REVIEW OF DIOCTOPHYME RENALE: ETIOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY, BIOLOGY, ECOEPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, SYMPTOMATOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION.

Dioctophyme renale has a worldwide distribution and has been diagnosed in several wild and domestic animals as well as in humans. As numerous reports in the literature exist concerning the presence of D. renale in different animal species, as well as its diagnosis, treatment, and confirmation in new geographic areas, we reviewed existing information to contribute to the knowledge of the etiology, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of D. renale. Results of dioctophymosis may range from asymptomatic infection to even death of the host. Diagnosis is based on data from morphology, imaging, and antibody testing, with surgical treatment being the most effective. A high potential for infection of pets exists when there is overlap with wild parasitized animals; given common risk factors for infections in humans, D. renale should be considered as having zoonotic potential.

Laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery for the treatment of canine dioctophymosis.

This paper reports on two cases of laparoscopic nephrotomy employed in the treatment of canine dioctophymosis, which is considered a unusual procedure and a new treatment proposal heretofore not performed in veterinary medicine. Two patients were treated, one with a history of hematuria and the other with incidental finding of the parasite in the abdominal cavity during elective ovariohysterectomy. Both dogs were subjected to abdominal ultrasound, which produced images indicating the presence of the parasite in the right side kidney, but with partial parenchymal preservation. The patients were therefore subjected to laparoscopic nephrotomy. The surgical procedure was effective in treating dioctophymosis and enabled minimum tissue invasion during surgery, in addition to preservation of the kidney.

Dioctophyme renale in wandering dogs in Pelotas, South of Brasil.

This study aimed to verify the occurrence of Dioctophyme renale in stray dogs in the city of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas received 146 wandering dogs for necropsy, sent by the City Hall of Pelotas from March 2012 to January 2020. Among the necropsied animals, seventeen dogs (11.64%) were diagnosed with dioctophymosis. Among these dogs, 11 were parasitized with one specimen in the right kidney, two dogs presented two specimens in the right kidney, and in other two dogs, the parasites were in the abdominal cavity. In one dog, two parasites were found in the left kidney; in another dog, both kidneys were parasitized, with two parasites in the right kidney and one in the left kidney. The data obtained in this study showed that the occurrence of D. renale in stray dogs in the city of Pelotas is high, and D. renale mainly parasitizes the right kidney.

A rare case of ectopic dioctophymosis in Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora, Felidae) in Paraguay.

An adult female Leopardus pardalis from Jardín Botánico y Zoológico de Asunción, Paraguay was brought in from the wild, and inspected for a parasitic structure attached to the vulva. The parasite was removed and was identified as a Dioctophyme renale female. Blood samples and ultrasound did not show abnormalities in any organ, confirming the ectopic presentation of the parasite. This is the first report of D. renale in the L. pardalis and a first time for ectopic location in vagina and spontaneous elimination in a felid.

Nefrectomia em um cão infectado por Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasilîpt / Nephrectomy in a dog infected with Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Background: Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyma renale, a parasite known as the giant kidney worm, that canparasitize the kidneys of domestic and wild animals. There are also reports of its occurrence in humans, thus revealing itszoonotic potential. In most cases, parasitized animals are asymptomatic. This parasite can cause atrophy or destroy therenal parenchyma, although ectopic locations may occur. The diagnosis is made through ultrasonography, based on thepresence of eggs in the urine, visualization of the parasite, or during necropsy. Therefore, the aim of this work was to reportthe case of a young dog infected with D. renale and subjected to nephrectomy in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.Case: A 6-month-old bitch with a clinical suspicion of hydronephrosis in the right kidney was referred to the VeterinaryHospital of Anhanguera-Uniderp University in the city of Campo Grande, MS. A physical examination of the patientrevealed an alteration in the urinary system. An abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, complete blood count (CBC) tests andbiochemical profile were ordered. The erythrogram indicated erythrocytosis resulting from dehydration and loss of bodyfluids, while enzyme levels (creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and albumin) were within normal limits.The abdominal ultrasound showed the presence of a cylindrical and rounded structure characteristic of a nematode and inthe right kidney, and loss of renal parenchyma typical of D. renale infection. A urinalysis then revealed the presence ofhelminth eggs, confirming the diagnosis. The owner was informed about the need for nephrectomy of the affected rightkidney, which showed destruction of the renal parenchyma. One adult female and one adult male parasite were removedfrom inside the kidney, measuring approximately 50 cm and 35 cm in length. The patient was successfully treated, keptin hospital for observation, and returned two weeks later for reassessment of her...

