic difference compared with hypernatremia (P < .02).The serum sodium levels at admission, especially hypernatremia, may be used as an independent predictor of outcome in the surgical critically ill patients.

Utility and Safety of Tolvaptan in Cirrhotic Patients with Hyponatremia: a Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract: Introduction and aim. Hyponatremia is common in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and is associated with increased mortality. Tolvaptan, a vasopressor V2 receptor antagonist, can increase free wáter excretion, but its efficacy and safety in cirrhotic patients remain unclear. Material and methods. We studied the usage and safety of tolvaptan in cirrhotic patients in a real-life, non-randomized, multicenter prospective cohort study. Forty-nine cirrhotic patients with hyponatremia were treated with tolvaptan 15 mg daily, and 48 patients not treated with tolvaptan in the same period served as controls. Improvement in serum sodium level was defined as an increase in serum sodium from < 125 to ≥ 125 mmol/L or from 125-134 to ≥ 135 mmol/L on day 7. Results. Twenty-three (47%) patients in the tolvaptan group and 17 (35%) in the control group had normal serum sodium on day 7 (p = 0.25). Serum sodium improved in 30 (61%) patients in the tolvaptan group and 17 (35%) patients in the control group (p = 0.011). Adverse events occurred in 46-47% of patients in both groups, and tolvaptan was not associated with worsened liver function. No patient with normal serum sodium on day 7 died within 30 days of treatment, whereas 16% of those with persistent hyponatremia died (p = 0.0019). Conclusion. In conclusion, short-term tolvaptan treatment is safe and can improve serum sodium level in cirrhotic patients with hyponatremia. Normalization of serum sodium level is associated with better survival.

Utility and safety of tolvaptan in cirrhotic patients with hyponatremia: A prospective cohort study.

Introduction and aim. Hyponatremia is common in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and is associated with increased mortality. Tolvaptan, a vasopressor V2 receptor antagonist, can increase free water excretion, but its efficacy and safety in cirrhotic patients remain unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied the usage and safety of tolvaptan in cirrhotic patients in a real-life, non-randomized, multicenter prospective cohort study. Forty-nine cirrhotic patients with hyponatremia were treated with tolvaptan 15 mg daily, and 48 patients not treated with tolvaptan in the same period served as controls. Improvement in serum sodium level was defined as an increase in serum sodium from < 125 to ≥ 125 mmol/L or from 125-134 to ≥ 135 mmol/L on day 7. RESULTS: Twenty-three (47%) patients in the tolvaptan group and 17 (35%) in the control group had normal serum sodium on day 7 (p = 0.25). Serum sodium improved in 30 (61%) patients in the tolvaptan group and 17 (35%) patients in the control group (p = 0.011). Adverse events occurred in 46-47% of patients in both groups, and tolvaptan was not associated with worsened liver function. No patient with normal serum sodium on day 7 died within 30 days of treatment, whereas 16% of those with persistent hyponatremia died (p = 0.0019). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, short-term tolvaptan treatment is safe and can improve serum sodium level in cirrhotic patients with hyponatremia. Normalization of serum sodium level is associated with better survival.

Hyponatremia, acute kidney injury, and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis

BACKGROUND: There are no reports on hyponatremia and acute kidney injury (AKI) involved in the course of HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). The main objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of hyponatremia and its relationship with AKI and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study on patients with HIV-related TE. AKI was considered only when the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage) criterion was met, after the patient was admitted. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were included, with a mean age of 36 ± 9 years. Hyponatremia at admission was observed in 43 patients (46.7%), with AKI developing in 25 (27.1%) patients during their hospitalization. Sulfadiazine was the treatment of choice in 81% of the cases. Death occurred in 13 cases (14.1%). Low serum sodium level correlated directly with AKI and mortality. Male gender (OR 7.89, 95% CI 1.22-50.90, p = 0.03) and hyponatremia at admission (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.22-18.30, p = 0.02) were predictors for AKI. Independent risk factors for death were AKI (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.4-48.2, p < 0.0001) and hyponatremia (or 9.9, 95% ci 1.2-96.3, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: AKI and hyponatremia are frequent in TE. Hyponatremia on admission is highly associated with AKI and mortality.

