Actitudes hacia las sexualidades periféricas en estudiantes universitarios de La Rioja, Argentina y Huancayo, Perú / Attitudes towards peripheral sexualities in university studentsof a Rioja, Argentina and Huancayo, Peru

El objetivo del estudio fue conocer las actitudes hacia la diversidad sexual en escenarios aca-démicos de dos universidades públicas: La Rioja Argentina y la Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú. Se comparó las características de las actitudes hacia las sexualidades periféricas en estudiantes de ambas universidades. La investigación se desarrolló bajo el enfoque cuantitati-vo, de tipo observacional, prospectivo y transversal,de nivel exploratorio, descriptivo-relacional, con diseño comunitario, dado que la unidad de estudio es la población y se da una exploración con comparaciones múltiples. La población estuvo constituida por 150 estudiantes de las carreras profesionales de Trabajo Social en ambas universidades. Los resultados eviden-cian tendencias favorables hacia actitudes positivas respecto a las personas LGBTI+, con dife-rencias significativas en las dimensiones cognitiva y conductual según universidad. Se encontró tambiénrelación significativa de las actitudes con la religión y el género de los estudiantes. (AU)

The objective of the study was to know the attitudes towards sexual diversity in academic set-tings of two public universities: La Rioja Argentina and the National University of the Center of Peru. The characteristics of attitudes towards peripheral sexualities in students from both universities were compared. The research was developed under a quantitative, observational, prospective, and cross-sectional approach, exploratory, descriptive-relational, with communi-ty design, since the unit of study is the population and an exploration with multiple compari-sons is given. The population was constituted by 150 students of the professional careers of Social Work in both universities. The results show favorable trends towards positive attitudes towards LGBTI+ people, with significant differences in the cognitive and behavioral dimen-sions, according to the university. A significant relationship was also found between attitudes with religion and the gender of the students. (AU)

The Colorblind Rainbow: Whiteness in the Gay Rights Movement.

Discourse on "identity politics" tends to treat political minority identities as distinct entities, discussing them as if an individual is either black or a woman or LGBT, etc. This separates race and sexuality in a way that, supported by white homonormativity and a possessive investment in whiteness, renders the LGBT community "white" despite racial diversity. This masks the ways that the policy preferences of LGBT individuals are structured along racial lines and hinders inter-minority coalition building. Utilizing a Pew Research Center dataset of LGBT Americans collected in 2013, I show that race is significantly correlated with economic policy preferences and perceptions of racial discrimination. While a majority of white LGBT Americans hold liberal positions, the significant differences between white and nonwhite individuals and the well-documented self-reports of experiences of racism by nonwhite LGBT Americans, suggest that white LGBT Americans must actively address the question of race in order to build successful coalitions.

Developmental Trends in Sexual Attraction Among Puerto Rican Early Adolescents in Two Contexts.

Sexual attraction (SA), the earliest stage of sexual orientation, is scarcely studied. This prospective study examined, over 3 years, prevalence, changes in SA, and the role of context, among 946 Puerto Rican youth, aged 11-13 years at initial assessment in the South Bronx (SBx), New York City, and Puerto Rico (PR). Overall, 98.1% of boys and 95.3% of girls reported opposite-sex only SA at some point, whereas 13.8% of girls and 12.0% of boys reported any-same SA. Opposite-sex only SA increased over time, whereas other SAs decreased except for any same-sex SA among SBx girls. Girls in the SBx and younger youth in PR reported more any same-sex SA. Context and culture may play a role in the developmental trajectories of adolescents' SA.