Nefrectomia em um cão infectado por Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasilîpt / Nephrectomy in a dog infected with Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Background: Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyma renale, a parasite known as the giant kidney worm, that canparasitize the kidneys of domestic and wild animals. There are also reports of its occurrence in humans, thus revealing itszoonotic potential. In most cases, parasitized animals are asymptomatic. This parasite can cause atrophy or destroy therenal parenchyma, although ectopic locations may occur. The diagnosis is made through ultrasonography, based on thepresence of eggs in the urine, visualization of the parasite, or during necropsy. Therefore, the aim of this work was to reportthe case of a young dog infected with D. renale and subjected to nephrectomy in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.Case: A 6-month-old bitch with a clinical suspicion of hydronephrosis in the right kidney was referred to the VeterinaryHospital of Anhanguera-Uniderp University in the city of Campo Grande, MS. A physical examination of the patientrevealed an alteration in the urinary system. An abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, complete blood count (CBC) tests andbiochemical profile were ordered. The erythrogram indicated erythrocytosis resulting from dehydration and loss of bodyfluids, while enzyme levels (creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and albumin) were within normal limits.The abdominal ultrasound showed the presence of a cylindrical and rounded structure characteristic of a nematode and inthe right kidney, and loss of renal parenchyma typical of D. renale infection. A urinalysis then revealed the presence ofhelminth eggs, confirming the diagnosis. The owner was informed about the need for nephrectomy of the affected rightkidney, which showed destruction of the renal parenchyma. One adult female and one adult male parasite were removedfrom inside the kidney, measuring approximately 50 cm and 35 cm in length. The patient was successfully treated, keptin hospital for observation, and returned two weeks later for reassessment of her...(AU)

Infecção espúria por Capillaria hepatica em canino doméstico, relato de caso / Infection by Capillaria hepatica in a domestic canine, case report / Infección por Capillaria hepatica en canino doméstico, reporte de caso

Capillaria hepatica é um nematódeo hepatotrópico da família Capillariidae, que acomete principalmente roedores, os quais são considerados reservatórios, podendo infectar também, com menor frequência, cães, gatos e o homem, pois possui potencial zoonótico, sendo responsável pela capilariose hepática. A infecção verdadeira ocorre através da ingestão de ovos embrionados infectantes liberados do fígado, após morte e decomposição do hospedeiro, por canibalismo ou por predação. A infecção espúria acorre através da ingestão de ovos não embrionados, encontrados no solo ou pela ingestão de fígado de mamíferos infectados com C. Hepatica, causando um quadro de pseudoparasitismo. Os sinais clínicos nos animais acometidos pela infecção verdadeira, podem ser inespecíficos ou associados a doença hepática como, vômito, diarreia, dor abdominal, icterícia e encefalopatias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de infecção espúria por C. hepatica em canino doméstico, no município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, diagnosticado a partir da observação de ovos do parasito em exame coproparasitológico.(AU)

Capillaria hepatica is a hepatotropic nematode of the Capillariidae family, which mainly affects rodents, which are considered reservoirs, and may also infect, less frequently, dogs, cats and humans, as it has zoonotic potential, being responsible for hepatic capillarosis. True infection occurs through ingestion of infective embryonated eggs released from the liver, after death and decomposition of the host, by cannibalism or predation. The spurious infection occurs through the ingestion of non-embryonic eggs, found in the soil or by the consumption of the liver of mammals infected with C. hepatica, causing pseudoparasitism. Clinical signs in animals affected by true infection may be nonspecific or associated with liver disease such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, jaundice and encephalopathies. The objective of this study was to report a case of infection by C. hepatica in a domestic canine, in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, diagnosed from the observation of parasite eggs in a coproparasitological examination.(AU)

