Homologous Overexpression of Tyrosinase in Trichoderma reesei and Its Application in Glycinin Cross-Linking.

Tyrosinase is capable of oxidizing tyrosine residues in proteins, leading to intermolecular protein cross-linking, which could modify the protein network of food and improve the texture of food. To obtain the recombinant tyrosinase with microbial cell factory instead of isolation tyrosinase from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, a TYR expression cassette was constructed in this study. The expression cassette was electroporated into Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 and integrated into its genome, resulting in a recombinant strain C30-TYR. After induction with microcrystalline cellulose for 7 days, recombinant tyrosinase could be successfully expressed and secreted by C30-TYR, corresponding to approximately 2.16 g/L tyrosinase in shake-flask cultures. The recombinant TYR was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration, and the biological activity of purified TYR was 45.6 U/mL. The purified TYR could catalyze the cross-linking of glycinin, and the emulsion stability index of TYR-treated glycinin emulsion was increased by 30.6% compared with the untreated one. The cross-linking of soy glycinin by TYR resulted in altered properties of oil-in-water emulsions compared to emulsions stabilized by native glycinin. Therefore, cross-linking with this recombinant tyrosinase is a feasible approach to improve the properties of protein-stabilized emulsions and gels.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the pathogenic fungus Ilyonectria destructans.

Ilyonectria destructans is a pathogenic fungus causing root rot and other symptoms on trees and many crops. This paper analyses the mitochondrial genome of I. destructans and compares it with other published Nectriaceae mitogenomes. The I. destructans mitogenome appears as a circular DNA molecule of 42,895 bp and an overall GC content of 28.23%. It contains 28 protein-coding genes (15 core protein genes and 13 free-standing ORFs), two rRNAs and 27 tRNAs. The gene content and order were found to be conserved in the mitogenome of I. destructans and other Nectriaceae, although the genome size varies because of the variation in the number and length of intergenic regions and introns. For most core protein-coding genes in Nectriaceae species, Ka/Ks < 1 indicates purifying selection. Among some Nectriaceae representatives, only the rps3 gene was found under positive selection. Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of 15 protein-coding genes divided 45 Hypocreales species into six major clades matching the families Bionectriaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae. I. destructans appeared as a sister species to unidentified Ilyonectia sp., closely related to C. ilicicola, N. cinnabarina and a clad of ten Fusarium species and G. moniliformis. The complete mitogenome of I. destructans reported in the current paper will facilitate the study of epidemiology, biology, genetic diversity of the species and the evolution of family Nectriace and the Hypocreales order.

Screening and Identification of Trichoderma Strains isolated from Natural Habitats in China with Potential Agricultural Applications.

Trichoderma spp. are widely distributed in natural habitats and have been evaluated as a potential biocontrol agent (BCA) for disease control and plant growth promotion. In this study, 1308 Trichoderma strains were obtained from the plant rhizosphere soil, above-ground plants, and decaying wood from natural habitats in China. Among them, 49 Trichoderma strains showed a good inhibitory effect, especially against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with inhibition rate above 85% in the dual culture test. Among these 49 strains, the 13 strains with broad-spectrum inhibitory effects also significantly promoted the seed germination of five crops (rice, cucumber, tomato, melon, and pakchoi) and root growth of four crop seedlings (watermelon, tomato, eggplant, and chili). Furthermore, these strains showed effective colonization in the rhizosphere and root of cucumber. Trichoderma strains SC012 and NX043 showed the highest chitinase and ß-1,3-glucanase activity among all strains. Based on the morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1 (tef1), twelve Trichoderma strains were identified as Trichoderma asperellum and one as Trichoderma afroharzianum. This study suggests that the 13 Trichoderma strains are promising BCAs and could be developed as biofertilizers and biological pesticides for agricultural applications.

Discovery of two hypocrealean fungi infecting spotted lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula: Metarhizium pemphigi and a novel species, Ophiocordyceps delicatula.