O preventivismo e os homossexuais no contexto da ditadura militar brasileira: uma análise a partir das contribuições de Sérgio Arouca / Preventivism and homosexuals in the context of the Brazilian military dictatorship: An analysis based on Sérgio Aroucas contributions / El preventivismo y los homosexuales en el contexto de la dictadura militar brasileña: un análisis a partir de las contribuciones de Sérgio Arouca

No Brasil, a reforma da escola médica ancorada na medicina preventiva difundiu-se, em grande medida, durante a ditadura militar (1964-1985). O projeto preventivista é investigado aqui para além de uma reorganização curricular, estando imbuído de um papel social e político evidenciado, especificamente, pelo modo como caracterizou os homossexuais na ditadura militar. Foram analisadas publicações do "Jornal do Brasil" sobre congressos científicos que tematizaram o preventivismo no combate aos comportamentos desviantes na juventude, com destaque ao homossexualismo. A tese de Sérgio Arouca estruturou as principais discussões presentes e embasou a análise das publicações coletadas. Como resultado, os homossexuais, tidos como degenerados desde o século XIX, foram descritos como ameaças patológicas à família, à moral e à segurança nacional, sendo necessária a sua profilaxia a partir de recomendações médico-preventivas no ambiente escolar e familiar e da repressão política direta do Estado.(AU)

In Brazil, the medical school reform grounded on preventive medicine was disseminated, to a large extent, during the military dictatorship (1964-1985). The preventivist project is investigated here beyond a curricular reorganization, as it had a social and political role. This role was clearly visible, specifically, in the way in which it characterized homosexuals in the military dictatorship. We analyzed publications of the newspaper "Jornal do Brasil" about scientific conferences that focused on preventivism in the fight against youth's deviant behaviors, emphasizing homosexuality. Sérgio Arouca's doctoral dissertation structured the main discussions and grounded the analysis of the collected publications. As a result, homosexuals, seen as degenerate since the 19th century, were described as pathological threats to the family, morals and national security; thus, prophylaxis was necessary through medical-preventive recommendations in the school and family environments and through the State's direct political repression.(AU)

En Brasil, la reforma de la escuela médica anclada en la medicina preventiva se difundió, en gran medida, durante la dictadura militar (1964-1985). El proyecto preventivista se investiga aquí más allá de una reorganización curricular, incorporando un papel social y político. Este evidenciado, específicamente, por el modo en que caracterizó a los homosexuales en la dictadura militar. Se analizaron publicaciones del "Jornal do Brasil" sobre congresos científicos que tuvieron como tema el preventivismo en el combate a los comportamientos desviantes en la juventud con destaque para la homosexualidad. La tesis de Sérgio Arouca estructuró las principales discusiones presentes y sirvió de base al análisis de las publicaciones colectadas. Como resultado, los homosexuales, considerados como degenerados desde el siglo XIX se describieron como amenazas patológicas a la familia, a la moral y a la seguridad nacional, siendo necesaria su profilaxis por medio de recomendaciones médico-preventivas en el ambiente escolar y familiar y de la represión política directa del Estado.(AU)

Violence as Mediating Variable in Mental Health Disparities Associated to Sexual Orientation Among Mexican Youths.

In this study, we explored the role of sex as an effect-modifying variable in the association between sexual orientation and mental health in Mexican youth. In addition, we tested if violent experiences in the family and the school and attitudes toward homosexuality could act as mediating variables in such association. Data from three representative surveys performed in 2007, 2009, and 2013 among Mexican high school students were analyzed. Two dimensions of sexual orientation were evaluated: romantic partnership and sexual behavior. The outcomes were negative and positive mood, suicidal ideation and intent, self-concept, and self-esteem. There were differences by gender because in males, there were more disparities in mental health associated with sexual orientation (suicidal ideation and attempt, negative and positive mood, negative self-concept, and family-related self-esteem) than in females (suicidal ideation and negative mood). Experiences of school violence were mediators in the relationship between sexual orientation and most health outcomes in males.

Urban Middle School Students' Stereotypes at the Intersection of Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity, and Gender.

Heterosexual urban middle school students' (N = 1,757) stereotypes about gender typicality, intelligence, and aggression were assessed. Students (Mage  = 12.36 years) rated Facebook-like profiles of peers who varied by gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Several hypotheses about how the gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation of target peers intersect to shape stereotypes were tested. As predicted, a peer's sexual orientation determined stereotypes of gender typicality, with gay and lesbian students viewed as most atypical. As expected, ethnicity shaped stereotypes of intelligence, with Asian American students seen as most intelligent. Gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation independently and jointly affected stereotypes of aggression. These results demonstrate the value of an intersectional approach to the study of stereotypes. Implications for future research and practice are offered.