Hyponatremia, acute kidney injury, and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis.

BACKGROUND: There are no reports on hyponatremia and acute kidney injury (AKI) involved in the course of HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). The main objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of hyponatremia and its relationship with AKI and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study on patients with HIV-related TE. AKI was considered only when the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage) criterion was met, after the patient was admitted. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were included, with a mean age of 36±9 years. Hyponatremia at admission was observed in 43 patients (46.7%), with AKI developing in 25 (27.1%) patients during their hospitalization. Sulfadiazine was the treatment of choice in 81% of the cases. Death occurred in 13 cases (14.1%). Low serum sodium level correlated directly with AKI and mortality. Male gender (OR 7.89, 95% CI 1.22-50.90, p = 0.03) and hyponatremia at admission (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.22-18.30, p = 0.02) were predictors for AKI. Independent risk factors for death were AKI (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.4-48.2, p < 0.0001) and hyponatremia (OR 9.9, 95% CI 1.2-96.3, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: AKI and hyponatremia are frequent in TE. Hyponatremia on admission is highly associated with AKI and mortality.

Risk factors for in-hospital mortality of patients with high model for end-stage liver disease scores following living donor liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for patients with high model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores is controversial due to its poor outcome. However, there is little information regarding which factor would negatively impact the outcome of patients with high MELD scores. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the in-hospital mortality of patients with high MELD scores after LDLT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients with an MELD scores ≥ 20 who received LDLT from 2005 to 2011 were recruited for the present study. Pre- and intra-operative variables were retrospectively and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients were included in the current study. The overall 3-month survival rate was 82% for patients with high MELD scores. Preoperative renal dysfunction, hyponatremia, starting albumin level < 2.8 g/dL, preoperative renal replacement for severe renal failure, anhepatic period > 100 minutes and intraoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion ≥ 10 units were identified as potential risk factors by univariate analysis. However, only hyponatremia, preoperative dialysis and massive RBC transfusion were independent risk factors in a multivariate analysis. The 3-month survival rates of patients with two or more independent risk factors and patients with none or one risk factor were 91 and 25%, respectively. A significant difference was observed (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Hyponatremia, preoperative dialysis and massive RBC transfusion were related to poor outcome for sicker patients. Patients with two or more of the above-mentioned risk factors and high MELD scores may exhibit extremely poor short-term survival.

La hiponatremia al momento de ingreso como factor de riesgo de mortalidad hospitalaria / Hyponatremia on admission to the emergency room as a risk factor for hospital mortality

Background: Patients who develop hyponatremia during their hospitalization have higher hospital mortality. Aim: To determine if the presence of hyponatremia on admission to the emergency room is a risk factor for hospital mortality. Patients and Methods: Two hundred forty five patients consecutively admitted to the emergency room and then transferred to the Medicine Department, where they finally died, were matched for age and gender with 245 control subjects admitted to the emergency room and hospitalized in the Medicine Department at the same time, but survived. The dependent variable was death, and the exposure variable was hyponatremia. Admission diagnosis and Charlson comorbidity index was considered as confounding variables. Results: Hyponatremia at admission occurred in 30 and 17 percent of patients who died and survived, respectively, rendering an adjusted odds ratio for death of 2.13 (95 percent confidence intervals = 1.27-3.57). Charlson Comorbidity Index according to age score was higher in subjects with hyponatremia compared to those without hyponatremia (8.1 ± 3.1 and 7.2 ± 2.8; p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that age, gender, length of stay, cause of hospitalization and chronic diseases did not significantly modify the effect of hyponatremia on hospital mortality. Conclusions: Hyponatremia on admission at emergency room had a significant association with hospital mortality. Subjects with hyponatremia had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score.

[Hyponatremia on admission to the emergency room as a risk factor for hospital mortality]. / La hiponatremia al momento de ingreso como factor de riesgo de mortalidad hospitalaria.