Capillaria hepatica es un nematodo hepatotrópico de la familia Capillariidae, que afecta principalmente a los roedores, que se consideran reservorios, pudiendo también infectar, con menor frecuencia, a perros, gatos y humanos, ya que tiene potencial zoonótico, siendo responsable de la capilariosis hepática. La verdadera infección se produce por la ingestión de huevos embrionados infecciosos liberados del hígado, después de la muerte y descomposición del huésped, por canibalismo o depredación. La infección espuria se produce por la ingestión de huevos no embrionarios, que se encuentran en el suelo o por el consumo del hígado de mamíferos infectados con C. hepatica, provocando pseudoparasitismo. Los signos clínicos en animales afectados por una infección verdadera pueden ser inespecíficos o estar asociados con enfermedades hepáticas como vómitos, diarrea, dolor abdominal, ictericia y encefalopatías. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar un caso de infección espuria por C. hepatica en un canino doméstico, en la ciudad de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, diagnosticado a partir de la observación de huevos de parásitos en un examen coproparasitológico.(AU)

Dioctophyme renale in wandering dogs in Pelotas, South of Brasil / Dioctophyme renale em cães errantes no município de Pelotas, Sul do Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to verify the occurrence of Dioctophyme renale in stray dogs in the city of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas received 146 wandering dogs for necropsy, sent by the City Hall of Pelotas from March 2012 to January 2020. Among the necropsied animals, seventeen dogs (11.64%) were diagnosed with dioctophymosis. Among these dogs, 11 were parasitized with one specimen in the right kidney, two dogs presented two specimens in the right kidney, and in other two dogs, the parasites were in the abdominal cavity. In one dog, two parasites were found in the left kidney; in another dog, both kidneys were parasitized, with two parasites in the right kidney and one in the left kidney. The data obtained in this study showed that the occurrence of D. renale in stray dogs in the city of Pelotas is high, and D. renale mainly parasitizes the right kidney.

Resumo Este trabalho possui como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de D. renale em cães errantes do município de Pelotas, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Universidade Federal de Pelotas recebeu 146 cães errantes para necropsia, encaminhados pela Prefeitura Municipal de Pelotas, no período de março de 2012 a janeiro de 2020. Dentre os cães necropsiados, 17 animais foram diagnosticados com dioctofimose, determinando uma ocorrência de 11,64%. Desses animais, onze estavam parasitados com um exemplar no rim direito, dois animais possuíam dois exemplares no rim direito. Em dois animais, os parasitas estavam na cavidade abdominal; em um animal havia, dois parasitas no rim esquerdo e noutro animal os dois rins estavam parasitados, tendo dois exemplares no rim direito e um exemplar no rim esquerdo. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho permitem concluir que é elevada a ocorrência de D. renale nos cães errantes do município de Pelotas, parasitando principalmente o rim direito.

Occurrence of ectopic Dioctophyma renale in a Bolivian dog.

This is the first scientific report of the ectopic occurrence of Dioctophyma renale in subcutaneous tissue of a domestic dog's paw from Bolivia. An 18-month-old male dog (Pug) from Bolivia (San Matías) was examined on September 15, 2020 presenting limited mobility and apparent swelling in the left pelvic limb. After clinic evaluation, left foot edema was observed from tibio-tarsal to metatarsophalangeal joints which was more pronounced on the dorsolateral face. An incision at the site revealed serosanguinous exudation associated with a wide reddish nematode, which was identified as a female Dioctophyma renale. Epidemiological considerations were highlighted as this disease has zoonotic potential, and the infected dog was kept in a yard to which amphibians (Anura) and reptiles had access. Moreover, there is a lack of information on its occurrence in San Matías, a border city with Brazil.

Abdominal dioctophymosis in a domestic cat from the Peruvian rainforest confirmed morphologically and molecularly.

A case of abdominal dioctophymosis in a domestic cat was found in San Juan Bautista district, the Peruvian rainforest, in the Loreto department of Peru. The pet went to a veterinary clinic for a routine ovariohysterectomy during which a large nematode was found in the abdominal cavity. The nematode was morphologically identified as an adult female of Dioctophyme sp. A few morphological parameters, such as the vagina distance from the anterior part and the egg size, were different than D. renale. Partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and the small subunit 18S ribosomal RNA genes were compared with the references from public sequence database and showed a genetic identifies of 89.25% and 99.65% with D. renale, respectively. This is the first mitochondrial molecular analysis of a Dioctophyme specimen from South America and the results showed up to 12.5% nucleotide sequence variation in cox 1 gene of D. renale.

Helminth infracommunity in a maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, from the humid Chaco, Argentina.