La familia homoparental en la realidad y la diversidad familiar actual / Homoparental family in real life and current family diversity

Son muchas las definiciones de familia desde algunas clásicas como que es "la célula o núcleo básico de la sociedad, la institución social primaria, un subsistema social o una relación social", hasta otras más complejas que, la consideran un grupo de personas relacionadas entre sí y que viven juntas. La familia es el grupo de intermediación entre el individuo, la comunidad y la sociedad. Es la familia, a pesar de las grandes transformaciones del mundo contemporáneo, hábitat natural del ser humano. En el presente siglo XXI, la familia se diversifica estructuralmente y una de las variantes de familia nuclear, puede ser las homoparentales, las cuales, están formadas por padres con orientación sexual homosexual; y si bien no se trata de un fenómeno nuevo, es en la actualidad donde se vive una intensa aceleración a partir del reconocimiento legal del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en muchas naciones. Las familias homoparentales están capacitadas para educar y criar satisfactoriamente a sus hijos e hijas. La orientación sexual de los progenitores, no es un indicador que sirva para evaluar la función educadora de los padres y madres. Padres e hijos de las familias homoparentales, deben apropiarse de elementos resilientes, que les permitan crecerse, ante cualquier manifestación social, potencialmente negativa hacia ellos (AU).

There are many definitions of a family, from some classic ones like that saying that it is ". the basic cell or nucleus of the society, the primary social institution, a social sub-system and a social relation", to others, more complexes, considering it a group of inter-related persons living together. The family is the intermediary group between the individual, community and society. It is, despite the great transformation of the contemporary world, the natural habitat of the human being. In the current century, the family gets structurally diverse, and one of the variants of the nuclear family may be the homoparental one, that is formed by parents with homosexual sexual orientation. Although it is not a new phenomenon, it is nowadays when it is having an intense acceleration beginning from the legal recognition of the marriage between persons of the same sex in many nations. Homoparental families are able to educate and grow their children up satisfactorily. Parents´ sexual orientation is not an indicator useful to assess the educative function of the parents. Parents and children of homoparental families should incorporate resilient elements allowing affronting any potentially negative social manifestation against them (AU).

La familia homoparental en la realidad y la diversidad familiar actual / Homoparental family in real life and current family diversity

Son muchas las definiciones de familia desde algunas clásicas como que es "la célula o núcleo básico de la sociedad, la institución social primaria, un subsistema social o una relación social", hasta otras más complejas que, la consideran un grupo de personas relacionadas entre sí y que viven juntas. La familia es el grupo de intermediación entre el individuo, la comunidad y la sociedad. Es la familia, a pesar de las grandes transformaciones del mundo contemporáneo, hábitat natural del ser humano. En el presente siglo XXI, la familia se diversifica estructuralmente y una de las variantes de familia nuclear, puede ser las homoparentales, las cuales, están formadas por padres con orientación sexual homosexual; y si bien no se trata de un fenómeno nuevo, es en la actualidad donde se vive una intensa aceleración a partir del reconocimiento legal del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en muchas naciones. Las familias homoparentales están capacitadas para educar y criar satisfactoriamente a sus hijos e hijas. La orientación sexual de los progenitores, no es un indicador que sirva para evaluar la función educadora de los padres y madres. Padres e hijos de las familias homoparentales, deben apropiarse de elementos resilientes, que les permitan crecerse, ante cualquier manifestación social, potencialmente negativa hacia ellos (AU).

