Diretrizes para a Detecção e Vigilância de Oropouche em possíveis casos de infecção vertical, malformação congênita ou morte fetal/Directrices para la Detección y Vigilancia de Oropouche en posibles casos de infección vertical, malformación congénita o muerte fetal

Orientaciones sobre el diagnóstico y vigilancia por laboratorio de arbovirus emergentes, incluyendo OROV, se detallan en las “Directrices para la Detección y Vigilancia de Arbovirus Emergentes en el Contexto de la Circulación de Otros Arbovirus”

Oropouche fever cases diagnosed in Italy in two epidemiologically non-related travellers from Cuba, late May to early June 2024.

Oropouche fever is caused by Oropouche virus (OROV), transmitted primarily through the bite of infected midges, particularly of the genus Culicoides. The virus is mainly circulating in Central and South America where several countries reported an ongoing outbreak. We report here two imported cases of OROV infection identified in Italy, late May-early June 2024. These cases indicate that in the shadow of a massive dengue outbreak in the Americas, the Oropouche outbreak might be more widespread than previously estimated.

First case of Oropouche fever detected in the international border region of the Colombian Amazon: clinical characteristics and molecular diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES: We report the first case of Oropouche fever detected in the border region of Colombia. METHODS: Using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), genetic sequencing and clinical characteristics during the dengue epidemic in 2019, a total of 175 samples were analysed, from cases notified to the system epidemiological surveillance such as dengue. FINDINGS: The Oropouche virus (OROV) isolate from Leticia belongs to lineage 2 according to both M and S genome segments maximum likelihood (ML) analysis, shares a common ancestor with samples obtained in Esmeraldas, Ecuador and Turbaco, Colombia. The patient: a woman resident in the border neighbourhood of the municipality of Leticia had the following symptoms: fever, headache, retro-orbital pain and myalgias. MAIN CONCLUSION: This cross-border surveillance can be useful to give an alert about the entry or exit of arboviruses circulation in the region, which are often underreported in public health surveillance systems.

Development of monoclonal antibodies against oropouche virus and its applicability to immunohistochemical diagnosis.

Orthobunyavirus oropouche ense virus (OROV), the causative agent of Oropouche fever, is widely dispersed in Brazil and South America, causing sporadic outbreaks. Due to the similarity of initial clinical symptoms caused by OROV with other arboviruses found in overlapping geographical areas, differential diagnosis is challenging. As for most neglected tropical diseases, there is a shortage of reagents for diagnosing and studying OROV pathogenesis. We therefore developed and characterized mouse monoclonal antibodies and, one of them recognizes the OROV nucleocapsid in indirect immunofluorescent (IFA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. Considering that it is the first monoclonal antibody produced for detecting OROV infections, we believe that it will be useful not only for diagnostic purposes but also for performing serological surveys and epidemiological surveillance on the dispersion and prevalence of OROV in Brazil and South America.

Revisiting the Importance of Orthobunyaviruses for Animal Health: A Scoping Review of Livestock Disease, Diagnostic Tests, and Surveillance Strategies for the Simbu Serogroup.

Orthobunyaviruses (order Bunyavirales, family Peribunyaviridae) in the Simbu serogroup have been responsible for widespread epidemics of congenital disease in ruminants. Australia has a national program to monitor arboviruses of veterinary importance. While monitoring for Akabane virus, a novel orthobunyavirus was detected. To inform the priority that should be given to this detection, a scoping review was undertaken to (1) characterise the associated disease presentations and establish which of the Simbu group viruses are of veterinary importance; (2) examine the diagnostic assays that have undergone development and validation for this group of viruses; and (3) describe the methods used to monitor the distribution of these viruses. Two search strategies identified 224 peer-reviewed publications for 33 viruses in the serogroup. Viruses in this group may cause severe animal health impacts, but only those phylogenetically arranged in clade B are associated with animal disease. Six viruses (Akabane, Schmallenberg, Aino, Shuni, Peaton, and Shamonda) were associated with congenital malformations, neurological signs, and reproductive disease. Diagnostic test interpretation is complicated by cross-reactivity, the timing of foetal immunocompetence, and sample type. Serological testing in surveys remains a mainstay of the methods used to monitor the distribution of SGVs. Given significant differences in survey designs, only broad mean seroprevalence estimates could be provided. Further research is required to determine the disease risk posed by novel orthobunyaviruses and how they could challenge current diagnostic and surveillance capabilities.

Emergence of Oropouche fever in Latin America: a narrative review.

