De asilo a hospital dos tifosos: o caso do asilo António Almeida da Costa na primeira metade do século XX. Génese, dinâmicas e funcionalidades / From asylum to a typhous hospital: the case of the asylum António Almeida da Costa in the first half of the twentieth century. Genesis, dynamics and functionalities

O presente trabalho tem como objetivos principais analisar a génese, as dinâmicas e as funcionalidades do Asilo António Almeida da Costa, fundado no início do século XX em Vila Nova de Gaia, localidade perto da cidade do Porto, no norte de Portugal, na assistência na velhice, inicialmente idealizada para os velhos operários do complexo industrial de Cerâmica e de Fundição das Devesas, e na sua iniciativa pontual: a transformação num hospital dos Tifosos aquando a epidemia que se fez sentir na cidade. Para responder a estes objetivos efectuou-se um exercício de reconstrução histórica através do acervo do benemérito, nomeadamente com base nas atas da comissão administrativa, nos regulamentos e estatutos internos e, também, no livro de inválidos internados no Asilo. Com base na informação encontrada foi possível descrever as dinâmicas da instituição na assistência à velhice, em especial no lugar das Devesas em Vila Nova de Gaia, enquadrando o importante contributo da mesma na causa pública do combate à epidemia do tifo exantemático

This work aims to analyse the genesis, dynamics and functionalities of the António Almeida da Costa Asylum, founded at the beginning of the 20th century in Vila Nova de Gaia, in northern Portugal, in the elderly assistance, initially funded for the elderly workers of the industrial complex of Ceramics and Foundry of Devesas, and in their punctual initiative: the transformation into a hospital for the Typhosos when the epidemic occurred in the city. To meet these objectives, a historical reconstruction exercise was carried out through the benemerit acquis, in particular, based on the minutes of the administrative committee, in internal regulations and statutes and also in the book of invalids hospitalized in the Asylum. Based on the information found, it was possible to describe the institution's dynamics in the assistance to the elderly, especially in the place of the Devesas in Vila Nova de Gaia, framing the important contribution of it in the public cause of the fight against the exanthematic typhus epidemic

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Implicaciones transnacionales en la historia de la psiquiatría: la reubicación de pacientes de Tirol del Sur (Italia) en Institutciones Psiquiátricas Alemanas, 1940-1945 / Transnational entanglements in the history of psychiatry. South Tyrolian patients in German Asylums, C. 1940-1945

El objeto de este trabajo es investigar el destino de un grupo de pacientes psiquiátricos ingresados en asilos de Württemberg (Alemania) durante el periodo de 1940 a 1945. Dichos internos, procedentes principalmente de las regiones italianas de Vicenza, Udine, Trento y Alto Adigio, fueron enviados (y un número importante entre ellos ilegalmente deportados) a los psiquátricos alemanes de Zwiefalten, Schussenried y Weissenau, situados todos en el sur de la región alemana de Württemberg, entre 1940 y 1943. Especial atención se dedica a los llamados Acuerdos para la Opción entre el Reich alemán y la Italia fascista, como parte de la biopolítica nacionalsocialista. El tratamiento de estos pacientes surtiroleses en los asilos, así como su destino, se sitúa en el contexto de las acciones de reubicación de la población realizadas en las zonas limítrofes del Tercer Reich, que comenzaron en 1939 y afectaron a amplias zonas del continente europeo. Se estudian comparativamente también en esta contribución otros subgrupos poblacionales que emigraron por entonces de Italia al Reich alemán (AU)

Object of this article is the destiny of psychiatric inmates in Wuerttemberg asylums, 1940-1945. These patients from Italian regions of Vicenza, Udine, Trento, Alto Adige and various locations more were delegated and, to a substantial number, illegally deported to the German asylums Zwiefalten, Schussenried and Weissenau, all in South Wuerttemberg, in 1940 and 1943. Attention is focused on the pioneering state pre-negotiations, and the so-called option treaties between the German Reich and Fascist Italy as part of the general aspect of National Socialist bio-Politics. The treatment of these South Tyrol patients in the asylums themselves, as well as their fate will be put into the context of the resettlement actions at the margins of the Third Reich, which started in 1939 and widely affected the European continent. It is referred to other sub-groups of migrating population from Italy to the German Reich as well, as a contrasting aspect of this contribution (AU)

["They are enjoying their first holiday ever"--working with the elderly, from the post-war years up to the early 1970s]. / "Sie geniessen den ersten Urlaub ihres Lebens"--Entwicklung der offenen Altenhilfe von der Nachkriegszeit bis zum Beginn der 1970er Jahre.