Parasitism is an important factor in conservation worldwide, especially for endangered species, as it can affect host populations by reducing growth rates, fecundity and affecting nutritional status. The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus, a near-threatened species, is distributed across different habitats from the south Amazonian forest in Brazil to northern Argentina, Paraguay and eastern Bolivia. Most studies on gastrointestinal parasites in wild maned wolves are based on coprological findings, and there is little information about adult parasites and parasite species richness. Therefore, this study aims to expand the knowledge about the helminth infracommunity of a maned wolf, describe adult parasites, and explore parasitic coinfections. We performed a necropsy of an adult individual found road killed in Chaco province, Argentina. We collected adult worms from subcutaneous tissues, from the right ventricle, kidneys, and intestine. The parasites were morphologically identified as Dirofilaria immitis, Dioctophyma renale and Spirometra sp. respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first record for adults of Dirofilaria immitis in maned wolves. Filarioids were located within the heart as well as in subcutaneous tissues with mature females containing uterine microfilariae; this study also adds C. brachyurus as a new host for Spirometra sp. in Argentina. Considering that the three helminths found herein are zoonotic and that the maned wolf is an endangered canid, it is essential provide baseline information to determine the risk factors involved in the transmission and extend the studies to sympatric wild and domestic canids in the area.

Infecção verdadeira por Capillaria hepatica em cão / True infection by Capillaria hepatica in a dog

Background: Capillaria hepatica is a nematode, zoonotic, with worldwide distribution. The main hosts are rodents, nevertheless other mammals can be affected. Although the parasite has high affinity for the liver, it rarely causes a hepaticdisease in domestic animals and humans. The diagnosis is difficult and usually a biopsy is required. The treatment is difficult and is based in anti-helminthic and corticoid, but prevention is the best strategy against the disease. The aim of thepresent report is to describe a case of hepatic capillariosis in a dog approaching the clinical signs, diagnosis and therapeutic.Case: A 12-year-old Brazilian Terrier bitch, with a history of visit to the farm and regular hunting of rats, frogs, birds andother wild animals, was attended with hyporexia and apathy. At the physical exam the dog presented elevation of rectaltemperature, intense jaundice and abdominal pain. In the biochemical exams was noticed a slight increase in globulins anda sharp increase in alkaline phosphatase (AP), total, direct and indirect bilirubin, suggesting a liver injury. In the ultrasonographic exam, hepatomegaly with dispersed hyperechoic areas were observed, suggesting hepatic steatosis. The patientwas treated with ursodesoxicolic acid and S-adenosil metionin for 30 consecutive days, showing a clinic improvement.Two months after the end of the treatment the animal worsened, showing jaundice, ascites, motor incoordination, weakness, difficulty in food and water ingestion and changes in the mental state. In the complete blood count was observed amacrocytic hypochromic regenerative anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis and thrombocytopenia.In biochemical exams was detected decrease in creatinine and albumin and increase in alanine aminotransferase and AP,suggesting hepatopathy by biliary obstruction. There were performed exams for leishmania and ehrlichiosis that testednegative. In the ultrasonographic exam it...(AU)

Dioctophymosis in a free-ranging maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus): clinical-therapeutic, ultrasonographic and pathological aspects - case report / [Dioctofimose em um lobo guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) de vida livre: aspectos clínico-terapêuticos, ultrassonográficos e patológicos - relato de caso]

Dioctophymosis is the disease caused by Dioctophyma renale, a large nematode, popularly known as giant kidney worm, and whose definitive hosts are the domestic dog and many wild mammal species. There are some reports of maned wolf parasitism by D. renale, however, in most cases the reports are restricted to the finding of the parasite during necropsy, without clinical assessment. The present report aimed to describe the clinical-therapeutic, ultrasonographic and pathological aspects of D. renale parasitism in a free-ranging maned wolf, emphasizing the treatment with an association of doramectin, praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, and febantel that resulted in complete elimination of the parasite.(AU)

A dioctofimose é a doença causada pelo Dioctophyma renale, um nemátodo grande, popularmente chamado de verme gigante do rim e que tem como hospedeiro definitivo o cão doméstico e inúmeras espécies de mamíferos silvestres. Existem alguns relatos do parasitismo do lobo-guará por D. renale, contudo, na maioria das vezes, os relatos se restringem apenas ao achado do parasita durante a necropsia, sem a correlação clínica. O presente relato objetiva descrever os aspectos clínico-terapêuticos, ultrassonográficos e patológicos do parasitismo por D. renale em um lobo-guará de vida livre, enfatizando o tratamento com uma associação de doramectina, praziquantel, pamoato de pirantel e febantel, o que resultou na eliminação completa do parasita.(AU)