In the eastern United States, populations of the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, can be infected by native fungal entomopathogens, including Batkoa major and Beauveria bassiana. In some areas of southeastern Pennsylvania, localized population collapses have been observed in L. delicatula populations to be caused by these pathogens. Two additional fungal pathogens were discovered infecting L. delicatula at low levels, and these were identified as Metarhizium pemphigi and Ophiocordyceps delicatula, a new species that has not been previously described. Therefore, four species of native entomopathogenic fungi have now been documented infecting this abundant, invasive planthopper that is spreading in the United States.

A novel Trichoderma asperellum strain DQ-1 promotes tomato growth and induces resistance to gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea.

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major cause of economic losses during tomato production. In this study, we obtained 23 Trichoderma strains from tomato rhizosphere soil and their inhibitory effects on B. cinerea and the promoting effects on tomato growth were determined. Among them, the inhibition rate of strain DQ-1 on B. cinerea was 88.56%; compared with the control group, after treatment with strain DQ-1, the seeds germination rate and root length of tomato increased by 5.55 and 37.86%. The induced disease resistance of strain DQ-1 was evaluated by pot experiments. The disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI) of tomato pre-inoculated with strain DQ-1 and then inoculated with B. cinerea were reduced by 38 and 64% compared with the control. Furthermore, we detected the expression levels of tomato disease resistance related genes PR2 and TPX, ethylene pathway related genes ETR1 and CTR1 and jasmonic acid pathway related genes LOX1 and PAL in challenging and non-challenging inoculation treatments. The results showed that the tomato treated with strain DQ-1 triggered the system acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway, thereby enhancing the disease resistance of tomato. Then the strain DQ-1 was identified as Trichoderma asperellum based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic information. This study suggests that the novel T. asperellum strain DQ-1 can be a potential candidate for the biological control of gray mold in tomato.

Enhancement of laccase production from a newly isolated Trichoderma harzianum S7113 using submerged fermentation: Optimization of production medium via central composite design and its application for hydroquinone degradation.

Trichoderma harzianum S7113 as an efficient fungal isolate for laccase production was identified using the 18S rRNA sequencing. T. harzianum S7113 attained its maximal laccase production level on the 14th day of static incubation at 28 °C and pH 5.0 using the inoculum size of 5 discs (14 mm), according to the one factor per time (OFT) method. The most appropriate carbon, organic and inorganic nitrogen sources to promote maximal laccase synthesis were glucose (15 g/L), beef extract (5 g/L), and ammonium chloride (4 g/L), respectively. Results of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) revealed that glucose, meat extract, and ammonium chloride concentrations of 17.54, 7.17, and 4.36 g/L respectively, at a pH value of 6.74 are the favorite conditions for high titer production. The ANOVA analysis highlighted an excellent match between the actual experimental results and the model predicted laccase production levels. The biodegradation of hydroquinone (HQ) by T. harzianum S7113 laccase was most efficient in the pH range of 5.0 to 6.5. The increase in laccase concentration led to a significant increase in the HQ conversion to get a biodegradation rate of 92 ± 2.6% with a laccase concentration of 0.75 U/mL after 3 h of reaction.

Taxonomic and phylogenetic characterizations reveal four new species of Simplicillium (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) from Guizhou, China.

Simplicillium species are commonly found from soil, seawater, rock surface, decayed wood, air and as symbiotic, endophytic, entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi. Minority insect-associated species was reported. Simplicillium coccinellidae, S. hymenopterorum, S. neolepidopterorum and S. scarabaeoidea were introduced as the newly insect-associated species. The phylogenetic analyses of two combined datasets (LSU + RPB1 + TEF and SSU + ITS + LSU) revealed that S. coccinellidae and S. hymenopterorum were both nested in an independent clade. S. neolepidopterorum and S. scarabaeoidea have a close relationship with S. formicidae and S. lepidopterorum, respectively. S. neolepidopterorum can be easily distinguished from S. formicidae by ellipsoidal to cylindrical, solitary conidia which occasionally gather in short imbricate chains. S. scarabaeoidea could be easily distinguished from S. lepodopterorum by having longer phialides and larger conidia. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic conclusion, we determine the four newly generated isolates as new species of Simplicillium and a new combination is proposed in the genus Leptobacillium.