BACKGROUND: Patients who develop hyponatremia during their hospitalization have higher hospital mortality. AIM: To determine if the presence of hyponatremia on admission to the emergency room is a risk factor for hospital mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred forty five patients consecutively admitted to the emergency room and then transferred to the Medicine Department, where they finally died, were matched for age and gender with 245 control subjects admitted to the emergency room and hospitalized in the Medicine Department at the same time, but survived. The dependent variable was death, and the exposure variable was hyponatremia. Admission diagnosis and Charlson comorbidity index was considered as confounding variables. RESULTS: Hyponatremia at admission occurred in 30 and 17% of patients who died and survived, respectively, rendering an adjusted odds ratio for death of 2.13 (95% confidence intervals = 1.27-3.57). Charlson Comorbidity Index according to age score was higher in subjects with hyponatremia compared to those without hyponatremia (8.1 ± 3.1 and 7.2 ± 2.8; p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that age, gender, length of stay, cause of hospitalization and chronic diseases did not significantly modify the effect of hyponatremia on hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatremia on admission at emergency room had a significant association with hospital mortality. Subjects with hyponatremia had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score.

Hiponatremia dilucional: valor pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos internados en el Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (2006-2008) / Dilucional hyponatremia: prognostic value of mortality in cirrhotic patients hospitalized at the Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (2006-2008)

Objetivo: Comprobar que la hiponatremia dilucional es un valor pronóstico independiente de mortalidad en los pacientes cirróticos internados en el Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins EsSalud (2006-2008). Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se evaluó a pacientes cirróticos internados; los casos fueron definidos como cirróticos fallecidos con MELD (modelo de enfermedad hepática terminal) =>10; los controles fueron cirróticos vivos con MELD => 10. Adicionalmente se les clasificó de acuerdo a la presencia o no de hiponatremia. Para cada grupo se determinó las características clínicas, de análisis de laboratorio, el grado de disfunción hepática y sodio sérico. Para la comparación entre estos grupos, se utilizó la prueba de la T de Student y para determinar si la hiponatremia fue un factor pronóstico independiente de mortalidad, se calculó el OR crudo y el ajustado; este último, a través de un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: Se contó con 38 casos y 54 controles. Se halló hiponatremia en el 27.15 por ciento de esta serie y en el 50 por ciento de los cirróticos que fallecieron. Al comparar estos grupos, se encontró diferencia significativa en la edad (0.014), Child (p=0.0001), MELD (p=0.004) y sodio sérico (p=0.002). Los factores de riesgo de mortalidad fueron la presencia de hiponatremia (OR 4.83 IC 95 por ciento 1.43-16.4) el SAE previo (OR ajustado: 3.4 IC 95 por ciento 1.1-10.3) y la infección asociada (OR ajustado; 4.8 IC 95 por ciento 1.5-15.0). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de hiponatremia en cirróticos internados con MELD=>10 fue de 27.15 por ciento. La presencia de hiponatremia en pacientes cirróticos es un factor pronóstico negativo asociado con un aumento de mortalidad temprana. La existencia de una concentración de sodio sérico menor de 130mEq/l, se asoció en forma significativa con ascitis, encefalopatía hepática, SAE, índice de Child-Pugh C...