Infecção verdadeira por Capillaria hepatica em cão / True infection by Capillaria hepatica in a dog

Background: Capillaria hepatica is a nematode, zoonotic, with worldwide distribution. The main hosts are rodents, nevertheless other mammals can be affected. Although the parasite has high affinity for the liver, it rarely causes a hepaticdisease in domestic animals and humans. The diagnosis is difficult and usually a biopsy is required. The treatment is difficult and is based in anti-helminthic and corticoid, but prevention is the best strategy against the disease. The aim of thepresent report is to describe a case of hepatic capillariosis in a dog approaching the clinical signs, diagnosis and therapeutic.Case: A 12-year-old Brazilian Terrier bitch, with a history of visit to the farm and regular hunting of rats, frogs, birds andother wild animals, was attended with hyporexia and apathy. At the physical exam the dog presented elevation of rectaltemperature, intense jaundice and abdominal pain. In the biochemical exams was noticed a slight increase in globulins anda sharp increase in alkaline phosphatase (AP), total, direct and indirect bilirubin, suggesting a liver injury. In the ultrasonographic exam, hepatomegaly with dispersed hyperechoic areas were observed, suggesting hepatic steatosis. The patientwas treated with ursodesoxicolic acid and S-adenosil metionin for 30 consecutive days, showing a clinic improvement.Two months after the end of the treatment the animal worsened, showing jaundice, ascites, motor incoordination, weakness, difficulty in food and water ingestion and changes in the mental state. In the complete blood count was observed amacrocytic hypochromic regenerative anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis and thrombocytopenia.In biochemical exams was detected decrease in creatinine and albumin and increase in alanine aminotransferase and AP,suggesting hepatopathy by biliary obstruction. There were performed exams for leishmania and ehrlichiosis that testednegative. In the ultrasonographic exam it...

Primeiro relato de parasitismo por Capillaria spp. em turu-turu / First report of parasitism by Capillaria spp. in Painted-billed crake

Dentre as principais afecções que acometem aves silvestres e que dificultam a conservação desses indivíduos, estão as endoparasitoses, que ganham destaque devido a sua alta prevalência. Dentro do filo Nematoda, Capillaria spp. é tido como um dos gêneros de endoparasitos de maior interesse sanitário no âmbito da medicina de aves, pois pode parasitar psitacídeos, passeriformes, columbiformes, galiformes e rapinantes. Portanto, a fim de favorecer dados ecológicos da relação parasito-hospedeiro demonstrada através deste estudo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar, pela primeira vez no Brasil, a ocorrência de Capillaria spp. em N. erythrops olivascens. Os nematódeos deste gênero acometem, principalmente, o sistema respiratório e o trato gastrintestinal dos hospedeiros, causando inflamações e ulcerações nos locais de fixação, e ocasionando prejuízos à higidez dos animais. Uma das principais formas de diagnóstico é por meio do exame parasitológico das fezes dos animais acometidos e análise em microscopia óptica, onde pode-se observar a presença dos ovos. Assim, coletou-se fezes de um N. erythrops e encaminhou-se ao Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal da UFERSA. A coproparasitologia foi realizada por meio dos métodos de exame direto, flutuação com sulfato de zinco e OPG em câmara de McMaster, utilizando solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9%. O animal foi tratado com ivermectina, mas percebeu-se que a utilização desse fármaco não surtiu efeito para a eliminação do parasito. A ocorrência desse Nematoda em N. erythrops, relatada pela primeira vez no Brasil, constitui um novo dado aplicável aos endoparasitos que ocorrem nessa espécie hospedeira.

Among the main conditions that affect wild birds and hinder the conservation of these individuals are the endoparasitic diseases, that stand out due to their high prevalence. Within the phylum Nematoda, Capillaria spp. is considered as one of the endoparasites genera which is of great health interest in the field of poultry medicine, since it can parasitize parrots, passerines, pigeons, galliforms and predators. Therefore, in order to provide ecological data on the parasite-host relationship demonstrated through this study, the objective of this paper was to report, for the first time in Brazil, the occurrence of Capillaria spp. in N. erythrops olivascens. Nematodes of this genus mainly affect the respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract of the hosts, causing inflammation and ulcerations at the sites of attachment, causing damage to the animals' health. One of the main forms of diagnosis is through parasitological examination of the feces of affected animals and analysis under optical microscopy, where the presence of eggs can be observed. Feces were collected of a N. erythrops and sent to the Laboratory of Animal Parasitology at UFERSA. Coproparasitology was performed by direct examination, flotation with zinc sulfate, and OPG in a McMaster chamber, using 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The animal was treated with ivermectin, but it was noticed that the use of this drug had no effect on the elimination of the parasite. The occurrence of this Nematoda in N. erythrops is reported for the first time and constitutes a new data applicable to the entoparasites that occur in this host species in Brazil.