Electrophysiological characterization of a diverse group of sugar transporters from Trichoderma reesei.

Trichoderma reesei is an ascomycete fungus known for its capability to secrete high amounts of extracellular cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes. These enzymes are utilized in the production of second-generation biofuels and T. reesei is a well-established host for their production. Although this species has gained considerable interest in the scientific literature, the sugar transportome of T. reesei remains poorly characterized. Better understanding of the proteins involved in the transport of different sugars could be utilized for engineering better enzyme production strains. In this study we aimed to shed light on this matter by characterizing multiple T. reesei transporters capable of transporting various types of sugars. We used phylogenetics to select transporters for expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes to screen for transport activities. Of the 18 tested transporters, 8 were found to be functional in oocytes. 10 transporters in total were investigated in oocytes and in yeast, and for 3 of them no transport function had been described in literature. This comprehensive analysis provides a large body of new knowledge about T. reesei sugar transporters, and further establishes X. laevis oocytes as a valuable tool for studying fungal sugar transporters.

Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Genome Features among Four Clonostachys Species and Insight into Their Systematic Positions in the Order Hypocreales.

The mycoparasite fungi of Clonostachys have contributed to the biological control of plant fungal disease and nematodes. The Clonostachys fungi strains were isolated from Ophiocordyceps highlandensis, Ophiocordycepsnigrolla and soil, which identified as Clonostachyscompactiuscula, Clonostachysrogersoniana, Clonostachyssolani and Clonostachys sp. To explore the evolutionary relationship between the mentioned species, the mitochondrial genomes of four Clonostachys species were sequenced and assembled. The four mitogenomes consisted of complete circular DNA molecules, with the total sizes ranging from 27,410 bp to 42,075 bp. The GC contents, GC skews and AT skews of the mitogenomes varied considerably. Mitogenomic synteny analysis indicated that these mitogenomes underwent gene rearrangements. Among the 15 protein-coding genes within the mitogenomes, the nad4L gene exhibited the least genetic distance, demonstrating a high degree of conservation. The selection pressure analysis of these 15 PCGs were all below 1, indicating that PCGs were subject to purifying selection. Based on protein-coding gene calculation of the significantly supported topologies, the four Clonostachys species were divided into a group in the phylogenetic tree. The results supplemented the database of mitogenomes in Hypocreales order, which might be a useful research tool to conduct a phylogenetic analysis of Clonostachys. Additionally, the suitable molecular marker was significant to study phylogenetic relationships in the Bionectriaceae family.

Morphological and molecular identification of four isolates of the entomopathogenic fungal genus Akanthomyces and their effects against Bemisia tabaci on cucumber.

The cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gen. (Hem., Aleyrodidae), is a key pest of many vegetables. Entomopathogenic fungi are promising microbial control agents against B. tabaci, but limited information is available concerning indigenous Iranian isolates. In this study, three isolates of Akanthomyces lecanii (PAL6, PAL7, and PAL8) and one isolate of A. muscarius (AGM5) were obtained from citrus hemipteran pests, Pulvinaria aurantii Cock. and Aphis gossypii Glover, in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. The isolates were then morphologically and molecularly identified. The efficacies of five different agar media for vegetative growth and conidiation of each isolate were determined. Potato dextrose agar was the medium on which the fungal mycelia developed at a relatively high rate. However, the highest rate of conidiation was found on Sabouraud dextrose agar. To determine the effects of the isolates on B. tabaci, a dose-response bioassay was carried out to estimate lethal concentration (LC50) and lethal time (LT50) values of each fungal isolate to second instar nymphs. The mean LC50 values of A. lecanii isolates ranged from 4.22 × 106 to 7.35 × 1013 conidia ml-1 at 5 to 7 days after the treatment. For A. muscarius, the values varied from 9.2 × 104 to 8.7 × 1010 conidia ml-1 at 5 to 7 days after the treatment. The lowest and the highest mean LC50 values were observed for A. mucarius (AGM5) and A. lecanii (isolate PAL6), respectively. The mean LT50 values of A. lecanii and A. muscarius isolates were 7.1-9.0 and 4.9-7.2 days, respectively. The LT50 values of A. muscarius were significantly lower than the other isolates. Overall, all isolates, especially A. muscarius (AGM5), exhibited appropriate potential as a biological control agent against B. tabaci.