Objective: To verify that hyponatremia dilucional is a value independent prognosis of mortality in the committed cirrotics patients in Hospital E. Rebagliati M. EsSalud (2006-2008). Material and Methods: Retrospective study of cases and controls. One evaluated committed cirrotics patients; the cases were defined as cirrotics passed away with MELD (model of terminal hepatic disease) => 10; the controls were cirrotics alive with MELD => 10. Additionally it was classified to them according to the presence or not of hyponatremia. For each group one determined the clinical characteristics, of laboratory analysis, the degree of hepatic dysfunction and serum sodium. For the comparison between these groups, the test of the T of Student was used and to determine if hyponatremia were a factor independent prognosis of mortality, calculated the crude OR and the fit one; this last one, through a model of logistic regression. Results: One counted on 38 cases and 54 controls. Was hyponatremia in the 27,15 per cent of this series and 50 per cent of the cirrotics that passed away. When comparing these groups, was significant difference in the age (0.014), Child (p=0.0001), MELD (p=0.004), and serum sodium (p=0.002). The factors of mortality risk were the presence of hiponatremia (OR 4,83 IC 95 per cent 1.43-16.4) previous SAE (OR fit: 3.4 IC 95 per cent 1,1-10,3) and associate infection (OR fit; 4.8 IC 95 per cent 1.5-15.0). Conclusions: The prevalence of hiponatremia in cirrotics committed with MELD => 10 was of 27,15 per cent. The presence of hyponatremia in cirrotics patients is a factor associated negative prognosis with an increase of early mortality. The existence of a smaller serum sodium concentration of 130mEq/l, was associated in significant form with ascitis, hepatic encefalopatia, SAE, index of Child-Pugh C...

Aplicação do escore MELD em pacientes submetidos a transplante de fígado: análise retrospectiva da sobrevida e dos fatores preditivos a curto e longo prazo / The application of MELD score in patients submitted to liver transplantation: a retrospective analysis of survival and the predictive factors in the short and long term

RACIONAL: Utiliza-se o escore MELD (Model End-Stage Liver Disease) para o prognóstico da mortalidade em lista de espera para transplante de fígado e, em alguns estudos, para predição da sobrevida pós-operatória a longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Verificar a aplicação do escore MELD como predição da sobrevida após o transplante. MÉTODOS: Por intermédio de dados coletados prospectivamente efetuou-se um estudo de coorte longitudinal retrospectivo em 232 pacientes. Excluíram-se os retransplantes, insuficiência hepática aguda, crianças e enxertos duplos ou reduzidos. Avaliaram-se os dados dos doadores: idade, sexo, peso, creatinina, bilirrubina, sódio, aspartato aminotransferase, antecedentes pessoais, causa da morte, presença de esteatose, número de critérios expandidos do doador e índice de risco do doador. Em relação aos receptores, analisaram-se as variáveis: sexo, idade, peso, doença hepática, pontos de Child-Turcotte-Pugh, escore MELD, depuração de creatinina, sódio, tempos de isquemia e de hospitalização, quantidade de hemoderivados transfundidos, presença e grau de disfunção do enxerto. A análise estatística foi efetuada usando-se a análise de regressão univariada e/ou múltipla, estatística 'c', teste exato de Fisher, método de Kaplan-Meier (teste log-rank) para sobrevida, e análise de regressão de Cox para risco de óbito ajustado para as condições clínicas. RESULTADOS: O ponto de corte MELD para sobrevida foi 20 e de Child-Turcotte-Pugh foi 11,5. Para escore MELD maior ou igual a 20, os fatores preditivos de sobrevida foram: volume de sangue transfundido, disfunção do enxerto e o sódio do doador. Para os hiponatrêmicos os fatores preditivos de sobrevida foram: volume de sangue transfundido, disfunção do enxerto e sódio do doador. A sobrevida estimada para pacientes com escore MELD >25 foi menor ao final de 12 meses (68,86 por cento vs 39,13 por cento). A sobrevida estimada para os pacientes sem hiponatremia foi maior (65,16 por cento vs 44,44...

BACKGROUND: The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was developed to predict short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. There are few reports studying the correlation between MELD and long-term posttransplantation survival. AIM: To assess the value of pretransplant MELD in the prediction of posttransplant survival. METHODS: The adult patients (age >18 years) who underwent liver transplantation were examined in a retrospective longitudinal cohort of patients, through the prospective data base. We excluded acute liver failure, retransplantation and reduced or split-livers. The liver donors were evaluated according to: age, sex, weight, creatinine, bilirubin, sodium, aspartate aminotransferase, personal antecedents, brain death cause, steatosis, expanded criteria donor number and index donor risk. The recipients' data were: sex, age, weight, chronic hepatic disease, Child-Turcotte-Pugh points, pretransplant and initial MELD score, pretransplant creatinine clearance, sodium, cold and warm ischemia times, hospital length of stay, blood requirements, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT >1,000 UI/L = liver dysfunction). The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used for the univariable analyses of posttransplant patient survival. For the multivariable analyses the Cox proportional hazard regression method with the stepwise procedure was used with stratifying sodium and MELD as variables. ROC curve was used to define area under the curve for MELD and Child-Turcotte-Pugh. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients with 10 years follow up were available. The MELD cutoff was 20 and Child-Turcotte-Pugh cutoff was 11.5. For MELD score > 20, the risk factors for death were: red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. For the patients with hyponatremia the risk factors were: negative delta-MELD score, red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. The regression univariated analyses came up with the following risk...