While, in the post-war years and into the 1950s, the building of old people's and care homes and the allocation of home places in those homes was seen as the main task of municipal care institutions for the elderly in Frankfurt am Main, in the decade that followed their main task shifted towards increasing the possibilities of providing care in people's own homes, delaying the move into old people's homes and breaking through the loneliness that elderly people were presumed to experience. Supported by the state, community housing was provided with flats for elderly people and with carers to look after their needs. The "warm rooms" of the post-war period changed into clubs, where members met and received guidance. In the late 1960s the clubs were extended into day-care centres, offering a range of consultation services, organized day trips and recreational holidays for the elderly. It was hoped that "meals-on-wheels" in combination with age-appropriate living conditions would delay the move into a home. But these plans were not adequately developed in the 1960s and often it was not clear who would pay the bills. The same was true of outpatient medical care which had traditionally been the task of community nurses, but was now increasingly carried out by local authority carers, who also provided household assistance. This kind of care could only ever be given for a limited period of time and, while it was able to delay the move into an old people's home, it could not replace it.

The evolution of palliative care and the relevance to residential aged care: understanding the past to inform the future.

Improving the experience of dying in residential aged care units became a significant project of the Australian Government's National Palliative Care Program in 2004. This initiative resulted in an expectation that residential aged care facilities would adopt the recommended palliative approach to underpin service delivery. Recognising palliative care as a specialist area of health care practice is a recent development which has influenced the expectations of community and government. This paper traces the global history of palliative care and how historical factors influenced its development in Australia. This discussion presents an overview of the positioning of dying and death within society, explaining how with the shifting emphasis on care of the dying accordingly has been the focus on palliative care specialists. Care of the dying in residential aged care units has largely been overlooked in the context of specialist involvement. This paper acknowledges dying and death as occurring in residential aged care facilities, illuminating the advantages of adopting a palliative approach and offers recommendations.

Harriet Tubman's last work: the Harriet Tubman Home for Aged and Indigent Negroes.

This article focuses on the important contributions the venerable Harriet Tubman made to the field of housing for older persons and other populations at risk. It uses an historical approach to document the importance of early housing and self-help initiatives in the African American community. It embraces Harriet Tubman and other early housers for their good works and acknowledges them as contributors to the rich legacy of community social work practice and its sage principles of empowerment and self-help. The article presents a nexus between the current housing status of older Blacks and the double jeopardy status imposed by historical discrimination.

The Judaic-Christian origin of nursing homes.

Many nursing homes today have a religious heritage. While governmental regulations control how much of the care is delivered, the foundations and goals of many homes predate governmental rules and payment policies. This paper explores the basis of Jewish and Christian thought in providing groundwork for religiously based nursing homes. Although the underlying principles are similar, differences in approach and execution for the formation of these homes exist.

Historical evolution of assisted living in the United States, 1979 to the present.

PURPOSE: This article provides a historical overview of the emergence of assisted living in the United States over a 25-year period to identify goals and key concepts that underpinned the emerging form of care. DESIGN AND METHODS: The method is historical analysis based on records and my own personal experiences in conceptualizing and implementing assisted living in Oregon and nationwide. RESULTS: I identified four time periods: (a) 1979 to 1985, when a paradigm shift occurred on both the East and West coasts, motivated by distaste for nursing facilities and idealistic values regarding residential environments, service capacity, and consumer-centered care philosophy; (b) 1986 to 1993, when providers, consumers, and state governments became interested and four identifiable types of assisted living (hybrid, hospitality, housing, and health care) appeared, each of which informed the evolution of assisted living; (c) 1994 to 2000, a period of expansion, Wall Street money, dilution of the ideals, and emerging quality concerns; a crisis of confidence and a crossroads for assisted living; (d) 2000 to the present, a time of regrouping, slow-down in growth, and reexamination of earlier efforts to define and set standards for assisted living. IMPLICATIONS: Well-conceptualized and designed research may provide a mechanism to suggest practice, regulatory, and payment models. I recommend that researchers conduct studies from the values premises underlying the assisted living approach.