Morphological and genetic characteristics of the novel entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps langbianensis (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) from Lang Biang Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam.

An entomopathogenic fungus newly named Ophiocordyceps langbianensis was collected from Lang Biang Biosphere Reserve, located in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. It is characterized as a species of Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) having the unique characteristics of a cylindrical fertile part and several branched apical appendices. Each ascospore develops as two swollen, constricted part-spores. A phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes, including nrLSU, nrSSU, Rpb1, ITS and Tef, supported its systematic position in the genus of Ophiocordyceps; it is related to O. brunneipunctata. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, O. langbianensis was confirmed as a new species from Vietnam.

Diversity of fungi associated with macroalgae from an estuarine environment and description of Cladosporium rubrum sp. nov. and Hypoxylon aveirense sp. nov.

Fungal communities associated with macroalgae remain largely unexplored. To characterize algicolous fungal communities using culture dependent methods, macroalgae were collected from different sampling sites in the Ria de Aveiro estuary, Portugal. From a collection of 486 isolates that were obtained, 213 representative isolates were selected through microsatellite-primed PCR (MSP-PCR) fingerprinting analysis. The collection yielded 33 different genera, which were identified using the ITS region of the rDNA. The results revealed that the most abundant taxa in all collections were Acremonium-like species: Alternaria, Cladosporium, Leptobacillium and Penicillium. The fungal community composition varied with macroalgae species. Through multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, tub2, tef1-α and actA sequences, in addition to detailed morphological data, we propose Cladosporium rubrum sp. nov. (type strain=CMG 28=MUM 19.39) and Hypoxylon aveirense sp. nov. (type strain=CMG 29=MUM 19.40) as novel species.

Purpureocillium roseum sp. nov. A new ocular pathogen for humans and mice resistant to antifungals.

BACKGROUND: Infectious keratitis is the main cause of preventable blindness worldwide, with about 1.5-2.0 million new cases occurring per year. This inflammatory response may be due to infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites. Fungal keratitis is a poorly studied health problem. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify a new fungal species by molecular methods and to explore the possible efficacy of the three most common antifungals used in human keratitis in Mexico by performing in vitro analysis. The capacity of this pathogen to cause corneal infection in a murine model was also evaluated. METHODS: The fungal strain was isolated from a patient with a corneal ulcer. To identify the fungus, taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and LSU data set) were performed. An antifungal susceptibility assay for amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole was carried out. The fungal isolate was used to develop a keratitis model in BALB/c mice; entire eyes and ocular tissues were preserved and processed for histopathologic examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This fungal genus has hitherto not been reported with human keratitis in Mexico. We described a new species Purpurecillium roseum isolated from corneal infection. P roseum showed resistance to amphotericin B and itraconazole and was sensitive to voriconazole. In vivo study demonstrated that P roseum had capacity to developed corneal infection and to penetrate deeper corneal tissue. The global change in fungal infections has emphasised the need to develop better diagnostic mycology laboratories and to recognise the group of potential fungal pathogens.

Molecular phylogeny, identification and pathogenicity of Rhizopus oryzae associated with root rot of mulberry in India.

AIMS: Root rot caused by a group of fungi is a serious disease in mulberry. This study aims to identify and characterize Rhizopus oryzae and other fungal species associated with root rot of mulberry in India. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rotted root samples were collected from the mulberry gardens from four states of Southern India. The majority of the isolates identified were R. oryzae, and others were saprophytic fungi, less abundant to occasional. Two methods of inoculations were tested to confirm the pathogenicity of the selected isolates and R. oryzae was found to be pathogenic on susceptible mulberry genotypes RC2 and SRDC-1. Multi gene phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), actin (ACT) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF), identified the isolates as R. oryzae. Additionally, Ovatospora brasiliensis, Amesia nigricolor, Gongronella butleri, Myrmecridium schulzeri, Scedosporium boydii, Graphium euwallacea, Clonostachys rosea andTalaromyces spp. were also identified. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the existence of eleven species of fungi including the first report of R. oryzae and the occurrence of weak pathogens or saprophytes that are associated with the root rot of mulberry in India. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report of R. oryzae causing Rhizopus rot of mulberry in India. Moreover, the occurrence of saprophytes associated with root rot of mulberry was identified. Further studies should focus more on the ability of these species to generate secondary metabolites and extracellular lytic enzymes as they are beneficial for the management of root rot disease.