[The application of MELD score in patients submitted to liver transplantation: a retrospective analysis of survival and the predictive factors in the short and long term]. / Aplicação do escore MELD em pacientes submetidos a transplante de fígado: análise retrospectiva da sobrevida e dos fatores preditivos a curto e longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was developed to predict short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. There are few reports studying the correlation between MELD and long-term posttransplantation survival. AIM: To assess the value of pretransplant MELD in the prediction of posttransplant survival. METHODS: The adult patients (age >18 years) who underwent liver transplantation were examined in a retrospective longitudinal cohort of patients, through the prospective data base. We excluded acute liver failure, retransplantation and reduced or split-livers. The liver donors were evaluated according to: age, sex, weight, creatinine, bilirubin, sodium, aspartate aminotransferase, personal antecedents, brain death cause, steatosis, expanded criteria donor number and index donor risk. The recipients' data were: sex, age, weight, chronic hepatic disease, Child-Turcotte-Pugh points, pretransplant and initial MELD score, pretransplant creatinine clearance, sodium, cold and warm ischemia times, hospital length of stay, blood requirements, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT >1,000 UI/L = liver dysfunction). The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used for the univariable analyses of posttransplant patient survival. For the multivariable analyses the Cox proportional hazard regression method with the stepwise procedure was used with stratifying sodium and MELD as variables. ROC curve was used to define area under the curve for MELD and Child-Turcotte-Pugh. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients with 10 years follow up were available. The MELD cutoff was 20 and Child-Turcotte-Pugh cutoff was 11.5. For MELD score > or =20, the risk factors for death were: red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. For the patients with hyponatremia the risk factors were: negative delta-MELD score, red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. The regression univariated analyses came up with the following risk factors for death: score MELD > or = 25, blood requirements, recipient creatinine clearance pretransplant and age donor > or =50. After stepwise analyses, only red cell requirement was predictive. Patients with MELD score < 25 had a 68.86%, 50,44% and 41,50% chance for 1, 5 and 10-year survival and > or =25 were 39.13%, 29.81% and 22.36% respectively. Patients without hyponatremia were 65.16%, 50.28% and 41,98% and with hyponatremia 44.44%, 34.28% and 28.57% respectively. Patients with IDR > or =1.7 showed 53.7%, 27.71% and 13.85% and index donor risk <1.7 was 63.62%, 51.4% and 44.08%, respectively. Age donor > 50 years showed 38.4%, 26.21% and 13.1% and age donor < or =50 years showed 65.58%, 26.21% and 13.1%. Association with delta-MELD score did not show any significant difference. Expanded criteria donors were associated with primary non-function and severe liver dysfunction. Predictive factors for death were blood requirements, hyponatremia, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. CONCLUSION: In conclusion MELD over 25, recipient's hyponatremia, blood requirements, donor's sodium were associated with poor survival.

[Hyponatremia as a risk factor of death in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization]. / Hiponatremia como factor de riesgo de muerte en pacientes internados por neumonia adquirida en la comunidad.