Técnica para identificação de ovos de Dioctophyme renale em urina de gatos, empregada em sílica / Technique for identifying eggs of Dioctophyme renale in cat urine, employed in silica / Técnica de identificación de huevos de Dioctophyme renale en orina de gato, utilizada en sílice

A dioctofimatose é uma doença parasitária causada pelo helminto Dioctophyme renale, tendo como hospedeiros definitivos, cães, gatos, animais silvestres e também o homem, pois este parasito possui potencial zoonótico. Acomete os rins dos seus hospedeiros definitivos, geralmente o direito, mas podem ser encontrados também em outros locais. Embora seja descrito maior ocorrência de casos em cães, também há relatos desta parasitose em gatos. Uma das formas de diagnóstico é através da visualização de ovos do D. renale através do exame de urina. Porém, pelas características comportamentais dos gatos, a coleta de urina nesta espécie é de difícil execução. Portanto, através do estudo de técnicas para pesquisa de ovos deste parasito na urina dos gatos em sílica, presente nas caixas de areia, procura-se facilitar o diagnóstico nestes animais. Para realização deste trabalho, amostras de sílica foram contaminadas com urina contendo ovos de D. renale. As técnicas utilizadas para pesquisa de ovos foram: centrífugo-flutuação em solução hipersaturada glicosada, em duas densidades: 1.230g/ml e 1.275g/ml; flutuação espontânea em solução hipersaturada glicosada, em duas densidades: 1,230g/ml e 1,275g/ml e centrífugo-sedimentação. A avaliação das amostras foi realizada em diferentes tempos, distribuídos da seguinte forma: momento zero, 6 horas, 12 horas, 18 horas, 24 horas, 36 horas, 48 horas, 72 horas, 120 horas, 168 horas, 240 horas e 336 horas após contaminação do material. A técnica de centrífugo-sedimentação foi a que apresentou o melhor resultado, sendo possível identificar ovos morfologicamente viáveis de D. Renale durante os 14 dias de análise.(AU)

Dioctofimatosis is a parasitic disease caused by the helminth Dioctophyme renale, having as definitive hosts, dogs, cats, wild animals and also man, as this parasite has zoonotic potential. It affects the kidneys of its definitive hosts, usually the right, but can also be found in other places. Although a higher occurrence of cases in dogs has been described, there are also reports of this parasitosis in cats. One of the ways of diagnosing the disease is through the visualization of D. renale eggs through the urine exam. However, due to the behavioral characteristics of cats, urine collection in this species is difficult to perform. Therefore, through the study of techniques to search for eggs of this parasite in the urine of cats in silica, present in litter boxes, we seek to facilitate the diagnosis in these animals. To carry out this work, silica samples were contaminated with urine containing D. renale eggs. The techniques used for egg research were: centrifugal-flotation in glycosated hypersaturated solution, in two densities: 1,230g/ml and 1,275g/ml; spontaneous fluctuation in glycosated hypersaturated solution, in two densities: 1.230g/ml and 1.275g/ml and centrifugal-sedimentation. The evaluation of the samples was carried out at different times, distributed as follows: time zero, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 120 hours, 168 hours, 240 hours and 336 hours after contamination of the material. The centrifugal-sedimentation technique showed the best result, making it possible to identify morphologically viable eggs from D. renale during the 14 days of analysis.(AU)