Zombie-ant fungi cross continents: II. Myrmecophilous hymenostilboid species and a novel zombie lineage.

Ophiocordyceps species infecting ants are globally distributed, with diversity concentrated in the tropics and decreasing with increasing latitude. Among these myrmecophilous species, the ones exhibiting the ability to manipulate host behavior, the so-called "zombie-ant fungi" of the O. unilateralis clade, have been studied progressively over the last decade. However, we know very little about other myrmecophilous groups, such as species within the Ophiocordyceps subgenus Neocordyceps. Species within this group exhibit Hymenostilbe asexual morphs with the ascospores readily breaking into part-spores and regularly kill their hosts on the forest floor, with few records of behavioral manipulation. Here, we describe five new species of Ophiocordyceps belonging to the subgenus Neocordyceps infecting ants in the rainforests of the Brazilian Amazon and Ghana and analyze their ability to manipulate host behavior. We also propose a new status for a species previously described as a variety, providing its phylogenetic placement for the first time. The species proposed herein can readily be separated using classic taxonomic criteria, and this is further supported by ecological and molecular multiloci data.

Sarocladium and Acremonium infections: New faces of an old opportunistic fungus.

The genera Acremonium and Sarocladium comprise a high diversity of morphologically and genetically related fungi generally found in the environment, although a few species, mainly Sarocladium kiliense and Acremonium egyptiacum, can also be involved in many human infections. Clinical management of opportunistic infections caused by these fungi is very complex, since their correct identification is unreliable, and they generally show poor antifungal response. More than 300 clinical cases involving a broad range of Acremonium/Sarocladium infections have so far been published, and with this review we aim to compile and provide a detailed overview of the current knowledge on Acremonium/Sarocladium human infections in terms of presentation, diagnosis, treatments and prognoses. We also aim to summarise and discuss the data currently available on their antifungal susceptibility, emphasising the promising results obtained with voriconazole as well as their impact in terms of animal infections.

Three new species of Gliocephalotrichum causing fruit rot on different hosts from Brazil.

The genus Gliocephalotrichum (Nectriaceae), originally described as a soil-borne fungus, has been associated with postharvest diseases, especially of tropical fruits. Taxonomic studies using both morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses have contributed to recognition of novel species in several countries. However, in Brazil, only three isolates of Gliocephalotrichum have been collected from soil samples and roots since the late 1970s. Our study expands the sample range using many Gliocephalotrichum isolates obtained from rotting fruits of tropical plant species in different states of Brazil. Polyphasic taxonomy was assessed with phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from four nuclear loci, morphological comparisons, and pathogenicity tests. As a result, three known species (G. bulbilium, G. longibrachium, and G. simplex) were identified from new hosts and locations in Brazil. In addition, three new species are described-G. abrachium, G. brasiliense, and G. caryocaris. A key to all Gliocephalotrichum species worldwide is provided. Although species of Gliocephalotrichum have not been considered to be important plant pathogens, this study shows they may cause postharvest fruit rot in tropical fruits and therefore have an impact in communities that depend economically on the harvest and sale of these fruits.

Genomic and transcriptomic survey of an endophytic fungus Calcarisporium arbuscula NRRL 3705 and potential overview of its secondary metabolites.