We investigated whether hyponatremia is a risk factor of death in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and estimated the relative risk of death by CAP of other risk factors. The design was prospective multicentre cohort study. In 5 centers in Buenos Aires, Argentina, we studied adults hospitalized with CAP between March 21, 2000 and December 21, 2000. Using stepwise logistic regression, we analyzed risk factors that showed a univariate association with mortality; alpha significance level was 0.05. During a 9-month period, 238 patients were admitted with CAP: 150 (63%) male and 88 (36%) female, mean age 52.99 (+/-20.35) and 55.06 (+/-20.94), respectively. Mortality was 10.5% (25/238). By multivariate analysis, the following variables were statistically associated with evolution: cerebrovascular disease (CD) (B: 2.614, p < 0.001, RRE: 13.6, IC 95%: 3.7-49.6); hyponatremia at admission or during hospitalization (B: 1.994, p<0.001, RRE: 7.3, IC 95%: 2.5-20.8); and elevated blood urea (B: 0.016, p= 0.003, RRE: 1.016, IC 95%: 1.005-1.02). We developed a formula to predict mortality by CAP: P (death) = 1/1 + exp - (-4.03 + 2.61 x l + 1.99 x 2 + 0.016x3), where: x1=CD (yes = 1/ no=0); x2= hyponatremia (yes = 1/ no=0); x3 = blood urea (mg/dl). The predictability was 91.1%. The mortality risk by CAP was statistically higher in patients with CD, hyponatremia and elevated blood urea.

Hiponatremia como factor de riesgo de muerte en pacientes internados por neumonia adquirida en la comunidad / Hyponatremia as a risk factor of death in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization

Investigamos si la hiponatremia es un factor de riesgo de muerte en pacientes internados por neumoníaadquirida en la comunidad (NAC) y estimamos el peso relativo de otros factores de riesgo de muerte por NAC, en un estudio de cohorte, prospectivo, multicéntrico, en 5 Servicios de Clínica Médica del Area Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Evaluamos adultos con NAC ingresados entre 21 de marzo de 2000 y 21 de diciembre del mismo año. Los factores de riesgo que mostraron asociación con evolución por análisis univariado, fueron sometidos a análisis de regresión logística, con un nivel de significación de α de 0.05. En 9 meses seinternaron 238 pacientes con NAC: 150 (63%) varones y 88 (36%) mujeres, con edades medias 52.99 (±20.35)y 55.06 (±20.94) años, respectivamente. Fallecieron 25/238 (10.5%). En análisis multivariado, se asociaron significativamente con evolución: enfermedad vascular encefálica (EVE) (B: 2.614, p<0.001, RRE: 13.6, IC 95%: 3.7-49.6); hiponatremia al ingreso o durante la internación (B: 1.994, p<0.001, RRE: 7.3, IC 95%: 2.5-20.8); urea plasmática elevada (B: 0.016, p= 0.003, RRE: 1.016, IC 95%: 1.005-1.02). Desarrollamos una fórmula deprobabilidad de fallecer por NAC: P (óbito)= 1/1+ exp. – (-4.03 + 2.61x1 + 1.99x2 + 0.016x3), donde: x1= EVE(sí =1/no =0); x2= hiponatremia (sí =1/no =0); x3 = urea plasmática (mg/dl). La predictibilidad fue 91.1%. Elriesgo de fallecer por NAC fue significativamente mayor entre quienes presentaron EVE, hiponatremia y ureaplasmática elevada

We investigated whether hyponatremia is a risk factor of death in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and estimated the relative risk of death by CAP of otherrisk factors. The design was prospective multicentre cohort study. In 5 centers in Buenos Aires, Argentina, westudied adults hospitalized with CAP between March 21, 2000 and December 21, 2000. Using stepwise logisticregression, we analyzed risk factors that showed a univariate association with mortality; α significance level was0.05. During a 9-month period, 238 patients were admitted with CAP: 150 (63%) male and 88 (36%) female,mean age 52.99 (±20.35) and 55.06 (±20.94), respectively. Mortality was 10.5% (25/238). By multivariate analysis, the following variables were statistically associated with evolution: cerebrovascular disease (CD) (B: 2.614,p<0.001, RRE: 13.6, IC 95%: 3.7-49.6); hyponatremia at admission or during hospitalization (B: 1.994, p<0.001, RRE: 7.3, IC 95%: 2.5-20.8); and elevated blood urea (B: 0.016, p= 0.003, RRE: 1.016, IC 95%: 1.005-1.02). We developed a formula to predict mortality by CAP: P (death) = 1/1+ exp – (-4.03 + 2.61x1 + 1.99x2 + 0.016x3), where: x1= CD (yes=1/no =0); x2= hyponatremia (yes=1/no =0); x3 = blood urea (mg/dl). The predictability was 91.1%. The mortality risk by CAP was statistically higher in patients with CD, hyponatremia and elevated blood urea