Fundación y construcción del asilo San José (1916-1928)

Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica sobre la construcción de los asilos de ancianos en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus en el periodo comprendido del año 1916 hasta 1928. Se revisan periódicos, revistas y fuentes primarias, en el trabajo se anexan testimonios gráficos de interés para la Historia de la Medicina

V. A. Kral, the Montreal Hebrew Old People's Home, and benign senescent forgetfulness.

The term Benign Senescent Forgetfulness, introduced in 1958 by V. A. Kral, constitutes the origin of the concept of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a widely studied but controversial entity. The ambiguities surrounding MCI warrant a re-assessment of its historical origin. Any attempt at an in-depth investigation of Kral's works on that subject should begin with a description of the patient population and professional arena in the Montreal Hebrew Old People's and Sheltering Home, where Kral was a consultant. Based on archival and published sources, I describe the Home's facilities, population, staff and programmes/services, followed by an overview of the dynamic factors inducing a re-examination of its mode of operation in the mid-1950s when Kral joined the Home's professional staff as a consultant.

Nursing and care for the aged in Victoria: 1950s to 1970s.

In the state of Victoria, Australia in the late 1950s and early 1960s, restorative treatment was introduced into the state-subsidized benevolent homes, and they were reclassified as geriatric hospitals. In the process, the nursing care of incapacitated old people was identified in terms of particular skills and knowledge, and specific forms of training were established for nurses at two levels of training: nurses' aides and supervisory nurses with a post-basic qualification. These institutional changes were complemented by the introduction of a nursing role into the body responsible for overseeing care for the aged in Victoria. Little was made of this opportunity to establish a leading role for nurses in the field of care for the aged. However, this episode raises fertile questions for further research into the development of nursing in Australia, as a set of practices divided along the lines of acute and chronic illness.

Nursing homes for the old ('Gerocomeia') in Byzantium (324-1453 AD).

BACKGROUND: Research into the welfare institutions for the elderly, which were established in the Byzantine Empire. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is the research into the texts of the Byzantine chroniclers and the contemporary historical sources so as to determine the social policy of the Byzantine State regarding the homes for the aged. METHODS: The histories and chronicles of the Byzantine writers, written in the original Greek language, were studied and analysed, so as to locate the extracts in the texts concerning the interest shown by the Byzantine State to establish institutions for old and ailing people. RESULTS: The care for the elderly in Byzantium was undertaken in special infirmaries, called 'gerocomeia', which operated all over the empire mostly in or near the monasteries. All these nursing homes were highly esteemed and the governor of the institution seems to have been a person of high importance. The most important nursing home was located in Constantinople and was established by Emperor John II Comnenus in the 12th century in the famous monastery and hospital of the Pantocrator. CONCLUSION: The study and analysis of the historical texts of the Byzantine period (324-1453 AD) prove that human-oriented behaviour, which derived from the intervention of religion, contributed to the foundation of many welfare institutions for the elderly by the Byzantine emperors, the church and some individuals who showed great interest in them.

Nursing home ownership: an historical analysis.

The need to care for dependent elderly in the United States has been a constant since colonial times. Today, as in the earliest days, most care is provided at home by family members. Personal and health services outside the home are sometimes provided by nursing homes. The nursing home industry is large, dominated by private, for-profit ownership, and receives much of its income from public funds. Why are nursing homes publicly funded? Why are nursing homes privately rather than publicly owned? Why is ownership for-profit or proprietary rather than not-for-profit or voluntary? The answers to these questions are found in the history of social policies in the United States.