BACKGROUND: Secondary metabolites as natural products from endophytic fungi are important sources of pharmaceuticals. However, there is currently little understanding of endophytic fungi at the omics levels about their potential in secondary metabolites. Calcarisporium arbuscula, an endophytic fungus from the fruit bodies of Russulaceae, produces a variety of secondary metabolites with anti-cancer, anti-nematode and antibiotic activities. A comprehensive survey of the genome and transcriptome of this endophytic fungus will help to understand its capacity to biosynthesize secondary metabolites and will lay the foundation for the development of this precious resource. RESULTS: In this study, we reported the high-quality genome sequence of C. arbuscula NRRL 3705 based on Single Molecule Real-Time sequencing technology. The genome of this fungus is over 45 Mb in size, larger than other typical filamentous fungi, and comprises 10,001 predicted genes, encoding at least 762 secretory-proteins, 386 carbohydrate-active enzymes and 177 P450 enzymes. 398 virulence factors and 228 genes related to pathogen-host interactions were also predicted in this fungus. Moreover, 65 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were revealed, including the gene cluster for the mycotoxin aurovertins. In addition, several gene clusters were predicted to produce mycotoxins, including aflatoxin, alternariol, destruxin, citrinin and isoflavipucine. Notably, two independent gene clusters were shown that are potentially involved in the biosynthesis of alternariol. Furthermore, RNA-Seq assays showed that only expression of the aurovertin gene cluster is much stronger than expression of the housekeeping genes under laboratory conditions, consistent with the observation that aurovertins are the predominant metabolites. Gene expression of the remaining 64 gene clusters for compound backbone biosynthesis was all lower than expression of the housekeeping genes, which partially explained poor production of other secondary metabolites in this fungus. CONCLUSIONS: Our omics data, along with bioinformatics analysis, indicated that C. arbuscula NRRL 3705 contains a large number of biosynthetic gene clusters and has a huge potential to produce a profound number of secondary metabolites. This work also provides the basis for development of endophytic fungi as a new resource of natural products with promising biological activities.

Ophiocordyceps desmidiospora, a basal lineage within the "Zombie-Ant Fungi" clade.

The genus Ophiocordyceps contains the most diverse assemblage of fungi that attack ants worldwide and are remarkably well adapted to the specific ecologies of their hosts. Desmidiospora myrmecophila Thaxt. is closely related to other ant-pathogenic species within Ophiocordyceps, possibly specific to queens, but the sheer infrequency of encounters and previously unsuccessful attempts to culture this fungus has precluded any meaningful assessment until now. A new record of Desmidiospora myrmecophila from Louisiana was found infecting a foundress Camponotus pennsylvanicus queen, the same host species favored by the more common and ubiquitous ant-pathogenic Ophiocordyceps unilateralis clade found in the same geographic locality. To evaluate a long-held assumption that these fungi represent synanamorphs of a single species, we sampled our Desmidiospora specimen along with the local O. unilateralis population for molecular comparison. We are able to present for the first time the in vitro characteristics and morphology of Desmidiospora myrmecophila, as well as a phylogenetic context for this fungus based on combined molecular analysis of representative members of the Ophiocordycipitaceae. Our results place the Desmidiospora myrmecophila lineage within the genus Ophiocordyceps, with a basal affiliation to the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis core clade; thus, in accordance to the "One Fungus-One Name" (1F1N) rule, we propose a new synonym to suppress Desmidiospora in protection of Ophiocordyceps, i.e., O. desmidiospora. These results further implicate this species as an important and quintessential example of cryptic diversity among an already taxonomically diverse and ecologically important group of fungi.

Clonostachys viticola sp. nov., a novel species isolated from Vitis vinifera.

A collection of fungal isolates obtained from crop plants, specifically grapevine and blueberry, in Peru were characterised through morphological and DNA sequence analyses of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (tub2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) regions. Isolates produced monomorphic and dimorphic conidiophores typical of members of the genus Clonostachys. Single- and multi-locus gene phylogenies confirmed the isolates as representing members of the genus Clonostachys, more closely related to species in the subgenus Bionectria. In phylogenetic analyses the isolates grouped in two separate clades, one corresponding to the species Clonostachys pseudochroleuca and the other one distinct from all known species of the genus Clonostachys. These isolates are recognized as representing a novel species species for which the name Clonostachys viticola is proposed.