There are many definitions of a family, from some classic ones like that saying that it is ". the basic cell or nucleus of the society, the primary social institution, a social sub-system and a social relation", to others, more complexes, considering it a group of inter-related persons living together. The family is the intermediary group between the individual, community and society. It is, despite the great transformation of the contemporary world, the natural habitat of the human being. In the current century, the family gets structurally diverse, and one of the variants of the nuclear family may be the homoparental one, that is formed by parents with homosexual sexual orientation. Although it is not a new phenomenon, it is nowadays when it is having an intense acceleration beginning from the legal recognition of the marriage between persons of the same sex in many nations. Homoparental families are able to educate and grow their children up satisfactorily. Parents´ sexual orientation is not an indicator useful to assess the educative function of the parents. Parents and children of homoparental families should incorporate resilient elements allowing affronting any potentially negative social manifestation against them (AU).

Reflexão bioética acerca da homossexualidade no Brasil e o direito a ser diferente / Bioethical reflection about homosexuality in Brazil and the right to be different / Reflexión bioética acerca de la homosexualidad en Brasil y el derecho a ser diferente

Objetivo: refletir sobre a homossexualidade no Brasil e questões bioéticas que permeiam os direitos civis dos homossexuais. Método: estudo crítico-reflexivo, descritivo e analítico, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada por meio do método dedutivo e conduzida a partir de revisão da literatura. Resultados: a sociedade muitas vezes usa os princípios éticos e religiosos arcaicos para justificar o preconceito, a não aceitação e legalização dos direitos civis das pessoas por ser gay. Conclusão: é necessário refletir sobre o assunto e incentivar mais discussão sobre o tema, considerando se estes indivíduos como seres humanos em sua essência devem gozar de suas condições humanas e da vida em sociedade.

Objective: to reflect about homosexuality in Brazil and bioethical issues that permeate the civil rights of homosexuals. Method: this is a critical-reflective study, descriptive and analytical, which adopts a qualitative approach, accomplished through the deductive method and conducted through literature review. Results: the society often uses archaic ethical-religious principles to justify the prejudice, non-acceptance and legalization of civil rights of individuals for being homosexual. Conclusion: it is necessary to reflect about it and encourage more thorough discussions on the theme, considering these people as human beings in essence and that should enjoy of their human conditions and life in the society.(AU)

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre homosexualidad en Brasil y las cuestiones bioéticas que permean los derechos civiles de los homosexuales. Método: se trata de un estudio crítico-reflexivo, descriptivo y analítico, que adopta un enfoque cualitativo, realizado a través del método deductivo y conducido a través de revisión bibliográfica. Resultados: la sociedad con frecuencia utiliza principios ético-religiosos arcaicos para justificar los prejuicios, la no aceptación y legalización de los derechos civiles de las personas por ser homosexuales. Conclusión: es necesario reflexionar a este respecto y fomentar más discusiones sobre la temática, considerando estos individuos como seres humanos en esencia y que deben disfrutar de sus condiciones humanas y de la vida en la sociedad.(AU)

Performative family: homosexuality, marriage and intergenerational dynamics in China.

Using in-depth interview data on nominal marriages - legal marriages between a gay man and a lesbian to give the appearance of heterosexuality - this paper develops the concept of performative family to explain the processes through which parents and their adult children negotiate and resolve disagreements in relation to marriage decisions in post-socialist China. We identify three mechanisms - network pressure, a revised discourse of filial piety and resource leverage - through which parents influence their gay offspring's decision to turn to nominal marriage. We also delineate six strategies, namely minimizing network participation, changing expectations, making partial concessions, drawing the line, delaying decisions and ending the marriage, by which gay people in nominal marriages attempt to meet parental expectations while simultaneously retaining a degree of autonomy. Through these interactions, we argue that Chinese parents and their gay adult children implicitly and explicitly collaborate to perform family, emphasizing the importance of formally meeting society's expectations about marriage rather than substantively yielding to its demands. We also argue that the performative family is a pragmatic response to the tension between the persistent centrality of family and marriage and the rising tide of individualism in post-socialist China. We believe that our findings highlight the specific predicament of homosexual people. They also shed light on the more general dynamics of intergenerational negotiation because there is evidence that the mechanisms used by parents to exert influence may well be similar between gay and non-gay people.