La dioctofimatosis es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por el helminto Dioctophyme renale, que tiene como hospedadores definitivos, perros, gatos, animales salvajes y también el hombre, ya que este parásito tiene potencial zoonótico. Afecta los riñones de sus huéspedes definitivos, generalmente el derecho, pero también se puede encontrar en otros lugares. Aunque se ha descrito una mayor incidencia de casos en perros, también hay informes de esta parasitosis en gatos. Una de las formas de diagnóstico es a través de la visualización de los huevos de D. renale a través del examen de orina. Sin embargo, debido a las características de comportamiento de los gatos, la recolección de orina en esta especie es difícil de realizar. Por lo tanto, a través del estudio de técnicas para buscar huevos de este parásito en laorina de gatos en sílice, presentes en cajas de arena, buscamos facilitar el diagnóstico en estos animales. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, las muestras de sílice se contaminaron con orina que contenía huevos de D. renale. Las técnicas utilizadas para investigar los huevos fueron: flotación centrífuga en solución hipersaturada glicosilada, en dos densidades: 1.230 g/ml y 1.275 g/ml; fluctuación espontánea en solución glicosilada hipersaturada, en dos densidades: 1.230 g/ml y 1.275 g/ml y sedimentación centrífuga. La evaluación de las muestras se realizó en diferentes momentos, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: tiempo cero, 6 horas, 12 horas, 18 horas, 24 horas, 36 horas, 48 horas, 72 horas, 120 horas, 168 horas, 240 horas y 336 horas después de la contaminación del material. La técnica de sedimentación centrífuga mostró el mejor resultado, permitiendo identificar huevos morfológicamente viables de D. renale durante los 14 días de análisis.(AU)

Report of rare case of intense parasitism by 34 specimens of Dioctophyme renale in a dog.

Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyme renale, a nematode that usually affects the right kidney of carnivores. The aim of this study was to report on a case of a dog with progressive weight loss and swollen abdomen that was diagnosed as presenting dioctophymosis. The patient underwent surgical treatment through which 34 nematodes were found, of which 18 were female and 16 were male, with a maximum length of 74 centimeters. The parasites were free in the abdominal cavity and inside the right kidney, and had caused peritonitis, free fluid, severe adherences between the abdominal organs and renal perforation. Parasitic diseases with a high number of specimens of this species are uncommon in dogs. The disease progresses with an inflammatory reaction and consequent formation of adherences and granulomatous tissue. This surrounds the eggs that were eliminated in the abdominal cavity by the free parasites. This disease occurs frequently in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the patient of this report was living. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the case with the largest number of specimens of D. renale removed from a single dog in vivo.

First report in pre-Columbian mummies from Bolivia of Enterobius vermicularis infection and capillariid eggs: A contribution to Paleoparasitology studies.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to search for ancient parasites in abdominal content and coprolites from Bolivian mummies. MATERIALS: Twelve mummified individuals from the Andean highlands, housed at the National Museum of Archaeology (MUNARQ) in La Paz, Bolivia. METHODS: Microscopic analysis of rehydrated samples (coprolites and abdominal content), following Lutz's spontaneous sedimentation technique. RESULTS: Eggs of Enterobius vermicularis were identified in coprolites from one mummy, and capillariid eggs in the organic abdominal content from another individual. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first evidence of ancient intestinal parasites in Bolivian mummies. SIGNIFICANCE: This pioneering study focused on the search of ancient intestinal parasites in human remains of the Bolivian Andes and contributes to greater knowledge of paleoparasitology in South America. LIMITATIONS: All mummies in the MUNARQ belonged to the Andean Bolivian highlands (post-Tiwanaku era or Late Intermediate Period), although the exact provenance of the material and the associated contexts are not well recorded. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Considering the great number of well-known archaeological sites and other unexplored sites in Bolivia, in addition to large collections in museums, further paleopathological and paleoparasitological molecular studies in mummies and skeletons are called for.

Urinary capillariosis in a cat from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Clinical, morphological and phylogenetic characterization.

Capillaria spp. infections of the urinary tract of domestic carnivores are uncommon worldwide. Infections are rarely diagnosed and are typically asymptomatic. This study aimed to evaluate a case of capillariosis in a cat from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A seven-year-old female cat with apathy and reduced appetite was presented. Urine analysis revealed C. plica eggs in urine sediment, and cystitis was evidenced by the presence of bacteria, pyuria, proteinuria and hematuria. The subject was treated with 50 mg/kg fenbendazole for five days. Urine samples were frozen for molecular analysis and species confirmation. Polymerase chain reaction for amplification of the 18S rRNA gene followed by sequencing confirmed the occurrence of Capillaria sp. There has been limited phylogenetic study of Capillaria spp. in cats, so further studies are needed to identify the species present in different locations and associated with feline pathogenesis.