Since its discovery in 1955, the incidence and geographical spread of reported Oropouche virus (OROV) infections have increased. Oropouche fever has been suggested to be one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Latin America. However, both literature on OROV and genomic sequence availability are scarce, with few contributing laboratories worldwide. Three reassortant OROV glycoprotein gene variants termed Iquitos, Madre de Dios, and Perdões virus have been described from humans and non-human primates. OROV predominantly causes acute febrile illness, but severe neurological disease such as meningoencephalitis can occur. Due to unspecific symptoms, laboratory diagnostics are crucial. Several laboratory tests have been developed but robust commercial tests are hardly available. Although OROV is mainly transmitted by biting midges, it has also been detected in several mosquito species and a wide range of vertebrate hosts, which likely facilitates its widespread emergence. However, potential non-human vertebrate reservoirs have not been systematically studied. Robust animal models to investigate pathogenesis and immune responses are not available. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission cycle, cross-protection from infections with OROV reassortants, and the natural history of infection remain unclear. This Review identifies Oropouche fever as a neglected disease and offers recommendations to address existing knowledge gaps, enable risk assessments, and ensure effective public health responses.

The pathogenic and clinical characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome patients with co-infections.

Objective: The study aimed to comprehensively describe and evaluate the pathogenic and clinical characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) patients with co-infections. Methods: We retrospectively collected clinical data and laboratory indicators of the SFTS patients at Tongji Hospital from October 2021 to July 2023. Results: A total of 157 patients with SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection were involved in the analysis, including 43 co-infection and 114 non-co-infection patients. The pathogens responsible for co-infection were primarily isolated from respiratory specimens. Fungal infections, primarily Aspergillus fumigatus, were observed in 22 cases. Bacterial infections, with Klebsiella pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii as the main pathogens, were identified in 20 cases. SFTS patients with co-infection exhibited higher mortality (P=0.011) compared to non-co-infection patients. Among SFTS patients co-infected with both bacteria and fungi (8 cases) or specific drug-resistant strains (11 cases), the mortality rate was as high as 70% (14/19). In comparison with the non-co-infection group, SFTS patients with co-infection displayed significant alteration in inflammatory markers, coagulation function, and liver function indicators. Conclusion: The mortality rate of SFTS patients with co-infection is relatively high, underscoring the need for enhanced monitoring and timely, appropriate treatment to minimize the mortality rate.

Oropouche virus detection in saliva and urine

Oropouche virus (OROV) is an arthropod-borne virus of the Peribunyaviridae family, transmitted to humans primarily by Culicoides paraensis. It is one of the main arboviruses infecting humans in Brazil, primarily in the Amazon Region. Here, we report the detection of OROV in the saliva and urine of a patient whose samples were collected five days after the onset of symptoms. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis further confirmed the results. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the detection of OROV in the saliva and urine of an infected patient. In addition, the results of our study expand the current knowledge pertaining to the natural history of Oropouche fever.

Enfermedad de Schmallenberg: ¿puede afectar al ser humano? / Schmallenberg disease: Can it involve human beings?

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Multiplexed reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of Mayaro, Oropouche, and Oropouche-like viruses

ABSTRACT We describe a sensitive method for simultaneous detection of Oropouche and Oropouche-like viruses carrying the Oropouche S segment, as well as the Mayaro virus, using a multiplexed one-step reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A chimeric plasmid containing both Mayaro and Oropouche targets was designed and evaluated for the in vitro production of transcribed RNA, which could be easily used as a non-infectious external control. To track false-negative results due to PCR inhibition or equipment malfunction, the MS2 bacteriophage was also included in the multiplex assay as an internal positive control. The specificity of the multiplex assay was evaluated by Primer-Blast analysis against the entire GenBank database, and further against a panel of 17 RNA arboviruses. The results indicated an accurate and highly sensitive assay with amplification efficiency greater than 98% for both targets, and a limit of detection between two and 20 copies per reaction. We believe that the assay described here will provide a tool for Mayaro and Oropouche virus detection, especially in areas where differential diagnosis of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya viruses should be performed.

Un caso de meningitis por virus Toscana en Murcia / A case of meningitis due to Toscana virus in Murcia

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Human disease in Ribeira Valley, Brazil caused by Caraparu, a Group C arbovirus: report of a case

Relatam-se os dados clínicos e laboratoriais de um caso de moléstia humana causada por vírus idêntico ou antigenicamente muito relacionado ao arbovírus do Grupo C Caraparu, em um morador da regiäo do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de Säo Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. O fato apresenta interesse médico sanitário pois embora existam evidências da presença de inúmeros arbovírus na área, os únicos casos comprovados de doença por esses agentes foram os de encefalite pelo vírus Rocio durante a epidemia ocorrida em 1975-1977. Os resultados dos testes sorológicos sugerem diferença anti-gênica entre as cepas de vírus Caraparu isoladas nos Estados de Säo Paulo e Pará e proximidade antigênica entre a cepa de Caraparu de Säo Paulo e o vírus Bruconha