Hiponatremia como factor de riesgo de muerte en pacientes internados por neumonia adquirida en la comunidad / Hyponatremia as a risk factor of death in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization

Investigamos si la hiponatremia es un factor de riesgo de muerte en pacientes internados por neumoníaadquirida en la comunidad (NAC) y estimamos el peso relativo de otros factores de riesgo de muerte por NAC, en un estudio de cohorte, prospectivo, multicéntrico, en 5 Servicios de Clínica Médica del Area Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Evaluamos adultos con NAC ingresados entre 21 de marzo de 2000 y 21 de diciembre del mismo año. Los factores de riesgo que mostraron asociación con evolución por análisis univariado, fueron sometidos a análisis de regresión logística, con un nivel de significación de α de 0.05. En 9 meses seinternaron 238 pacientes con NAC: 150 (63%) varones y 88 (36%) mujeres, con edades medias 52.99 (±20.35)y 55.06 (±20.94) años, respectivamente. Fallecieron 25/238 (10.5%). En análisis multivariado, se asociaron significativamente con evolución: enfermedad vascular encefálica (EVE) (B: 2.614, p<0.001, RRE: 13.6, IC 95%: 3.7-49.6); hiponatremia al ingreso o durante la internación (B: 1.994, p<0.001, RRE: 7.3, IC 95%: 2.5-20.8); urea plasmática elevada (B: 0.016, p= 0.003, RRE: 1.016, IC 95%: 1.005-1.02). Desarrollamos una fórmula deprobabilidad de fallecer por NAC: P (óbito)= 1/1+ exp. ¹ (-4.03 + 2.61x1 + 1.99x2 + 0.016x3), donde: x1= EVE(sí =1/no =0); x2= hiponatremia (sí =1/no =0); x3 = urea plasmática (mg/dl). La predictibilidad fue 91.1%. Elriesgo de fallecer por NAC fue significativamente mayor entre quienes presentaron EVE, hiponatremia y ureaplasmática elevada (AU)

We investigated whether hyponatremia is a risk factor of death in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and estimated the relative risk of death by CAP of otherrisk factors. The design was prospective multicentre cohort study. In 5 centers in Buenos Aires, Argentina, westudied adults hospitalized with CAP between March 21, 2000 and December 21, 2000. Using stepwise logisticregression, we analyzed risk factors that showed a univariate association with mortality; α significance level was0.05. During a 9-month period, 238 patients were admitted with CAP: 150 (63%) male and 88 (36%) female,mean age 52.99 (±20.35) and 55.06 (±20.94), respectively. Mortality was 10.5% (25/238). By multivariate analysis, the following variables were statistically associated with evolution: cerebrovascular disease (CD) (B: 2.614,p<0.001, RRE: 13.6, IC 95%: 3.7-49.6); hyponatremia at admission or during hospitalization (B: 1.994, p<0.001, RRE: 7.3, IC 95%: 2.5-20.8); and elevated blood urea (B: 0.016, p= 0.003, RRE: 1.016, IC 95%: 1.005-1.02). We developed a formula to predict mortality by CAP: P (death) = 1/1+ exp ¹ (-4.03 + 2.61x1 + 1.99x2 + 0.016x3), where: x1= CD (yes=1/no =0); x2= hyponatremia (yes=1/no =0); x3 = blood urea (mg/dl). The predictability was 91.1%. The mortality risk by CAP was statistically higher in patients with CD, hyponatremia and elevated blood urea (AU)