The Role of Institutional Placement, Family Conflict, and Homosexuality in Homelessness Pathways Among Latino LGBT Youth in New York City.

Despite the overrepresentation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) youth among the homeless, the processes leading to their homelessness are understudied. This ethnographic study sought to elucidate the role of sexual orientation in the pathway to housing instability among young gay men. Fieldwork included 18 months of participant observations in public spaces and at a homeless LGBT youth organization in New York City, as well as formal semistructured interviews with 14 Latino young men and five staff. Three distinct pathways emerged. Some youth became homeless after placement in state systems of care disrupted their social support systems, while others became homeless after extreme family conflict over sexual orientation. Nonetheless, most youths became homeless as a result of long-term processes of family disintegration in which normative adolescent development and disclosure of homosexuality exacerbated preexisting conflict. These findings suggest the need to examine the accumulation of risks before disclosure exacerbates family conflict and increases their risk of homelessness.

Portrayal of gay characters in Bollywood cinema.

Hindi cinema production from India is the largest in the world. Cinema reflects the society which it portrays, and in turn influences social attitudes. Hindi cinema, often known as Bollywood, demonstrates deep roots in society. In the last decade homosexual behaviour was legalized by the Delhi High Court but subsequently deemed illegal by the Supreme Court. These changes reflect changes in social attitudes. In this paper we highlight social attitudes to homosexuality - both male and female - in the context of portrayal in Hindi cinema. Historically, cultural and social values and the attitudes towards sexuality in India have been sex positive, but over the past 200 years under the British colonial rule they became very negative and indeed punitive towards homosexuality and homosexual men and women in line with prevalent Victorian attitudes to sex and sexual activity. Various descriptions and sexual identities have been identified and described in the literature. In this paper we describe a small selection of films from Hindi cinema which depict homosexuality. These portrayals have been largely negative. We describe the possible reasons for this and the potential impact these portrayals may have on audiences.

Chinese attitudes towards sexual minorities in Hong Kong: Implications for mental health.

Intolerant attitudes and sexual prejudice against sexual minorities (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning/queer-LGBQ) has been a long-standing global concern. In this article, Chinese attitudes towards sexual minorities are examined with reference to the cultural context in Hong Kong, a place where the East has intermingled with the West for over a century. Chinese sexuality manifested in Hong Kong is a mix of Confucian ideology and Christian thought. Traditional Confucian values of xiao (filial piety) and conventional religious thoughts of Christianity together influence Chinese attitudes towards sexual minorities. Though many governmental policies have been put in place and numerous laws have been enacted to protect the human rights of underprivileged and disadvantaged groups over the past few decades, sexual minorities are frequently being excluded from most of these protections. In Hong Kong, sexual prejudice exists not only among the general public, but also among educators and mental health professionals. Thus, Chinese sexual minorities experience sexual prejudice and minority stress in Hong Kong under unique cultural circumstances. This calls for inclusive policies and an embracing attitude towards sexual minorities so their mental health will not suffer.

De la necesidad, de la posibilidad, de la autorrealización, de la orientación sexual y de ser padres y madres / No disponible

No disponible

Coping With Antigay Violence: In-Depth Interviews With Flemish LGB Adults.

In view of the possible negative mental health outcomes of antigay violence and the limited understanding of how lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) men and women cope with such experiences, this study examined the coping and social support-seeking strategies that victims adopt. In 2012, in-depth interviews were conducted with 19 Flemish sexual minority victims of violence. These in-depth interviews show that antigay violence can generate profound negative outcomes. However, the respondents employed a range of coping strategies, of which four were discerned: (1) avoidance strategies, (2) assertiveness and confrontation, (3) cognitive change, and (4) social support. Applying a diverse set of coping strategies and actively attaching meaning to negative experiences helps victims of antigay violence to overcome negative effects such as fear, embarrassment, or depressive feelings. However, the presence of a supportive network seems an important condition in order for these positive outcomes to occur.

The demand to progress: critical nostalgia in LGBTQ cultural memory.

This article argues that, while representations of tragic lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) histories are disseminated widely, positive aspects of the past must be largely pushed out of the cultural imaginary to support a vision of the present in which sexual rights and freedoms have been achieved. It proposes that this view relies on a linear progress narrative wherein the experiences of LGBTQ people are held as consistently improving over time. In considering the construction of cultural memory through popular media and art, it claims a nostalgic turn to the past as a useful political tool for dismantling the pacifying aspects of the present.

In search for the many faces of community resilience among LGBT individuals.

Many countries (e.g., Egypt, Russia, and Uganda) have very draconian laws against LGBT individuals. Despite facing such adversity or hostility many LGBT individuals do strive and maintain their sense of self-worth. How do they do it? The collection of papers in this special issue attempts to provide some answers to this question. I will attempt to analyze two overlapping issues in these papers, and how they might inform LGBT research using a resilience lens.

Etiology of homosexuality and attitudes toward same-sex parenting: a randomized study.

Attribution theory suggests the hypothesis that heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexual sexual orientation will be more negative when homosexuality is attributed to controllable causes. Our randomized study analyzed (a) whether beliefs about the genetic or environmental etiology of the homosexual sexual orientation can be immediately modified by reading a text and (b) the causal effect of attributions about the controllability (environmental etiology) or noncontrollability (genetic etiology) of homosexual sexual orientation on the rejection of same-sex parenting and their social rights. The sample was composed of 190 Spanish university students with a mean age of 22.07 years (SD = 8.46). The results show that beliefs about the etiology of the sexual orientation could be modified by means of a written text. Furthermore, participants who believed that sexual orientation had a genetic etiology showed greater support for social rights and less rejection of same-sex parenting. However, the effects were detected only when there was a traditional opposition to the family with same-sex parenting. When the opposition was normative, the effect was not statistically significant. Our results can be useful in planning variables for intervention programs designed to foster tolerance toward and normality of sexual diversity.

Motives and decisions for and against having children among nonheterosexuals and the impact of experiences of discrimination, internalized stigma, and social acceptance.

Same-sex parents are increasingly a topic of public discourse. A growing number of homosexuals openly speak about their desire to have children or are already living together in different family constellations. The current study examined the decisions for or against having children and the motivations behind those decisions among nonheterosexuals living in Germany. A sample of 1,283 nonheterosexuals participated by means of an online survey. As some nonheterosexual individuals do not identify themselves with a male or female gender identity, a third category, "gender different," was generated. Motives for (not) having children, perceptions of social acceptance, experiences of discrimination in relation to one's sexual orientation, and levels of internalized stigma were taken into account regarding their influence on the decision about parenthood. Most respondents (80%) reported that they did not have children. However, among this group, 43% stated that they had decided to have children later in their lives, 24% were undecided, and 11% had already decided against having children. The most important influences on the decision of whether to have children were respondents' age and their desire for emotional stabilization. Negative experiences as a result of sexual orientation and internalized stigma had no impact on the decisions regarding parenthood.

Racial discrimination's influence on smoking rates among American Indian Alaska Native two-spirit individuals: does pain play a role?

High rates of racial discrimination and non-ceremonial tobacco smoking exist among American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) Two-Spirit/LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) populations. The authors examined whether or not pain mediates between racial discrimination and smoking among Two-Spirits. Two-Spirit adults (n=447) from seven urban U.S. locations were surveyed during the HONOR project. The Indigenist stress coping model was used as framework in which to conduct descriptive, bivariate and regression analyses. A majority of the participants reported smoking (45.2%) and pain (57%). Pain was found to mediate the association between racial discrimination and smoking. Racial discrimination appears to be a significant factor influencing tobacco smoking and health behaviors within Two-Spirit populations. Effective tobacco cessation and/or prevention planning for Two-Spirits and others who experience frequent racial discrimination, stress, and trauma should also consider the influence of pain. Pain may serve as the embodiment of discrimination, and this possibility requires future research